中国学校卫生

Identifying cardiometabolic risk factors of children, informing policies of stratified interventions

HU Yifei, SHU Wen, LI Menglong

2021, 42(5): 641-644. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.05.001

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Abstract:
The prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors at early lifecycle stages is higher than ever before, early identification and stratified intervention are critical to slowing down disease progression and reducing cardiovascular disease risk burden in adulthood. The implementation of stratified interventions to address the co prevalence of cardiometabolic risk factors can reduce health expenditure and increase social capital. Guided by the policies and characteristics inherent to the growth and development of Chinese children, and nurtured and inspired by prestigious child cohorts around the world, we aim to carry out a precisely measured child cohort study that uses rigorous indicators to assess child health. We wish to produce detailed evidence that can identify cardiometabolic risk factors during childhood, so as to develop early warning and informed stratified intervention strategies, which can thereby reduce the burden of cardiovascular disease in China from childhood to adulthood and improve quality of life.

Development of policies for prevention and treatment of common diseases among school-age children and adolescents in China

YAN Xiaojin, MA Ning, LIU Yunfei, ZHONG Panliang, DANG Jiajia, MA Jun, SONG Yi

2021, 42(5): 645-651. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.05.002

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The health of children and adolescents is not only related to the growth and wellbeing of individuals, but also to the construction and development of countries. This study reviewed policies that were issued by the central government since the founding of New China which focused on the prevention and treatment of common diseases among school-age children and adolescents. The results revealed that, since the founding of New China, policies for the prevention and control of common diseases among school-age children and adolescents increased in number, and they began to focus on specific rather than general health problems. A gradual emphasis was placed on the specific implementation of prevention and control measures, rather than on guiding principles. Increasingly more attention has been paid to the prevention and treatment of common diseases among school-age children and adolescents.

A longitudinal study on sex difference in weight growth and systolic blood pressure change among children and adolescents in Beijing

DUAN Junwei, LI Ziang, ZHAO Ruilan, LI Li, ZHAO Fangfang, LI Menglong, SHU Wen, NUBIYA Amaerjiang, JIAWULAN Zunong, XIAO Huidi, HU Yifei

2021, 42(5): 652-655. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.05.003

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Objective To explore sex differences between weight and systolic blood pressure (SBP) changes among school-age children and adolescents in Beijing, and to provide a basis for priority intervention to control the rapid growth of body weight and blood pressure. Methods Anthropometric measurement data of 70 288 children and adolescents from primary and high schools in Shunyi District were collected from 2009 to 2018, and a longitudinal dataset with complete data related to weight and BP after individual data linkage was compiled. The age-specific weight and SBP growth rates were calculated, and a linear mixed-effects model was used to identify sex differences in chronological growth rates. Results Weight and SBP increased with age in both boys and girls, and the mean weight and SBP were higher in boys than in girls across all age groups. The result of the linear mixed-effects model indicated apparent sex differences in weight and SBP growth rates, with an age and sex interaction term(β=-0.35, -0.40, P < 0.01). The age at peak weight velocity (PWA) was 12 years old and the age at peak SBP velocity was 13 years old in boys, which occurred one and three years later than for girls, respectively. In addition, the peak weight and SBP velocity were higher in boys than in girls. The curves of the SBP growth rate adjusted for the PWA, showed that the peak SBP velocity occurred two years before PWA and the second peak SBP velocity occurred at the PWA, which indicated "double peaks" in both boys and girls. The SBP growth rate was always higher in boys than in girls, and the rates declined after PWA. Conclusion Sex differences in weight and SBP growth rates were persistent and obvious in school-age children and adolescents in Beijing and the change in SBP was highly time synchronized with the increase in weight.

Fluctuation of elevated blood pressure among 6-8 years old children in Beijing

ZHEN Guoxin, SHU Wen, ZHAO Ruilan, DUAN Junwei, LI Li, ZHAO Fangfang, LI Menglong, HU Yifei

2021, 42(5): 656-658, 662. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.05.004

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Objective To explore differences in the detection rate of elevated blood pressure (BP) in children aged 6-8 years old, and to verify the apparent existence of white-coat hypertension (BP) in children. Methods Based on census data(PROC), and three subsequent BP readings were taken during follow-ups which were carried out from October 2018 to June 2019. A total of 1 785 children were included in the present study. Using updating blood pressure reference for Chinese children aged 3-17 years, compared the BP detection rate at baseline, at the first follow-up, and the average value of the last two BP readings. Fluctuations in the detection rate of elevated BP in children at different time-points were analyzed. Results The detection rates of the three elevated BP measurements of 6-8-year-old children were 57.65%, 25.88% and 15.46%, respectively, and the detection rate was higher among boys than girls. The detection rate of baseline BP was higher than that of the first follow-up BP measurements and the average of the last two BP measurements(P < 0.01). Given the agreement in the diagnosis of high SBP, high DBP, high BP at baseline, and the average of the last two follow-up BP measurements, elevated BP at baseline was the lowest among the three groups and SBP was higher than DBP. Conclusion Blood Pressure fluctuations might be caused by transient tension that was experienced during the baseline BP measurement and during the first of the three follow-ups. Therefore, the average value of last two BP measurements may better reflect the real BP level in children.

Association between visceral adiposity index and non-alcoholic fatty liver among overweight and obese children in Beijing

LI Yindong, LI Menglong, DUAN Junwei, SHU Wen, LI Ziang, ZHEN Guoxin, ZHAO Ruilan, HU Yifei

2021, 42(5): 659-662. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.05.005

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Objective To examine the association between the visceral adiposity index (VAI) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in the pediatric population in order to improve risk stratification and prevention systems for chronic liver disease. Methods A total of 510 overweight/obese children aged 6-8 years old were enrolled from the child cohort which was designed to study puberty, obesity, and cardiovascular risk (PROC), and complete data from liver ultrasounds and the VAI were obtained. Used Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, Chi-square tests, and Logistic regression analyses to explore the association between the VAI and NAFLD. Results The detection rates of NAFLD for boys and girls were 25.9% and 11.1%, respectively. VAI for normal group and the NAFLD group were 0.43(0.31, 0.61) and 0.61(0.44, 0.87) in boys, and 0.74(0.56, 1.07) and 1.08(0.67, 1.51) in girls, respectively. Spearman's correlation coefficient analysis showed that triglycerides(TG), VAI, and the third quintile VAI group were positively correlated with NAFLD in both boys and girls(r=0.19, 0.26, 0.29;0.16, 0.16, 1.18, P < 0.05), and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) was negatively correlated with NAFLD in boys (r=-0.21, P < 0.05). With advancing tertiles of VAI, the increasing trend in the NAFLD detection rate was statistically significant in boys and girls(Chi-square for trend were 21.77, 7.66, P < 0.01). The results of univariate and multivariable Logistic regression showed that, by taking the first tertile of VAI as a reference, the risk of NAFLD among boys was higher in the second tertile (cOR=2.59, 95%CI=1.15-5.86; aOR=2.33, 95%CI=1.01-5.36) and in the third tertile(cOR=5.73, 95%CI=2.62-12.53; aOR=4.87, 95%CI=2.15-11.03), where as the risk among girls was higher in the third tertile(cOR=4.43, 95%CI=1.40-14.00). Conclusion VAI is positively correlated with pediatric NAFLD. Higher tertiles of VAI were associated with an increased risk of NAFLD in overweight and obese children, which indicates that VAI can be used as an early predictor of NAFLD.

Nutrition status of primary and middle school students in poor rural areas of Ningxia during 2013 to 2017

WU Bing, TIAN Hua, WANG Xiuqin, TAN Weixing

2021, 42(5): 663-666. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.05.006

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Objective To investigate the nutritional status of the rural compulsory education students from "Rural Compulsory Education Students Nutrition Improvement Program"(hereinafter referred to "plan") in Ningxia, to provide a scientific basis for future targeted nutrition education and interventions. Methods The survey was conducted in 27 732 students aged 6 to 15 years selected by stratified samplings in 7 counties of Ningxia. Results In the 5 years of the "plan" implementation, trend in decreasing malnutrition rates across the 5 years(18.16%, 18.77%, 17.08%, 14.38%, 14.93%), with statistically significant difference(Chi-square for trend was 47.02, P < 0.01). Overnutrition rate significantly increased(5.21%, 4.89%, 5.51%, 5.68%, 6.83%, Chi-square for trend was 6.66, P < 0.01). Conclusion Improved nutritional status of rural primary and middle school students in Ningxia has been observed, Co-occurring of malnutrition in boys and overnutrition requires further attention.

Vitamin A nutritional status and associated factors among primary and middle school students in Chongqing

CHEN Jingrong, LI Qunying, ZHANG Jie, TIAN Yu, LONG Cheng

2021, 42(5): 667-670. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.05.007

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Objective To examine the vitamin A status of children and adolescents aged between 6-17 years old in Chongqing, and to analyze the influencing factors of vitamin A deficiency, providing a scientific basis for nutritional improvement measures. Methods From 2016 to 2017, a multi-stage random sampling method was used to select approximately 1 508 children and adolescents aged between 6-17 years old from three rural and three urban locations in Chongqing. This study carried out a questionnaire survey and laboratory testing, and the statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 25.0. Results The mean vitamin A level was (1.45±0.42)μmol/L, while the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency and the subclinical deficiency rate were 0.46% and 13.46%, respectively. The binary Logistic regression analysis revealed that the following factors were associated with a lower risk of vitamin A deficiency: overweight and obese students(OR=0.51); students whose mothers had a high school education or above(OR=0.35, P=0.01); students from big cities; and higher quartile albumin levels (Q3 and Q4). Students who did not eat meat each day(OR=2.05), students aged 6-8 years old, and students with C-reactive protein in the third (OR=2.12) and fourth (OR=4.54) higher quartiles were at a higher risk of vitamin A deficiency. Conclusion The subclinical vitamin A deficiency rate was relatively high among children aged 6-17 years old in Chongqing. Measures including nutritional education, reasonable diets, and nutritionally fortified food or fortifiers should be used when necessary.

Correlation between mothers' reactions to teens' exposure to intimate footage and junior high school students' viewing of porn

ZHENG Yujia, YU Chunyan, ZUO Xiayun, LIAN Qiguo, LOU Chaohua, TU Xiaowen

2021, 42(5): 671-674. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.05.008

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Objective To explore the association between mothers' reactions to adolescents' exposure to intimate shots and pornography use of junior high school students, and to provide references for family communications on sexual topics in similar scenarios. Methods A total of 1 760 students from grade 6 to 8 in three junior high schools in a certain district of Shanghai were selected by cluster sampling. Self-filled questionnaires on tablets were used to collect data. Results The proportion of junior high school students who watched pornography was 26.36%(464), and that of boys (29.83%, 270/905) was higher than of girls (22.69%, 194/855). Most junior high school students believed that mothers' reactions to adolescents' exposure to intimate shots would be "taking the opportunity to educate teenagers not to do this" (30.54%) or "avoiding adolescents watching intimate shots" (42.24%). The results of multivariable analysis showed that comparing with junior high school students who believed that mothers would "watch together without making any comments ", students who believed that mothers would "take the opportunity to educate teenagers not to do this"(OR=0.43, 95%CI=0.29-0.64) and "avoid adolescents watching intimate shots"(OR=0.56, 95%CI=0.39-0.80) were at lower risk of viewing pornography (P < 0.01). Conclusion There is a significant correlation between junior high school students' pornography use and mothers' possible reactions to adolescents' exposure to intimate shots. Family sex education and parental monitoring should be emphasized, and parents' awareness of communicating sexual issues with adolescents should be strengthened.

Family sex education and associated factors among preschoolers in Wuhu

WEI Liangchen, ZHOU Shu, GUO Zhiyuan, XIE Shuyi, LIANG Yali, HUANG Yueer

2021, 42(5): 675-678. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.05.009

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Objective To understand the status of family sex education and associated factors among preschoolers in Wuhu, providing scientific basis for child family sex education. Methods From July to August 2020, random cluster sampling was used to select 481 children from 5 kindergartens in Wuhu. A questionnaire survey among parents of these preschoolers regarding family sex education status and its influencing factors. Results A total of 285(59.25%) parents reported family sex education for children, and 196(40.75%) did not practice family sex education for their children. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed parental awareness of sex education content(OR=3.06, 95%CI=1.95-4.78), parental anxiety for child sexual assault (OR=1.82, 95%CI=1.11-2.99) were associated with higher rate of family sex education. Conclusion Family sex education among preschoolers in Wuhu should be further promoted. Sex education training towards parents might help improve children's family sex education.

Relationship between parental rearing styles, self-directed learning ability and depressive symptoms among high school students during the COVID-19 outbreak

FENG Anbao, GUO Ying, LIU Haipei, WANG Jun

2021, 42(5): 679-682, 688. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.05.010

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Objective Explored the characteristics of parental rearing styles, and its association with depressive symptoms and the self-directed learning ability among high school students during COVID-19 epidemic, while providing a basis for family intervention in the area of adolescent mental health and students' learning abilities. Methods A total of 2 893 high school students from the southern, central, and northern regions of Anhui Province were selected using a stratified-cluster sampling method in Feb. 2020. The online questionnaire survey regarding depressive symptoms, self-directed learning abilities, and rearing styles was administered using the smartphone application Questionnaire Star. Results The prevalence rate of depressive symptoms was 38.9% among high school students during the COVID-19 outbreak. The parental rearing styles of high school students who reported depressive symptoms were characterized as follows: the scores of the parental emotional warmth factor, while relatively high scores of other factors, except the preferred factor. In addition, all of the factors showed statistically significant differences(P < 0.01). The parental rearing styles of high school students with a weak self-directed learning ability were characterized as low scores in parental emotional warmth, parents' prefer, and paternal over-protection(P < 0.05). Ordinal logistic regression analysis revealed that the negative correlation between depressive symptoms, low self-learning ability and parents' emotional warmth(father OR=0.95, mother OR=0.95) and father' over involvement(OR=0.95), the positive correlation between depressive symptoms, low self-learning ability and father' rejection(OR=1.07) and over protection(OR=1.06). Conclusion Depressive symptoms and the self-directed learning ability of high school students might be associated with paternal rearing styles, particularly in the case of emotional warmth.

Analysis of smoking surveillance results among Beijing primary and secondary school staff in 2019

QIN Ran, GUO Xin, XU Wenjie, MA Yuhan

2021, 42(5): 683-688. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.05.011

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Objective To understand the current situation of tobacco use in primary and secondary school staff members in Beijing in 2019, and its association with adolescent tobacco use and exposure, in order to promote the construction of smoke-free schools. Methods During April to June in 2019, PPS sampling was used to select primary schools, secondary schools and vocational high school. Each selected school randomly investigates 20 faculty members, totalling 2 737. The monitoring contents mainly include the current tobacco use, knowledge and attitude towards health risk of smoking among the school staff. Results The faculty did not receive the training of adolescent tobacco control (OR=0.20, 95%CI=0.14-0.28) were only 20% likely to teach tobacco hazard knowledge compared to the trained staff, and refusal to use tobacco control instruction manual (OR=0.21, 95%CI=0.14-0.32) was negatively associated with teaching tobacco control with students. Staff members having given lectures on tobacco refusal were more inclined to uphold "any people can't smoke anywhere on campus "(98.53%), and the interpretation of the rules tends to be more clear. Staff who has been employed for 20-30 years (OR=3.35, 95%CI=2.22-5.05) were the most probably to preach tobacco control among students(P < 0.05). Conclusion Staff caring about health and participate actively in health training were more willing to spread health knowledge. More attention should be paid to the cultivation of health literacy of school staff, and proactively guide faculty unwilling to instruct students in health hazard of smoking to gradually realize the importance of adolescent tobacco control.

Factors influencing HIV infection among college students who are young men who have sex with men in Tianjin

WANG Chun, WANG Keyun, WANG Xiaomeng, CHANG Qinxue, CUI Zhuang, LI Changping, MA Jun

2021, 42(5): 689-692, 696. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.05.012

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Objective To analyze associated factors of HIV infection among college students who are young men and have sex with men (YMSM) in Tianjin, providing reference for HIV prevention and control among YMSM college students. Methods During Aug. 1st, 2018 to Dec. 31st, 2018, SHENLAN recruited college students who were YMSM aged 18-24 years from gay baths, gay bars, QQ, WeChat and gay dating app BLUED. HIV infection status and associated factors (general demographic characteristics, unsafe sexual behaviors, addictive substance using, basic knowledge of HIV) was collected and analyzed. Results A total of 470 college students, including 21 HIV-infected (4.47%), were enrolled in this study. Univariate Logistic regression analyses indicated that age, age at first sex behavior, HIV-related knowledge, tobacco use, recreational drug usage, syphilis infection was associated with HIV infection among YMSM students (P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis found age of first sex (OR=21.20, 95%CI=3.09-145.43), recreational drug use (OR=5.07, 95%CI=1.77-14.48), lack of HIV-related knowledge (OR=3.38, 95%CI=1.33-8.63)were associated with HIV infection (P < 0.05). Conclusion College students who are YMSM in Tianjin have a high rate of HIV infection, who deserves further attention. Targeted campus HIV/AIDS prevention program should be developed combined with specific characteristics of this population.

Relationship between health risk behaviors and mental health of middle school students

WANG Dan, GAO Yu, ZHENG Xiaomeng, CHEN Yun, HOU Yanan, ZHENG Wengui

2021, 42(5): 693-696. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.05.013

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Objective To understand mental health status of middle school students in Weifang, and to analyze its association with health risk behaviors, and to provide a reference basis for the effective prevention of mental health problems. Methods Using the self-designed questionnaire and Kessler l0 (K10), a total of 3 185 middle school students in Weifang selected by using stratified clustered sampling were investigated. Chi-square test and binary Logistic regression was used for statistical analysis. Results Among the middle school students in Weifang, 1 634(51.3%) reported good mental health, 854(26.8%) in moderate level, 394(12.4%) reported poor mental health, and 303(9.5%) reported very poor mental health. Sleep duration and smoking were associated with mental health of middle school students (P < 0.05). Logistic regression analyses showed that, compared with adolescents with sleep duration less than 8 h, mental health among students whose sleep duration ≥8 h was better(OR=0.36); compared with non-smokers, students who smoked showed worse mental health status (OR=3.53). Conclusion Health-risk behaviors are closely related to mental health of middle school students. Relevant departments should strengthen education and publicity of healthy lifestyles, and pay close attention to the impact of health risk behaviors on mental health.

Characteristics and relationship between self-efficacy and physical activity of college students during COVID-19 epidemic

WANG Dandan, ZHANG Lei, LIU Jinzhao, WU Xueping

2021, 42(5): 697-701. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.05.014

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Objective To explore the characteristics and relationship between physical activity and self-efficacy of college students during the COVID-19 epidemic, so as to provide evidence for the orderly development of physical education and curriculum reform of college students after their return to school. Methods A total of 6 227 college students were collected from 8 districts of China by using convenient sampling method and snowball sampling method, and the physical activity and self-efficacy of all participants were assessed used by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire Short Form (IPAQ-S) and the General Self-Efficacy Scale(GSES). Results In the terms of general self-efficacy, the score of male students was significantly higher than that of female students, the score of freshman was significantly higher than that of other grades(t/F=7.32, 5.56, P < 0.01). In terms of physical activity, the middle and high level physical activity of girls was significantly higher than that of boys, but the proportion of boys meeting the recommended amount was higher(P < 0.01). Low level physical activity was the highest in junior college students(31.75%), medium level physical activity was the highest in freshmen (46.75%) and sophomore student (48.13%), and high level physical activity was the highest senior college students (30.40%). The moderate level of physical activity was the highest in all BMI groups, while the lean group had the lowest level of low level physical activity (15.70%) and the highest level of high level physical activity(37.31%), and the lowest proportion meeting the recommended amount(P < 0.05). Self-efficacy had a positive predictive effect on physical activity(OR=1.04, 95%CI=1.03-1.05). Conclusion During the COVID-19 epidemic, there are significant differences in general self-efficacy and physical activity among college students by gender, grade and BMI. The general self-efficacy has a positive impact on physical activity, suggesting that college physical education should pay attention to students' self-efficacy, while considering individual and group differences, and promote physical activity level through self-efficacy improvement.

Satisfaction of parents in myopia prevention and control for students in Shanghai Minhang District

LIU Pu, YIN Cancan, WANG Yujie, SHI Jiaojiao, YAN Yujie, SHI Huijing

2021, 42(5): 702-704. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.05.015

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Objective To evaluate the satisfaction of parents with students' eye health services after one year implementation of the "Three-year Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of Myopia in Children and Adolescents in Minhang District (2019-2021)", and to provide a reference for optimizing intervention measures. Methods A total of 20 176 parents were selected with multi-stage sampling method for the satisfaction evaluate. Results Health services in appointed medical institutions(6 849, 84.65%), providing feedback on the vision screening(16 915, 83.84%) and procedures in appointed medical institutions(6 704, 82.91%) were the top three terms for parents satisfaction with children and adolescents' eye health services, respectively. While the eye behavior and eye environment intervention(8 467, 42.01%), parents informing(7 850, 38.91%) and regular follow-up management(7 222, 33.67%) were the top three that were suggested to improvement. Comparative analysis showed that the school period and the history of previous diagnosis of eye diseases had an impact on the satisfaction of children and adolescents' eye health services and the demand for improvement significantly (P < 0.05). Conclusion After one year of intervention, parents are generally satisfied with the eye health services for students. At the same time, students with different characteristics parents focused on difference needs for health services. It urges more refined and personalized eye health services should be provided.

Difference in the relationship between childhood sexual abuse and sexual orientation among college students

ZHANG Tingting, CHEN Liru, XIE Guodie, YUAN Mengyuan, CHANG Junjie, LI Yonghan, SU Puyu

2021, 42(5): 705-708. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.05.016

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Objective This study aimed to explore the relationship between childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and sexual orientation among college students, and to explore possible sex difference. Methods By using multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method, 4 034 students were selected from 4 college schools. Self-made questionnaire was used to collect the demographic information, CSA experiences and sexual orientation. Logistic regression models were conducted to examine sex differences in the relationship between different types and timing of CSA and sexual orientation. Results The reporting rates of heterosexual, homosexual, bisexual and asexual orientation of college students were 93.2%, 0.7%, 3.7% and 2.4%, respectively. For males, contact CSA (OR=14.70, 95%CI=5.73-37.72), both contact and noncontact CSA (OR=4.33, 95%CI=1.91-9.84) in elementary school or earlier were associated with sexual orientaion. non-contact CSA (OR=4.20, 95%CI=2.21-7.98), both contact and noncontact CSA (OR=3.57, 95%CI=1.65-7.70) in middle school were related to sexual orientation. However, for females, non-contact CSA (OR=1.78, 95%CI=1.02-3.13) and both contact and non-contact CSA (OR=3.13, 95%CI=1.35-7.23) in elementary school or earlier were associated with sexual orientation. Conclusion CSA experiences are associated with sexual orientation in sex-specific manner, with significant stronger association among males.

Association between the frequency of domestic violence witness in childhood and the quality of life of college students

ZHANG Guobao, LI Ling, ZHANG Shiyun, SU Puyu

2021, 42(5): 709-712. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.05.017

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Objective To explore the association of the frequency of domestic violence witness in childhood with the quality of life (QOL) of college students, and to provide a reference for improving the quality of life of students who domestic violence witness in childhood. Methods In October 2018, a total of 4 034 college students from four universities in Hefei, Anhui Province, were selected to participate in this study. The Conflict Tactics Scales Short Form (CTS2SF) and the World Health Organization Quality of Life-Brief (WHOQOL-BREF) were used to assess the effect of witnessing domestic violence in childhood on the QOL of college students. Multiple linear regression was used to analyze the relationship between the different frequencies of witnessing domestic violence in childhood and the QOL of college students. Results The mean scores of the subjective assessment of QOL, health subjective assessment, physiology, psychology, social relationships, and environment were (14.06±3.25) (13.42±3.47) (12.61±2.02) (14.09±2.62) (13.72±2.71) (13.77±2.46), respectively. The multiple linear regression model showed that, witnessing domestic violence in childhood was negatively correlated with the QOL of college students (P < 0.01). Although occasional expose to severe family violence in childhood was not associated with the health subjective assessment and the environmental dimensions, the different frequencies of witnessing domestic violence in childhood were negatively correlated with the QOL of college students (P < 0.05). Conclusion Frequency of domestic violence witness in childhood is associated with the mean scores of the QOL of college students. It is necessary to explore effective prevention and intervention programs for exposure to domestic violence in childhood.

Association of smartphone addiction with daily behaviors and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic among medical college students

HUANG Zhenhui, TAN Jianyi, XU Huafu, HUANG Baoying, CHEN Qingsong, LI Zixiong, ZHUANG Wenmin, ZHANG Yanbo, GAO Yanhui

2021, 42(5): 713-718. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.05.018

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Objective To investigate the smartphone addiction among college students during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and its association with daily behaviors and mental health, and to provide reference for heath education and psychological counseling for college students. Methods An observational study using online quyestionnaire was conducted among 10 357 college students of two provincial medical schools in Guangdong and Shanxi Province from February 24th to March 4th in 2020. Participants were investigated on demographic information, smartphone addiction, daily routine, physical activity, weight status, anxiety, and other health information. Logistic regression with inverse probability treatment weighting (IPTW) based on propensity score was used to analyze the association between smartphone addiction with daily behavior and mental health. Results The prevalence of smartphone addiction was 59.42%. The prevalence of phone addiction was higher in postgraduates, senior undergraduates, students with non-medical major, students living in GuangDong and those without regular exercise habit before vacation(χ²=47.91, 17.78, 42.75, 138.58, P < 0.05). With IPTW, there were significant associations between smartphone addiction and late bedtimes (OR=1.82, 95%CI=1.66-1.98) and wake-up times (OR=1.55, 95%CI=1.44-1.68), more sedentary behaviors (OR=1.21, 95%CI=1.12-1.31), less moderate to vigorous physical activity (OR=1.33, 95%CI=1.22-1.44), anxiety (OR=2.98, 95%CI=2.52-3.40), weight gain(OR=1.27, 95%CI=1.17-1.37) and other detrimental daily behavior and feelings. Conclusion High prevalence of smartphone addiction has been observed during the COVID-19 pandemic, with impaired daily behavior and mental health.

Parent-child conflict among primary and middle school students during the COVID-19 epidemic and its countermeasures

CHEN Yongxiang, CUI Lirong, LIU Li, LU Furong

2021, 42(5): 719-722. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.05.019

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Objective To investigate parent-child conflict among primary and secondary school students and their parents, and to promote family harmony and mental health of children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods An anonymous online survey was completed by 12 711 parents of primary and middle school students during mid-March, 2020. Emotional translation, coping style, parent-child conflict were collected and analyzed by grade. Results The incidence of parent-child conflict was emotional opposition (62.3%), verbal conflict (52.6%) and physical conflict (20.5%), respectively. About 38.1% of parents and 23.6% of students experienced negative emotions, such as anxiety and anger, and the students used coping styles that were more uniform than those of their parents. About 77.9% of families reported that they experienced different levels of parent-child conflict, which was mainly caused by child learning difficulties(45.6%), daily arrangements(22.1%), and the use of electronic devices(10.2%); compared with the previous year, about 31.4% of families reported an increase in the frequency of parent-child conflicts in the last month. Conclusion Parent-child conflict is highly prevalent in the families of primary and middle school students, and such conflicts were affected by stress-related factors, which included COVID-19. It's necessary to improve the provision of relevant mental health education and psychological assistance.

Association between short-term exposure of fine particulate matters and blood pressure in children and adolescents

HUO Jiakang, DONG Yanhui, LI Weiming, WU Lijuan, CHEN Li, CHEN Manman, MA Ying, GUO Xiuhua, MA Jun

2021, 42(5): 723-727. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.05.020

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Objective To evaluate the association of short-term fine particulate matters (PM2.5) exposure and blood pressure in children and adolescents. Methods A total of 144 813 junior and senior middle school students who participated in the physical examination in the 2017-2018 academic year in a northern city of China, with complete record of demographic characteristics, blood pressure and no history of heart and other important organ diseases were selected as the study subjects. Data on PM2.5 and other pollutants and meteorological data were obtained from the nearest air quality and meteorological monitoring stations of each schools. A generalized linear mixed effect model was used to analyze the association between short-term exposure of PM2.5 and blood pressure. Results The 6-day average concentration of PM2.5 (lag05) increased by 10 μg/m³ was associated with an increase of 0.177(95%CI=0.148-0.207)mm Hg (1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa) in systolic blood pressure and 4.4%(OR=1.044, 95%CI=1.030-1.058) increase of the prevalence of high systolic blood pressure. And it was also associated with -0.021(95%CI=-0.040--0.002)mm Hg decrease in diastolic blood pressure, but had no significant correlation with the prevalence of high diastolic blood pressure. In general, a 10 μg/m³ increase of PM2.5 was associated with 3.3% increase in the prevalence of high blood pressure (OR=1.03, 95%CI=1.02-1.05), and difference of boys and girls were found in different lagged days (P < 0.05). Conclusion Short-term exposure of PM2.5 is associated with increased systolic blood pressure and prevalence of high blood pressure among children and adolescents. Attention should be paid to the prevention of short-term exposure of PM2.5 to protect the health of children and adolescents.

Effects of the psychological aggression and corporal punishment college students experienced before the age of 10 on anxiety and health related risky behaviors

JU Wenjing, ZHU Liwan, WANG Miao, WANG Zhe, MA Long, CUI Jing, WANG Yijun

2021, 42(5): 728-732. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.05.021

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Objective To provide a basis for college students' mental health education and guidance, the impact of psychological aggression and corporal punishment college students experienced before the age of 10 on anxiety and health risk behaviors was explored. Methods In April and May 2019, the convenience sampling method was used to conduct a questionnaire survey among all the freshman and sophomore students of some majors in two universities in Harbin, including a total of 2 150 students. The contents of the questionnaire included general information survey, Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scale (CTSPC), Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and Adolescent Health related Risky Behavior Inventory (AHRBI). Results The percentage of college students who suffered psychological aggression and corporal punishment before the age of 10 was 80.05% and 58.37%. The detection rate of corporal punishment in boys and non-only child was significantly higher than that in girls and only child (P < 0.05). The students who experienced psychological aggression and corporal punishment before the age of 10 had higher detection rates of anxiety state and six subscales of health risk behaviors than those who didn't experienced those (P < 0.05). The Logistic regression analysis showed that, psychological aggression, place of residence, corporal punishment, and only child were positively associated with college students' anxiety state (OR=1.85, 1.53, 1.49, 1.34). The Logistic regression analysis showed that, psychological aggression, place of residence were positively associated with college students' health-compromising behaviors (OR=1.60, 1.26). Psychological aggression, gender factors, corporal punishment, and only child all influenced college students' aggression and violence behavior (OR=1.75, 1.66, 1.63, 1.28). Corporal punishment influenced college students' suicide and self-injury behavior (OR=3.44). Gender factors and corporal punishment all influenced college students' smoking and drinking behavior (OR=2.67, 2.25).Corporal punishment and psychological aggression were positively associated with college students' rule breaking behavior (OR=1.88, 1.55). Corporal punishment, gender factors, and family income all influenced college students' unprotected sexual behavior (OR=4.51, 1.91, 0.62). Conclusion Parental psychological aggression and corporal punishment college students experienced during childhood have a negative impact on their anxiety and health risk behaviors.

Body mass index changes among children and adolescents in Suzhou before and after COVID-19 outbreak

SHEN Hui, DING Ziyao, HAN Di, HAI Bo, YIN Jieyun, HU Jia

2021, 42(5): 733-736. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.05.022

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Objective To explore body mass index (BMI) changes among children and adolescents in Suzhou before and after COVID-19 outbreak, and to provide a reference for improving physical health of children and adolescents. Methods A total of 569 children and adolescents who had complete BMI information in 2019 were enrolled through stratified cluster sampling from June to July, 2020. Questionnaire survey was conducted, and height and weight were measured to calculate BMI and BMI-Z scores. Results After the epidemic, overweight/obesity rate were 32.0%, compared to 31.6% before the epidemic(χ²=0.07, P>0.05). Difference of BMI-Z scores before (0.37±1.28) and after (0.38±1.27) the epidemic did not show statistically significant (t=-0.28, P>0.05), No significant changes in BMI-Z score were found before and affer COVID-19 outbreak similar results were observed (P>0.05), BMI-Z scores after the epidemic (0.45±1.32) was higher than it before the epidemic (0.37±1.35) among primary school group (t=2.57, P=0.01), while BMI-Z scores after the epidemic (0.27±1.17) was lower than it before the epidemic (0.39±1.18) among middle school group (t=-4.29, P < 0.01). Proportion of sweet food consumption and outdoor activities was statistically different before and after the epidemic(P>0.05), proportion of sugar-sweetened beverages consumption and fried food intake were statistically different before and after the epidemic (P < 0.05), sleep time after the epidemic (8.52±1.83)h was higher than it before the epidemic (8.05±1.70)h (t=4.96, P < 0.05). Conclusion Before and after COVID-19 outbreak, BMI and overweight/obesity rates are significantly different among children and adolescents in Suzhou, and there is a slight difference in different studying phases.

Association between dietary patterns and central precocious puberty in girls

YUAN Jingyi, ZHANG Gong, WANG Ya, JIANG Weikang, LIU Wanxu, XU Yuxiang, SUN Ying

2021, 42(5): 737-741. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.05.023

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Objective To explore the relationship between dietary patterns and central precocious puberty in children, and to provide a scientific basis for dietary prevention of precocious puberty. Methods A case-control study was conducted, among 35 newly diagnosed central precocious puberty girls from May to December 2019 as the case group, and 70 healthy girls with normal development as the control group. Physical development examination, parent questionnaire survey and child interview were carried out. Dietary information was assessed using a simplified food frequency questionnaire(FFQ). Principal component analysis was used to identify children's dietary patterns, and multiple Logistic regression was used to assess the association between dietary patterns and precocious puberty. Results Three different dietary patterns have been established, namely "snack and processed food type", "animal protein type" and "nutritional tonic type" dietary patterns, respectively. After adjusting for covariates such as age and BMI, Logistic regression analysis showed that the "snack and processed food type" dietary pattern was positively correlated with precocious puberty(OR=10.81, 95%CI=2.59-45.15, P < 0.01). There was a negative correlation between "animal protein type" and precocious puberty(OR=0.24, 95%CI=0.06-0.91, P=0.04), while the association between "nutritive tonic" and precocious puberty was not statistically significant(OR=0.28, 95%CI=0.07-1.05, P=0.06). Conclusion Children's dietary patterns were related to precocious puberty." Snack and processed food "dietary pattern with a high intake of fried foods, puffed foods, foods containing preservatives or pigments, western fast foods, chocolate and products, was closely related to central precocious puberty.

Effect of outdoor playground and sports activities design on development of children's fundamental movement skills

QIN Yunfei, ZHANG Zhong, NING Ke

2021, 42(5): 742-745. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.05.024

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Objective To demonstrate the effect of structured and autonomous sports activities on children's basic motor skills in a preset outdoor field for a certain time and frequency, and to provide a reference for improving children's development of basic motor skills. Methods Selected 141 typical developing children from 4 public kindergartens in Nanning, and randomly divided them into experimental group(71) and control group(70). The experimental group participated in physical activities for 10 weeks (3 times a week, 1 hour each time) in the preset outdoor field (each physical activity was composed of 30 minutes of autonomous physical activity and 30 minutes of structured physical activity), while the control group had no intervention of site preset and specially designed activities. Before and after the experiment, 9 basic motor skills (including 3 fine motor skills and 6 gross motor skills) were tested. Results There were significant differences in double-hand throwing, single-leg balance (left), single-leg balance (right), swing bridge balance and beam-walking before and after intervention in experimental group(t=7.82, 4.25, 9.69, -10.01, -28.28, P < 0.05), but there was no statistical significance in the improvement of heel-toe coordinated walking(t=-0.60, P>0.05). There was no significant improvement in coin throwing (right hand), coin throwing (left hand) and square stacking(t=0.91, 1.03, 0.42, P>0.05), while in the control group, except for the balance of swinging bridge(t=4.27, P < 0.05) and heel and toe walking(t=3.96, P < 0.05), the improvement of other basic motor skills was not statistically significant(t=1.21, 0.74, 0.31, 0.97, P>0.05). Conclusion The quality of sports environment has a potential impact on the basic motor skills of preschool children. The basic motor skills of the pre-school children can be greatly improved by conducting structural and autonomous physical activities with a certain time and frequency.

Relationship between body fat percentage and high blood pressure among junior high school students in Shanghai

YANG Dongling, ZHOU Yuefang, SUN Lijing, QI Wenjuan, QU Shuangxiao, LUO Chunyan, FENG Xiaogang

2021, 42(5): 746-750. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.05.025

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Objective To investigate the relationship between body fat percentage (BF%) and high blood pressure among adolescents in Shanghai, and to provide basis for early prevention and intervention of cardcovascular diseases. Methods By using stratified cluster sampling method, a total of 5 148 adolescent students in 16 schools from 16 districts of Shanghai were selected. Questionnaire survey and physical examination were performed. The bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) was used to measure body fat percentage. National Blood Pressure Reference for Chinese Han Children was used to define high blood pressure. And T test, chi-square test and Logistici regression were used to assess the relation between BF% with high blood pressure. Results The prevalence of high blood pressure in 5 148 junior middle school students in Shanghai was 10.98%, with girls (13.13%) higher than boys (8.99%)(χ²=22.48, P < 0.01). The average total body fat percentage of male students was (20.90±10.73)%, which decreased with age (linear trend variance is 10.04, P < 0.01). The average total body fat percentage of girls was (25.14±8.03)%, which increased with age (linear trend variance is 69.23, P < 0.01). After adjusted for age, diet, exercise and other influencing factors, the prevalence of hypertension showed an increasing trend with the increase of body fat percentage for both boys and girls. The risk of high blood pressure in boys with BF%≥P₉₀ was 12.43 times higher than that in boys with BF% < P₂₅(95%CI=6.98-22.14), while the risk of high blood pressure in girls with BF% ≥P₉₀ was 6.12 times higher than that in girls with BF% < P₂₅(95%CI=3.89-9.63). Conclusion There was a positive correlation between body fat percentage and high blood pressure in adolescents. The prevalence of high blood pressure increased with the increase of body fat percentage, which was more obvious in boys.

Utilization of oral health services for school-age children in Xiangfang District of Harbin

HAO Chunxiu, ZHANG Lei, ZHANG Xiaodan, SUN Jiayin, WANG Haiyue, ZHAO Yu

2021, 42(5): 751-755. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.05.026

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Objective To investigate the oral health service demands and utilization among school-age children in Xiangfang district of Harbin, and to explore the related influencing factors. Methods A total of 7 944 children aged 6-11 were investigated for oral health status through questionnaire survey in Xiangfang District, Harbin. Descriptive analysis, Chi-square test, nonparametric test and Logistic regression were used to analyze the oral health service demands and utilization of school-age children. Results The rate of caries, unfilled caries, malocclusion and traumatic dental injuries were 89.7%, 60.7%, 59.3% and 12.5%, respectively. In the past 12 months, 53.8% of children had toothache. The rate of seeking medical treatment in stomatology department was 31.6%, with the primary reason being treatment (47.6%), while the rate of preventive dental treatment was 15.6%. Multivariate analysis showed that girls, father's education being high school or technical secondary school, father's education higher or equal to junior college, poor oral health evaluation, high score on oral knowledge and oral attitude, brushing teeth once a day, brushing teeth twice a day or more, having attended oral health courses, having toothache experience, having dental trauma experience, suffering from dental caries were more likely to visit the oral clinics (OR=1.11, 1.17, 1.50, 0.80, 1.07, 1.21, 1.60, 2.27, 1.28, 1.49, 1.54, 1.67, P < 0.05). Conclusion In Xiangfang District of Harbin, there is a large demand for oral health services for school-age children, however, both of the utilization rate and the preventive medical treatment rate is low. Many factors affect the utilization of oral health services for children. It is suggested that targeted measures should be taken to improve the utilization level of school-age children's health resources.

Characteristics of pain sensitivity in children and model mice with autism spectrum disorder disorders

XU Meng, LI Qi, Hongyi Sui, ZHANG Yancheng, LI Xiang, FAN Lili, WU Lijie

2021, 42(5): 756-758. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.05.027

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Objective To explore the characteristics of pain sensitivity of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and to provide reference for clinical comprehensive intervention of ASD. Methods A case-control study was conducted to investigate the characteristics of pain sensitivity in 142 ASD children and 142 normal children using the items related to pain sensitivity in the Autism Treatment Evaluation Checklist (ATEC). In addition, two recognized ASD model mice (BTBR mice and model mice induced by VPA) were selected as experimental group. The thermal pain threshold and mechanical pain threshold of BTBR mice were measured by electroshock seizure threshold and Von Frey filament test, and the differences of pain characteristics between BTBR mice and control mice were compared, the thermal pain threshold of model mice induced by VPA (VPA rats) was measured by electroshock seizure threshold, and the differences between BTBR mice and control mice (Con) were compared. Results There was significant difference in pain sensitivity between ASD group and control group (χ²=0.81, P < 0.05), and the sensitivity of ASD children to pain was significantly lower than that of normal control children. The pain sensitivity of BTBR mice and C57BL/6 mice on the 42 nd day after birth was measured. The T-test analysis showed that the time taken for BTBR and C57BL/6 mice to retract their feet on the 42 nd day after birth (3.62±0.38, 3.02±0.33)s (t=3.28, P < 0.01), and the mechanical pain threshold (9.75±3.58, 0.55±0.93)s (t=7.44, P < 0.01). The detection of thermal stinging pain in VPA rats and con rats on the 9 th, 11 th, 13 th and 15 th day after birth was detected. The results of t test were as follows: P9(11.34±1.38, 9.81±1.64)g, P11(11.37±1.98, 9.36±1.11)g, P13(11.53±1.38, 9.51±1.01)g and P15(12.05±2.91, 8.74±1.60)g (t=-2.79, -2.25, 3.95, 3.95, P < 0.05). Conclusion Compared with normal control children, ASD children show insensitivity to pain which is further supported by two types of animal models for ASD.

Analysis on status of follow-up testing among young HIV/AIDS students aged 15-24 in Guangdong Province, 2008-2019

LIU Jun, FU Xiaobing, XIE Shilan, LI Jianrong, LIU Youzhao, LIN Peng, LI Yan

2021, 42(5): 759-763. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.05.028

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Objective To analyze the status of follow-up cell testing of HIV/AIDS cases among young students aged 15-24 in Guangdong Province from 2008 to 2019. Methods Using the historical database downloaded from the AIDS Comprehensive Prevention and Control Information System from January 1, 2018 to December 31, 2019, eligible newly discovered cases were screened by year and were linked with follow-up database. Joinpoint regression model and trend test were used to explore the annual changes in the follow-up and CD4 testing status, and Logistic regression was used to analyze relevant influencing factors. Results The number of infected students showed a rapid upward trend before 2015(APC=41.7, β=0.3, P < 0.01), and the growth rate slowed down(APC=3.6, β=-0.3, P < 0.01). The proportion of follow-up and CD4 testing completed within one year increased from 58.3% in 2008 to 93.6% in 2019, and the timely detection rate increased from 33.3% in 2008 to 86.2% in 2019. The Cochran-Armitage trend test was statistically significant. Pairwise comparison test showed time trends of the idnex differed in regions and education groups (Z=4.7, 8.7, 9.8, P < 0.01). The Pearl River Delta region, cases from other cities in the province, with precise transmission routes, from voluntary counseling and testing, and cases flowing within the province, the proportion of follow-up and testing completed within one year is relatively high (P < 0.05). Conclusion The growth rate of HIV/AIDS cases among young students aged 15-24 in Guangdong Province has slowed down in recent years. The route of infection, source and flow of cases affect follow-up and testing compliance. And to do a good job of referrals for off-site mobility, and explore and promote student-friendly VCT service models.

Risk assessment of unintention injury among preschool children in Shunyi District of Beijing

HU Jiangong, ZHAO Yingying, ZHANG Yanyan, LI Zheng, BAI Rubing, LI Changqing, LI Yindong

2021, 42(5): 764-767. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.05.029

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Objective To understand the current situation and associated factors of unintentional injury among preschool children in Shunyi District, and to provide reference for the development of unintentional injury intervention measures. Methods Three kindergartens in Shunyi district were selected through stratified cluster sampling method, and all the parents were surveyed online by self-designed questionnaire. Results The proportion of low, medium and high risk assessment of unintentional injury in preschool children were 59.5%, 37.5% and 3.0%, respectively. Risk of unintentional injury increased significantly with age and grade(χ²=12.35, 12.70, P < 0.05). The risk of unintentional injury in inter-generational care (3.7%) was higher than that in parental care(2.4%). The higher the education level of the primary caretaker and family income, the higher level of unintentional injury risk(χ²=11.23, 14.10, P < 0.05).There were significant differences in the risk for burning, poisoning, other accidental injury, prevention of accidental injury and total score of unintentional injury among children of different ages and classes(F=8.26, 5.61, 4.95, 6.15, 7.86;9.88, 8.39, 4.25, 6.27, 7.55, P < 0.05). There was statistical significance in burning risk between boys and girls(t=-4.27, P < 0.05). There was statistical significance in unintentional injury prevention between children of different residence(t=9.11, P < 0.05). There were significant differences in behavior supervision among risk among children of different ages and grades(P < 0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that education level of primary caregivers (college: B=-2.66, 95%CI=-4.69-0.63; bachelor degree or higher: B=-3.80, 95%CI=-5.90-1.70), annual family income (B=-2.82, 95%CI=-4.80-0.84) were associated with unintentional injury risk of preschool children(P < 0.05). Conclusion Health education of unintentional injury prevention among preschool children should focus on the primary caretaker with low education and low family income, which is crucial for prevention of children's injury.

Comparison of the effect of screening test for different tuberculin dosage forms for close contacts of tuberculosis in colleges and universities in Nanning

LI Xiaoyuan, YANG Shaohu, HUANG Hongyu, DENG Chunli, XIE Liuyuan, SHI Jian

2021, 42(5): 768-771, 775. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.05.030

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Objective To understand the similarities and differences in different dosage forms of tuberculin test for college students having close contact with tuberculosis in Nanning colleges and universities in order to provide reference for the prevention and control of tuberculosis. Methods A total of 7 771 students were screened for symptoms and tuberculin skin test(TST)、X radiographs from 2018 to 2019 in Nanning.The used doses of Purified Protein Derivative of Tuberculin (TB-PPD) in 2018 and 2019 were 2 IU and 5 IU respectively. Results A total of 916 positive cases were detected in 2 years, with the total positive rate of 11.79%. Total strong positive number was 184 and the strong positive rate was 2.37%. The number of tuberculosis patients was 17. Positive rate of the students from grade one to grade four was 13.88%, 8.57%, 10.59%, 10.29%, respectively. The difference was statistically significant(χ²=46.30, P < 0.01). The positive rates of male and female in the past two years were 13.24%(500/3 777) and 10.42%(416/3 994), respectively (χ²=17.84, P < 0.01), and there was no significant difference in the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis among TST positive patients (χ²=0.29, P=0.59). The positive and strong positive rates of 2 IU dose and 5 IU dose were 7.57%, 15.04%, respectively, the difference in dosage forms were statistically significant (χ²=114.41, P < 0.01). The tuberculosis case detection rate (CDR) of moderate & above positive subjects of 2 IU and 5 IU dose was 6.92% and 2.07%, respectively, the difference was statistically significant(χ²=6.60, P=0.02). Conclusion More positive tuberculosis cases (including moderate & strong positive) can be detected by using 5 IU dose, though it is may not have advantage over discovering tuberculosis patients comparing to 2 IU dose. However, it is more critical to minimize the following cases and control the outbreak in university.

Levels of blood lipid among children and adolescents aged 6-17 years in Jiangxi Province

FAN Yi, CHEN Ting, CHENG Huijian, ZHU Hui, FANG Xiaoyan

2021, 42(5): 772-775. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.05.031

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Objective To investigate blood lipid status among children and adolescents in Jiangxi Province, and to provide the basis for prevention and control of dyslipidemia. Methods Using the method of stratified cluster random sampling, a total of 14 535 children and adolescents aged 6-17 years old were selected from Jiangxi Province in 2019. With physical measurement and blood tests for fasting blood total cholesterol(TC), triglyceride(TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C) levels, dyslipidemia was determined by the definition of dyslipidemia prevention consensus of specialists in Children and Adolescents. Results The dyslipidemia rate was 14.9%, and the abnormal rates of TC, TG, LDL-C and HDL-C were 5.9%, 7.4%, 2.9% and 3.4%, respectively.The prevalence of dyslipidemia was higher in female(15.7%) than in male(14.1%)(χ²=8.01, P < 0.01). The prevalence of dyslipidemia in primary school, middle school and high school students was 13.8%, 15.5% and 17.3%, respectively(χ²=21.14, P < 0.01), and in students of normal weight, overweight and obesity was 12.8%, 21.9%, 30.0%, respectively(χ²=297.20, P < 0.01). Conclusion The prevalence of dyslipidemia among children and adolescents in Jiangxi Province is lower than the national level, but the current situation cannot be ignored.

Relationship between sedentary behavior with overweight and obesity among middle school students of different nationalities in Aba Prefecture

WU Jingtao, HU Jun

2021, 42(5): 776-779, 784. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.05.032

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Objective To analyze the association between sedentary behavior with overweight or obesity in middle school students, and to provide policy reference for relevant departments. Methods Using the stratified cluster sampling method, a questionnaire survey and physical fitness test were conducted among 1 208 middle school students aged 13 to 18 in Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture in October 2019. The associations between sedentary behavior and overweight or obesity among middle school students of different ethnic groups in Aba Prefecture were analyzed. Results The detection rate of overweight or obesity was Tibetan (14.0%)> Han (8.8%)> Qiang (8.2%), junior high school students (10.5%)> high school students (8.2%), the difference was statistically significant (χ²=19.34, 13.62, P < 0.05). Compared with the reference group, the detection rate of overweight or obesity among middle school students with time spent in the Internet for > 1 h/d, reading extracurricular books > 2 h/d, video games > 1 h/d, and watching TV > 1 h/d (23.7%, 19.6%, 27.8%, 26.7%) significantly increased(OR=1.26, 1.09, 1.38, 1.18, P < 0.05). Conclusion Sedentary behaviors of middle school students of different ethnic groups in Aba Prefecture are positively correlated with overweight or obesity. Reducing the duration of static behaviors helps prevent and control the occurrence of overweight or obesity among middle school students.

Periodontal health condition among 12-15 years old adolescents in Shenzhen

LI Juhong, HU Xiaowen, ZHANG Ziyang, XUAN Peng, RUAN Shihong, YU Hongbing, YU Wenlong, FENG Nongping, MA Wancheng

2021, 42(5): 780-784. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.05.033

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Objective This epidemiology survey is intended to assess the periodontal health conditions of 12-to 15-year-old adolescents and the associated factors in Shenzhen. Methods The study utilized a multistage stratified cluster method and recruited 5 509 middle school students aged 12 to 15. Gingival bleeding and calculus were conducted and a self-reported questionnaire was administered. Additional periodontal pocket depth and attachment loss examination were performed in the 15-year-age group. Periodontal conditions and the associated factors were analyzed by t-test, Chi-square method and Logistic regression. Results The prevalence of gingival bleeding and calculus among adolescents was 43.95% and 44.25%, and the prevalence of periodontal pockets ≤3 mm was 0.57%. No periodontal pockets ≥6 mm or attachment loss ≥4 mm were detected. Gender, family income and frequency of teeth brushing were significantly associated with calculus detection (P < 0.05). The use of fluoride had an significant effect on gingival bleeding detection and calculus detection (χ²=9.70, 6.16, P < 0.05). Conclusion The periodontal health condition among 12-15 years old adolescents in Shenzhen is generally better than the national level. Adolescents living in high-economic districts and females had better periodontal health condition. The government can promote health education in schools and popularize the use of fluoride to improve the periodontal health condition among adolescents.

Situation of school toilets in rural areas of Laibin City in 2018

MENG Nanxin, ZHOU Jing, WU Yunhui, ZHUO Futuan

2021, 42(5): 785-787. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.05.034

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Objective To understand the sanitary condition of rural school toilets in Laibin City, and to provide scientific basis for the government and education departments to improve the sanitary condition of rural school toilets and to rebuild and build new harmless sanitary toilets. Methods The sanitary condition of toilets and feces treatment of the rural areas of 6 counties of Laibin City were thoroughly investigated through file review, on-site inspection and interviews, Results There were 36 schools without toilets, all of which were primary schools. Those schools distributed in Jinxiu County (31), accounting for 35.63% in its primary schools(31/87). Among the 651 schools with toilets, there were 1 559 sanitary toilets and 90 unsanitary toilets (all distributed in primary schools). and the percentage of unsanitary toilets in primary schools was that Jinxiu County 44.64% and Heshan City 31.25%. The proportion of sanitary toilets in teaching buildings, offices or dormitory buildings in primary schools, middle schools and nine-year schools was 77.36%, 94.20% and 30.95%, respectively. Hierarchical analysis found that outdoor toilets accounted for the largest proportion of middle schools in Xiangzhou County (72.46%), followed by nine-year schools in Xingbin District (71.79%). Among sanitary toilets, the proportion of harmless sanitary toilets was 95.51%, which was 100% in middle schools and nine-year schools, and 94.30% in primary schools. Four of the six counties (cities and districts) accounted for 100%, and the proportion of primary schools of Xingbin District was lowest, which accounted for 89.79%. Conclusion At present, the sanitary condition of toilets in rural schools in Laibin City has been obviously improved, but there are still many schools lack of toilets or sanitary toilets, in some counties (cities, districts), especially in primary schools. Quality of toilet management should be improved while strengthening the construction of harmless sanitary toilets in schools.

Research progress of the role of microRNAs in puberty initiation

SHI Mengmeng, LIU Li, LI Xuesi, ZHAI Lingling

2021, 42(5): 788-791. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.05.035

Abstract(529) HTML (282) PDF(49)

Abstract:
MiRNAs are a type of single-stranded, endogenous, non-coding small RNAs, which can regulate the post-transcriptional expression of genes and a variety of biological functions. Puberty development involves a complex regulatory network, among which the the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonad axis may play the key role. Studies have found that there was a relationship between the miRNAs and puberty development. The absence and abnormal expression of miRNAs can affect the initiation of puberty. But the mechanism is not clear. It may be related to the secretion of GnRH in the hypothalamus. This article mainly introduced several miRNAs which were currently closely related to the initiation of puberty, and reviewed their role and possible mechanisms in the initiation of puberty.

Research progress for the interaction of child abuse and monoamine oxidase A gene on antisocial behavior among adolescents

YUAN Mengyuan, SU Puyu

2021, 42(5): 792-795, 800. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.05.036

Abstract(518) HTML (274) PDF(52)

Abstract:
Antisocial behavior among adolescents caused a severe burden on individuals, families and society, which has aroused a global concern. At present, the association of child abuse and monoamine oxidase A gene with antisocial behavior has been confirmed in most studies. However, there was a controversy about the interaction of child abuse and monoamine oxidase A gene on antisocial behavior. This study aimed to review latest findings and mechanisms of the interaction of child abuse and monoamine oxidase A gene on antisocial behavior among adolescents. The result showed that the child abuse interacted with monoamine oxidase A gene in antisocial behavior by influencing the specific neural circuits in the brain and changing the function of mood regulation, etc. Additionally, this study analyzed potential reasons for the inconsistency of current study findings, and identified the directions for future research. Moreover, this review was to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of adolescent antisocial behavior.

Exploration and intervention of campus exclusive behavior from the perspective of evolutionary psychology

ZHANG Xinhao, ZHANG Ye, YANG Shuo

2021, 42(5): 796-800. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.05.037

Abstract(568) HTML (303) PDF(57)

Abstract:
Campus exclusion behavior attracts much attention in the filed of school-based social exclusion research field. It threatens the normal relationship and belonging acquisition of primary and secondary school students, resulting in frustration of students' needs and negative emotions and behaviors, inability to handle classmates and social relationships well, and hindering mental health development of. Evolution believes that behaviors have a certain adaptive value. From the perspective of evolutionary psychology, a preliminary interpretation of the influencing factors of exclusion in terms of language, needs and motivations, and social status has been made. Resource acquisition, hunting-gathering hypothesis, homosexual competition, etc. Provides a certain evolutionary basis. Therefore, in the intervention and prevention of rejection behaviors, creating a campus atmosphere that accepts diversity has a positive effect on the guidance of all students, and strengthening emotional and cognitive interventions also alleviates the adverse effects of rejection behaviors.

2021 Vol. 42, No. 5