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2025, Volume 46,  Issue 3

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Editorial
Implementing standardized school desks and chairs to promote the healthy development of primary and secondary school students
ZHANG Fengyun, SONG Yi, ZHANG Lin, LUO Chunyan, DU Wei, DONG Bin
2025, 46(3): 305-309. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025070
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In order to understand and analyze the current standards and application of school desks and chairs for primary and secondary schools, and to promote the healthy growth of primary and secondary school students. The article conducts a comprehensive review of the functional and dimensional standards for school furniture both domestically and internationally, and objectively analyzes the current utilization and existing issues concerning desks and chairs in schools. It further explores the multifaceted factors that influence the allocation of desks and chairs, and proposes effective countermeasures, so as to provide a reference for the risk factors of common diseases related to desks and chairs, such as myopia and abnormal spinal curvature.
Expert Viewpoint
Characteristics and implications of observation tools for physical activity among children and adolescents
QIU Yanping, WANG Lijuan, QI Jing, CHEN Huan, ZHENG Nan, LI Xiaoqing
2025, 46(3): 310-314. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025086
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To analyzes the characteristics, problems and enlightenment of physical activity observation tools, so as to provide reference for researchers to quickly and accurately choose appropriate observation tools to evaluate children's and adolescents' physical activity. Literature search is conducted in eight databases of Chinese and English, including CNKI, Wanfang, VIP, Web of Science, PubMed, Medline, ERIC, and SPORTDiscus. Ultimately, eight observation tools for assessing physical activity in children and adolescents are included. Through summarization and comparison, it is found that the applications of those tools cover multiple age groups, the observation indicators cover multiple dimensions for each with varying emphases, and the applicable contexts vary in their specific background information, and recording methods tend to be quantitative. However, several issues remain to be addressed in practical applications. First, the observation indicators need to be supplemented and improved; second, physical activity in community environments and academic classrooms requires further attention; third, physical activity intensity needs to be scientifically evaluated; fourth, observation and recording methods need to be integrated and innovated; fifth, the number of observation subjects needs to be expanded. Future research could focus on developing observation tools tailored to the characteristics of Chinese children and adolescents, while drawing on foreign observation tools to comprehensively assess physical activity among children and adolescents.
School Desks and Chairs Configuration Column
Changes in the body shape and ergonomic compatibility for functional dimensions of desks and chairs for students in Harbin during 2010-2024
XU Yi, ZHANG Xiaoyan, SHI Keqing, YU Xinran, GAO Fei, DONG Bin, GUAN Yongbin, YANG Guang, QIAO Wanying, ZHOU Ding, ZHANG Jie, LI Dongxin, FAN Lili, WANG Yijun, WANG Jia
2025, 46(3): 315-320. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025087
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  Objective  To analyze the change trends in the body shape indicators and proportions of students in Harbin from 2010 to 2024, and to investigate ergonomic compatibility of functional dimensions of school desks and chairs with current student shape indicators, so as to provide a reference for revising furniture standards of desks and chairs.  Methods  Between September and November of both 2010 and 2024, a combination of convenience sampling and stratified cluster random sampling was conducted across three districts in Harbin, yielding samples of 6 590 and 6 252 students, respectively. Anthropometric shape indicators cluding height, sitting height, crus length, and thigh length-and their proportional changes were compared over the 15-year period. The 2024 data were compared with current standard functional dimensions of school furniture. The statistical analysis incorporated t-test and Mann-Whitney U test.  Results  From 2010 to 2024, average height increased by 1.8 cm for boys and 1.5 cm for girls; sitting height increased by 1.5 cm for both genders; crus length increased by 0.3 cm for boys and 0.4 cm for girls; and thigh length increased by 0.5 cm for both genders. The ratios of sitting height to height, and sitting height to leg length increased by less than 0.1. The difference between desk-chair height and 1/3 sitting height ranged from 0.4-0.8 cm. Among students matched with size 0 desks and chairs, 22.0% had a desk-to-chair height difference less than 0, indicating that the desk-to-chair height difference might be insufficient for taller students. The differences between seat height and fibular height ranged from -1.4 to 1.1 cm; and the differences between seat depth and buttock-popliteal length ranged from -9.8 to 3.4 cm. Among obese students, the differences between seat width and 1/2 hip circumference ranged from -20.5 to -8.7 cm, while it ranged from -12.2 to -3.8 cm among non-obese students.  Conclusion  Current furniture standards basically satisfy hygienic requirements; however, in the case of exceptionally tall and obese students, ergonomic accommodations such as adaptive seating allocation or personalized adjustments are recommended to meet hygienic requirements.
Compatibility and comfort assessment of school desks and chairs in three cities in China
XU Tao, LUO Chunyan, LIU Zhonghui, WANG Yan, YANG Dongling, QU Shuangxiao, QI Wenjuan, HUANG Shenglei, ZHENG Keyang, ZHANG Fengyun
2025, 46(3): 321-324. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025073
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  Objective  To understand the subjective and objective comfort evaluations of students from different age groups on desks and chairs, so as to provide reference for standardized allocation and use of desks and chairs.  Methods  From January to April 2024, a total of 2 446 students were selected from 26 schools in 13 districts (counties/cities) in Shanghai, Tianjin, and Wuxi from Jiangsu Province by using cluster random method, including students in kindergartens, primary schools, junior high schools, senior high schools, colleges and universities. Standardized procedures were used to measure the height and weight of participants, and the matching desks and chairs models were selected according to the height. The subjective comfort of students on matching desks and chairs was investigated, and their objective comfort was evaluated by using a self-designed questionnaire. The χ2 test was used to analyze the differences of subjective perception and objective evaluation in comfort between different types of desks and chairs.  Results  About 84.1% of the students subjectively thought that large desks and small chairs were very comfortable or relatively comfortable, followed by large desks and chairs (75.7%), and the proportion of small desks and chairs was the lowest among the three types (46.2%), and the difference was statistically significant (χ2=722.46, P < 0.01). The reporting rates of primary school, junior high school and senior high school students who subjectively considered large desks and chairs to be very comfortable/relatively comfortable were higher than that of other types of desks and chairs, and the differences were statistically significant (χ2=297.49, 252.82, 343.67, P < 0.01). However, there was no significant difference in the subjective comfort evaluation of different types of desks and chairs among kindergarten children (χ2=3.21,P > 0.05), and 66.3% of the students in colleges and universities felt very comfortable/relatively comfortable when they used the matching standard desks and chairs. The objective evaluation results of the comfort for the three types of desks and chairs were consistent with the subjective evaluation, but the proportions of the objective evaluation as very comfortable/relatively comfortable were higher than that of the subjective evaluation (χ2=20.76-813.47,P < 0.01).  Conclusions  Large desks and chairs, as well as large desks with small chairs are perceived comfortable, while small desks and chairs are perceived less comfortable. It is recommended to match the large desks and chairs or large desks and small chairs that are suitable for them according to the "standard", to promote physical and mental health of students.
Comfort assessment of school desks and chairs ergonomics among students with different body types
ZHENG Keyang, LUO Chunyan, QU Shuangxiao, LIU Zhonghui, WANG Yan, QI Wenjuan, HUANG Shenglei, YANG Dongling, ZHANG Fengyun
2025, 46(3): 325-329. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025077
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  Objective  To investigate the differences in the comfort of desks and chairs furniture among students with different body types according to the standard, so as to provide a reference for guiding students with overweight and obesity to choose the correct study furniture and revising the standards.  Methods  From January to April 2024, 2 443 students from 26 schools in 13 districts (counties/cities) in Shanghai, Tianjin, and Jiangsu Province were selected by the cluster random sampling method to conduct physical examination. The subjective and objective evaluations of the comfort of height-matched desks and chairs were investigated. The students were divided into non-overweight, overweight, and obesity groups according to relevant criteria, and stratified analysis was performed. The χ2 test was used to analyze differences in the comfort evaluations of desks and chairs among students with different body types.  Results  Among the 2 443 students surveyed, 16.7% and 12.6% were respectively classified as overweight and obese. All students assigned the highest comfort ratings to large desks and small chairs (84.1%), and consistency was observed between students' subjective and objective evaluations. The reporting rate of samll desks and chairs of obesity students' subjective evaluation was lower (36.8%) than that of overweight and non-overweight/obesity students (52.1%, 48.0%) (χ2=14.63, P < 0.01). The overweight and obese group of primary school students had a worse evaluation of the comfort of large desks and chairs and small desks and chairs than those of the non-overweight and obese groups(χ2=15.78, 7.63, P < 0.05). Among high school students, the overweight and obese group had worse evaluation of the comfort of large desks and chairs, as well as large desks and small chairs, than those of the non-overweight and obese groups(χ2=9.62, 11.77, P < 0.05). The objective evaluations revealed low compliance ratings on the posture of the thighs and calves for naturally forming an angle greater than 90° (55.6%), and headroom height under the table (50.3%) with small desks and chairs (χ2=94.05, 166.47, P < 0.05).  Conclusions  Compared with non-overweight/obese students, students with overweight and obese students report poor comfort evaluations of height-matched desks and chairs. Revision of the standard should consider the body types of students, and evaluations of the comfort of desks and chairs furniture by students with overweight and obesity should be improved.
Health Education and Promotion
Effects of different types of acute exercise on working memory among sedentary college students
CHEN Jiu, LIU Peiyu, KONG Zhe, XIE Jun
2025, 46(3): 330-334. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025090
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  Objective  To explore the effects of different types of acute exercise on the working memory of sedentary college students, so as to provide a basis for exercise intervention.  Methods  From April 15 to May 30, 2023, a total of 42 sedentary college students were recruited from one university in Beijing. Using a single-blind, completely randomized experimental design, participants were randomly assigned to an open-skill exercise group, a closed-skill exercise group, or a control group, with 14 participants in each group. The open-skill exercise group engaged in 30 minutes of badminton, the closed-skill exercise group performed 30 minutes of running, and the control group remained seated for 30 minutes. All participants completed a 2-back working memory task and had their electroencephalogram (EEG) data recorded before and after the intervention.  Results  The accuracy rates of the open-skill exercise group, closed-skill exercise group, and control group (0.90±0.06, 0.94±0.05; 0.88±0.05, 0.94±0.05; 0.85±0.10, 0.90±0.06) showed a significant main effect of time (F=37.14, P < 0.01). Reaction times [(923.65±145.08, 711.56±140.93; 909.59±180.28, 807.85±169.66; 917.05±166.35, 871.86±186.07)ms] showed both a significant main effect of time and a significant interaction between group and time (F=70.55, 11.83, P < 0.01). Repeated measures ANOVA revealed that all three groups improved in accuracy and reaction time compared to pre-test values, with no significant difference in accuracy between groups. However, the reaction time of the open-skill exercise group was significantly faster than that of the control group (P < 0.05), while there was no significant difference between the closed-skill exercise group and the control group (P > 0.05). For EEG data, the P2 amplitude showed a significant main effect of time and a significant interaction between groups and time (F=10.60, 7.66, P < 0.01), with the open-skill exercise group exhibiting a higher P2 amplitude than the control group (P < 0.05), while the closed-skill exercise group showed no significant difference compared to the control group (P > 0.05). The N2 amplitude showed a significant main effect of time (F=5.94, P < 0.05). The P3 amplitude showed significant main effects of time and electrode position, as well as a significant interaction between groups and time (F=23.16, 4.53, 5.85, P < 0.05), with both exercise groups exhibiting higher P3 amplitudes than the control group (P < 0.05), but no significant difference between the two exercise groups (P > 0.05).  Conclusion  Open-skill exercise is more effective than closed-skill exercise in improving the working memory of sedentary college students.
Cognition status quo of wild mushroom poisoning and its influencing factors among students in Guizhou Province
ZHOU Qianqian, ZUO Peipei, TIAN Jigui, WU Anzhong, GUO Hua, ZHU Shu
2025, 46(3): 335-338. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025094
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  Objective  To assess the awareness and associated factors of wild mushroom poisoning among students in Guizhou Province, so as to provide a scientific foundation for wild mushroom poisoning prevention and control among students.  Methods  By a multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method, 1 162 students from Guizhou Province were selected in May 2024. The questionnaire survey was administered to evaluate knowledge regarding wild mushroom poisoning. Data were analyzed employing the χ2 test and Logistic regression model.  Results  Among the nine questions assessing awareness of wild mushroom poisoning, only three had the awareness rate exceeding 70%. Binary Logistic regression analysis revealed that students who "actively learn about the prevention of wild mushroom poisoning" (OR=0.48, 95%CI=0.26-0.92) and "spread knowledge about wild mushroom poisoning to others" (OR=0.47, 95%CI=0.33-0.69) scored higher on the wild mushroom poisoning knowledge questions (P < 0.05). Conversely, students with a habit of consuming wild mushrooms (OR=1.52, 95%CI=1.15-2.02) scored lower (P < 0.05). 42.3% of the students suggested that scientific dissemination and publicity about wild mushrooms should be intensified.  Conclusions  The awareness rate of wild mushroom poisoning knowledge among students in Guizhou Province requires further attention. Comprehensive knowledge should be disseminated systematically through various channels to further improve students' awareness of the prevention and control of wild mushroom poisoning.
Influence of parental smoking and household secondhand smoke exposure on adolescents smoking initiation
SU Qi, XU Luting, SHI Jianhui, ZENG Xinying, LIU Ying, QI Mingxin, CAO Yuan, LIU Shiwei
2025, 46(3): 339-342. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025065
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  Objective  To explore the impact of household tobacco smoke exposure on adolescents attempted smoking behavior, so as to provide a reference for tobacco control policy formulation and evaluation.  Methods  From September to November 2023, a stratified cluster random sampling method was employed to select 7 841 middle and high school students from 10 monitoring sites (districts/counties) in Beijing for a questionnaire survey. Rao-Scott Chi-square test was used to assess differences in proportions across subgroups, and complex sampling design-based multivariate Logistic regression analysis was conducted to explore the influence of parental smoking and secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure at home on adolescents attempted smoking behavior.  Results  About 47.17% of adolescents reported to have at least one parent smoked, with 42.36% reported of having only the father smoked, 0.73% reported of having only the mother smoked, and 4.08% reported of having both parents smoked. About 34.66% of middle and high school students were reported SHS exposure at home in the past 7 days, with 10.98%, 4.79% and 18.89% reported SHS exposure for 1-2, 3-4 and 5-7 days. Compared to adolescents with non-smoking parents, those with a smoking father or both smoking parents had higher rates of attempted smoking [OR(95%CI)=1.45(1.06-1.98), 3.73(2.18-6.37), P < 0.05]. Compared to adolescents without SHS exposure at home in the past 7 days, those exposed for 3-4 or 5-7 days had higher rates of attempted smoking [OR(95%CI)=2.21(1.27-3.84), 2.46(1.58-3.83), P < 0.01].  Conclusions  Household tobacco smoke exposure is associated with adolescent attempted smoking behavior. Parents should quit smoking and prohibit smoking at home to create a smoke-free environment for adolescents.
Status and related factors of knowledge, attitude and practice of vision health among young children's parents in Bao'an District, Shenzhen City
WANG Chunli, JIAN Jie, ZHANG Wei, HE Yingxin, ZHANG Yu, ZHANG Dongmei
2025, 46(3): 343-347. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025080
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  Objective  To understand the status and related factors of knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) on vision health among young children's parents in Bao'an District, Shenzhen, so as to provide reference for further controlling myopia and promoting children's visual health.  Methods  From May 16th to 26th, 2024, a stratified cluster random sampling method was used to conduct an online questionnaire survey on 7 666 parents of kindergarten children across 41 kindergartens in a street of Bao'an District, Shenzhen. The t-test, variance analysis and multiple linear regression analysis were used to analyze the related factors of KAP on vision health among children's parents.  Results  The pass rates of parental vision KAP and overall assessment were 25.10%, 98.49%, 71.18% and 58.26%, respectively. The results of the multiple linear regression analysis showed that only fathers with myopia, only mothers with myopia, both parents with myopia, children in the bottom classes, middle classes, senior classes, and pre-school had higher standardized scores for KAP on vision health among parents (β=0.08, 0.11, 0.16, 0.17, 0.16, 0.16, 0.05, P < 0.05), compared to both parents without myopia and children in daycare classes. Parents of young children with myopia, and who didn't know their children's visual acuity and their own visual acuity had a lower KAP standardized scores (β=-0.02, -0.04, -0.05, P<0.05).  Conclusions  Young children's parents in Bao'an District hold a positive attitude towards vision health, but are lack of knowledge and practice. It is imperative to transmit accurate information and concepts about children's vision health to parents in a targeted manner. In particular, knowledge and guidance should be strengthened for children's parents.
Cross lag analysis of cumulative ecological risk and future orientation with health risk behaviors among higher vocational college students
ZENG Zhi, FU Gang, LI Ke, WANG Meifeng, WU Lian, ZHANG Tiancheng, ZHANG Fulan
2025, 46(3): 348-352. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025092
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  Objective  To explore the causal link of cumulative ecological risk and future orientation with health risk behaviors among higher vocational college students, so as to provide reference for reducing and preventing health risk behaviors among higher vocational college students.  Methods  A longitudinal follow-up study was conducted on 612 students using convenience sampling from 2 vocational colleges in Hunan Province. The Cumulative Ecological Risk Scale, Future Orientation Scale, and Health Risk Behavior Scale were used during three follow-up visits (T1: September 2022, T2: June 2023, T3: March 2024), and a cross-lagged panel model was constructed to examine the longitudinal causal relationship of cumulative ecological risk, future orientation and health risk behaviors. Analysis of longitudinal intermediary effect between variables by Bootstrap.  Results  The cumulative ecological risk scores of T1, T2 and T3 among higher vocational college students were (2.94±1.44, 2.99±1.63, 3.02±1.54), future orientation scores (40.49±4.71, 41.51±5.72, 41.06±4.35) and health risk behavior scores (3.73±2.01, 3.49±2.00, 3.23±2.00). The results of repeated measures ANOVA showed that the future orientation score of T2 was higher than that of T1, and the main effect of measurement time was statistically significant (F=5.09, P < 0.01, η2=0.02). The health risk behavior score of T1 was higher than that of T2, and the health risk behavior score of T2 was higher than that of T3, and the main effect of measurement time was statistically significant (F=10.12, P < 0.01, η2=0.03).The cross-lagged model showed good adaptability, with χ2/df=7.20 (P < 0.01), relative fitting indicators GFI=0.98, CFI=0.99, TLI=0.96, IFI=0.99, NFI=0.99, and absolute fitting indicator RMSEA=0.06. Among them, the T1, T2 cumulative ecological risk showed negatively predictive effects on T2, T3 future orientation (β=-0.24, -0.47), and T1, T2 cumulative ecological risk positively predicted T2, T3 health risk behavior (β=0.20, 0.24), while T1, T2 future orientation negatively predicted T2, T3 health risk behavior (β=-0.25, -0.18) (P < 0.01). Bootstrap test analysis found that T2 future orientation had a longitudinal mediating effect (β=0.04, P < 0.01) on the T1 cumulative ecological risk and T3 health risk behavior.  Conclusions  The accumulation of ecological risk among higher vocational college students can positively predict health-risk behaviors, while future orientation can negatively predict health-risk behaviors. Moreover, future orientation plays a longitudinal mediating role between accumulated ecological risks and health-risk behaviors.
Mental Health
Propensity score matching analysis of the impact of left behind experience on the mental health of secondary vocational school students
ZHOU Quanxiang, SHE Fuqiang, WAN Yan, HE Xuehua, YANG Jingyuan, CAO Xianming, XU Xiangyang
2025, 46(3): 353-357. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025069
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  Objective  To understand the impact of left behind experience on the mental health of secondary vocational school students, so as to provide theoretical basis for the psychological health education of secondary vocational school students.  Methods  From September to December in 2019, a total of 3 401 students from Duyun, Guiding and Pingtang County were selected by multi-stage cluster random sampling method. Self-designed questionnaire and Symptom Check List-90(SCL-90) were used to investigate mental health status. A total of 1 415 left behind students and 1 415 non left behind students were matched by using propensity score matching (PSM). Wilcoxon test and Logistic regression analysis were conducted.  Results  Before the matching of propensity score, there were statistically significant differences in the distribution of family structure, mother's educational level, family residence, family harmony and children's past health among the students with or without left behind experience (χ2=28.17, 52.40, 96.31, 29.75, 19.10, P < 0.05). After the matching, there were no statistically significant differences in the distribution of the above variables among the students with or without left-behind experience (χ2=0.02-4.32, P>0.05). Before the matching of propensity scores, there were significant differences in the scores of 10 dimensions of SCL-90, including somatization (1.67, 1.58), interpersonal sensitivity (2.00, 1.89), anxiety (1.90, 1.70), obsessive-compulsive symptoms (2.20, 2.10), depression (2.00, 1.85), hostility (1.83, 1.67), terror (1.85, 1.71), paranoia (1.83, 1.67), psychotic (1.70, 1.60) and other (1.85, 1.71) dimensions among secondary vocational school students with or without left behind experience (Z=-5.15 to -2.84, P < 0.05). After propensity score matching, there were significant differences in scores remained only in three factors for interpersonal sensitivity [(2.00(1.56, 2.67), 2.00(1.44, 2.56)], paranoia [1.83(1.33, 2.50), 1.83(1.33, 2.33)] and psychoticism [1.70(1.30, 2.30), 1.70(1.20, 2.20)] in SCL-90 among secondary vocational students with or without left behind experience (Z=-2.45, -2.12, -2.23, P < 0.05).  Conclusion  The impact of left behind experience on the mental health of vocational school students is mainly reflected in interpersonal sensitivity, paranoia, and psychoticism, which should be identified as key areas of psychological education for secondary vocational school students.
Influencing factors and network analysis of aggressive behavior among Chinese college students based on propensity score matching
ZENG Rui, ZHAO Mengxiao, HU Mengmeng, LIU Xin, CHANG Hongjuan
2025, 46(3): 358-363. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025083
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  Objective  To explore the influencing factors and network structure of aggressive behaviors among college students based on propensity score matching (PSM), so as to provide precise targeted interventions for the prevention and improvement of aggressive behaviors among college students.  Methods  A total of 2 652 college students were selected by convenient sampling method from three colleges in Wuhan, Hubei Province in June 2023. Questionnaire surveys were carried out by using the Buss-Warren Aggression Questionnaire (BWAQ), Ruminative Responses Scale (RRS), Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire-Chinese Version (CERQ-C), Family APGAR Index (APGAR), Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale (BFNES).By bias score matching (PSM) for 1∶1 matching, univariate and multivariate Logistic regression analysis, and network analysis were conducted on the college students.  Results  College students with higher levels of ruminant thinking, non-adaptive emotional regulation and fear of negative appraisal were more likely to have highly aggressive behaviors(OR=1.14, 1.18, 1.06), and those with higher adaptive emotional regulation and family care index were more likely to have highly aggressive behaviors (OR=0.88, 0.82)(P < 0.01). Network structure was significantly different between the two groups (M=0.27, P < 0.05). The core affective factors of college students with high levels of aggressive behavior were brooding reflective pondering and symptom rumination(EI=3.50, 3.49, 3.48), low aggressive behavior college students core affective factors were adaptive emotion regulation growth and non-adaptive emotion regulation(EI=4.37, 4.12, 4.08).  Conclusion  Factors affecting Chinese college students' aggressive behaviors are of different characteristics on different behaviour types, and targeted interventions should be adopted to reduce aggressive behaviors of college students.
Correlation between social jetlag and psychological behavior in upper primary school students
ZHAO Ruilan, ZHU Guiyin, PENG Tao, ZHEN Guoxin, ZHAO Fangfang, SONG Qingqing, LI Li, MA Yinghua
2025, 46(3): 364-367. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025074
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  Objective  To investigate the correlation between social jetlag and psychological behavior in upper primary school students, so as to provide reference for sleep health promotion in primary school students.  Methods  From April to June 2024, a survey was conducted among 4 341 fourth- and fifth-grade students from 9 public primary schools in a district in Beijing. Sleep patterns were assessed using a self-designed questionnaire, while psychological behavior was evaluated using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ)(parent version). A generalized estimating equation (GEE) model was used to examine the association between different levels of social jetlag and psychological behavior problem scores in primary school students.  Results  The proportions of students with social jetlag of < 1.0, 1.0- < 2.0, and ≥2.0 h were 57.6%, 30.6%, and 11.8%, respectively. The GEE model analysis found that after adjusting for covariates, compared with primary school students with social jetlag of < 1.0 h, those with 1.0- < 2.0 and ≥2.0 h had higher scores for internalizing behavior problems [β(95%CI) =0.23(0.05-0.41), 0.28(0.02-0.54), P < 0.01]. Primary school students with ≥2.0 h of social jetlag had higher scores for externalizing behavior problems [β(95%CI)=0.42 (0.13-0.71), P < 0.01]. Among boys and primary school students with an average nighttime sleep duration of ≥9 h, comparied with social jetlag of < 1.0 h, those with sucial jetlag 1.0- < 2.0 h had higher scores on internalizing and externalizing behavior problems[β(95%CI)=0.32(0.07-0.56), 0.51 (0.11-0.90), 0.26 (0.06-0.46), 0.58 (0.25-0.91), P < 0.05].  Conclusions  Greater social jetlag may be a risk factor for internalizing and externalizing behavior problems in upper primary school students. Reducing social jetlag may help decrease the occurrence of psychological behavior problems in primary school students.
Relationship between psychological resilience and attention bias among secondary vocational school students
LIU Ya, ZHENG Hongyu, XU Fenglin, ZHONG Hui
2025, 46(3): 368-371. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025091
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  Objective  To explore the relationship between psychological resilience and attention bias towards negative information in secondary vocational school students, so as to provide reference for developing their mental health work.  Methods  In May, 2024, 177 secondary vocational students were selected from the technical secondary vocational school by convenient sampling method. The experiment utilized a mixed experimental design of 2 (group: high psychological resilience group, low psychological resilience group) ×2 (type of stimulus: negative stimulus, neutral stimulus). Adolescents were divided into the high psychological resilience group (n=32) and the low psychological resilience group (n=31) based on their scores from the Adolescent Psychological Resilience Scale. Both groups completed the classical dot-probing task, with correct rate, reaction time serving and attention biasvalues as primary indicators to assess attention bias. Repeated measures ANOVA was used to compare the reaction time and accuracy of attention bias tasks between two groups of participants, and Pearson correlation analysis was performed on the five dimensions of psychological resilience and attention bias values.  Results  The low resilience group exhibited significantly faster response time to negative stimuli compared to neutral stimuli [(579.11±85.44, 586.13±78.92)ms, F(1, 61)=5.93, P < 0.05]. Additionally, the accuracy of responses to negative stimuli in the low resilience group was significantly lower than that of neutral stimuli [(0.93±0.12, 0.95±0.09), F(1, 61)=12.81, P < 0.01]. Attention bias values were significantly higher in the low resilience group (7.03±18.43) compared to the high resilience group (-2.54±13.39) (t=2.36, P < 0.05). Pearson correlation analysis revealed a marginally significant negative correlation between the interpersonal assistance (2.85±0.77) and attention bias values (2.20±16.65) (r=-0.25, P < 0.05).  Conclusion  Secondary vocational school students with low psychological resilience showed a significant attention bias towards negative emotional stimuli, which may render them more susceptible to such stimuli.
Association between sleep quality and cardiorespiratory fitness among secondary school students
ZENG Li, CAO Wei, YIN Xiaojian, WANG Jinxian, WU Huipan
2025, 46(3): 372-376. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025075
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  Objective  To explore the association between sleep quality and cardiorespiratory fitness among secondary school students, so as to provide a reference for promoting the overall development of physical and mental health of Chinese adolescents.  Methods  From September to December 2023, 5 713 secondary school students aged 13 to 18 years were selected by the stratified cluster random sampling method from Shanghai, Suzhou, Taiyuan, Wuyuan, Xingyi, and Urumqi, respectively. Sleep quality and cardiorespiratory fitness level of secondary school students were evaluated by Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index(PSQI) combined with cardiorespiratory fitness test, and the association between sleep quality and cardiorespiratory fitness was analyzed by Pearson's correlation and multivariate linear regression.  Results  The report rate of poor sleep quality among secondary school students was 33.7%(1 926/5 713). The PSQI scores of girls aged 13-18 years were higher than those of boys (χ2=1.60, 12.78, 15.62, 3.04, 10.09, 13.65) (P < 0.05). The 20 m SRT of secondary school students was 40 (27, 51) times, and the VO2max was 46.27 (40. 84, 51.30) mL/(kg · min). The 20 m SRT and VO2max of girls of all ages were lower than those of boys(Z=-15.27 to -6.41, -18.06 to -14.07, P < 0.05). Cardiorespiratory fitness (VO2max) was negatively correlated with sleep duration and hypnotic medication scores in boys (r=-0.032, -0.005); VO2max was negatively correlated with sleep duration and daytime dysfunction scores in girls (r=-0.028, -0.008) (P < 0.05). After controlling the related variables, linear regression analysis showed that the total PSQI score was negatively correlated with VO2max among secondary school students(β=-0.347, P < 0.01).  Conclusions  Secondary school students with better sleep quality have higher levels of cardiorespiratory fitness. Sleep quality should be promoted to improve cardiorespiratory fitness levels in secondary school students.
Relationship of positive and negative peer events with mental health problems among college students
YIN Xia, TONG Yingying, SU Puyu
2025, 46(3): 377-381. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025072
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  Objective  To understand relationship of positive and negative peer events with mental health problems among college students, so as to provide a scientific basis for improving mental health level of college students.  Methods  A total of 1 640 freshmen to juniors were randomly selected from two universities in Anhui Province from October to November 2023 by a combination of convenience sampling and cluster random sampling method. The positive and negative peer events, self-perceived loneliness and stress levels, anxiety and depression symptoms of students were investigated by using the questionnaire star online. Group comparisons were conducted by using analysis of variance and Chi-square test, and multivariate binary Logistic regression and linear regression were used to analyze relationship of positive and negative peer events with mental health problems among college students.  Results  About 35.4% of college students reported that they experienced at least one type of negative peer events, and 91.3% reported that they experienced at least one type of positive peer events. After controlling for covariates, multivariate regression analysis found that experiencing 1, ≥2 types of negative peer events were positively correlated with loneliness scores of college students (β=1.36, 4.04), as well as an increased risk of anxiety symptoms (OR=2.24, 4.33) and depression symptoms (OR=2.19, 4.01); and experiencing ≥2 types of negative peer events was positively correlated with stress scores of college students (β=1.12)(P < 0.05). Experiencing 5-6 and 7 types of positive peer events were negatively correlated with loneliness scores of college students (β=-1.79, -2.44) and stress (β=-0.75, -1.12); and experiencing 7 types of positive peer events were associated with a lower risk of anxiety symptoms (OR=0.74) and depressive symptoms (OR=0.80) (P < 0.05). The number of negative peer events was positively correlated with loneliness scores (β=0.80) and stress scores(β=0.24), as well as the risk of anxiety symptoms (OR=1.30) and depressive symptoms (OR=1.27) among college students (P < 0.05). The number of positive peer events involved was negatively correlated with loneliness scores(β=-0.39) and stress scores(β=-0.19), as well as the risk of anxiety (OR=0.92) and depressive symptoms (OR=0.93) among college students (P < 0.05). The analysis of the moderating effect found that in different groups of positive peer events, reporting 1, ≥2 negative peer events were positively correlated with loneliness scores of college students (β=1.08-4.96), as well as an increased risk of anxiety symptoms (OR=1.79-6.20) and depression symptoms (OR=1.78-6.77) (P < 0.05); and β and OR coefficients were highest in the group reporting 0-4 types of positive peer events, followed by the group reporting 5-6 types of positive peer events, with lowest coefficients in the group reporting 7 types of positive peer events.  Conclusions  Negative peer events are positively correlated with psychological problems in college students, and positive peer events are negatively correlated with mental health problems. Positive peer events could alleviate the impact of negative peer events on mental health problems.
Analysis of the relationship between stigma and mental resilience in adolescent patients
YANG Weiwei, RUI Zhongyang, LI Biao, CHEN Jing
2025, 46(3): 382-385. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025079
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Abstract:
  Objective  To explore the relationship between stigma and mental resilience in adolescent epilepsy patients and associated factors, so as to provide reference for future psychological intervention in adolescent patients with epilepsy.  Methods  A total of 295 adolescent patients with epilepsy from Wuhan Mental Health Center were enrolled as participants from February 2021 to October 2024. The stigma was evaluated by Kilifi Stigma Scale for Epilepsy (KSSE), and psychological resilience was evaluated by Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC). Associated factors of stigma and psychological resilience in adolescent patients with epilepsy were analyzed by multivariate Logistic regression analysis.  Results  In the adolescent patients with epilepsy, KSSE score was (10.90±4.13) points, with 138 cases (46.78%) at low level, 154 cases (52.20%) at moderate level and 3 cases (1.02%) at high level. CD-RISC score was (50.19±5.97) points, there were 170 cases (57.63%) at low level and 125 cases (42.37%) at high level. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that disease course >3 years (OR=2.22), family history of epilepsy (OR=4.18), monthly family income ≤5 000 yuan (OR=2.05), single parent family (OR=2.46) and middle and high stigma level (OR=1.72) had a higher risk on low level of mental resilience (P < 0.05). The course of disease >3 years (OR=2.20), family history of epilepsy (OR=3.54), general seizure (OR=2.12), monthly family income ≤5 000 yuan (OR=2.70), low level of mental resilience (OR=2.03) of adolescent epilepsy patients showed a high risk on moderate-high level of stigma (P < 0.05).  Conclusions  The stigma level is higher, while psychological resilience is lower in adolescent patients with epilepsy. Clinically, targeted intervention should be implemented based on related factors such as stigma in addescent patients with epilepsy.
Association of physical activity and screen time with emotional and behavioral problems among first-year middle school students in one district of Shanghai
YIN Cancan, LUO Chunyan, YAN Qiong, QI Yue, YUE Guizhen
2025, 46(3): 386-390. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025078
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  Objective  To investigate the association of moderate to vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) and screen time (ST) with emotional and behavioral problems in middle school students, so as to provide a basis for improving the mental health level of adolescents.  Methods  Four public junior high schools in Jinshan District, Shanghai were selected by random cluster method from September 19 to October 18, 2023, with 779 first-grade students included. Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), as well as physical activity and screen time were collected. Binary Logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the association between MVPA, ST and different dimensions of emotional and behavioral problems.  Results  Students with MVPA < 60 min/d accounted for 82.4%, and with ST>2 h/d accounted for 29.5%. The abnormal rate of SDQ dimensions among students ranged from 6.8% to 19.3%, with the highest abnormal rate observed in behavioral problems. The results of binary Logistic regression analysis showed that, compared with high level of MVPA, students with low level of MVPA had a significantly increased risk of developing problems in prosocial behavior [OR(95%CI)=2.16(1.37-3.41), P < 0.05]. Compared with low-level ST, students with high-level had an increased risk of experiencing emotional symptoms, behavioral problems and peer interaction problems [OR(95%CI)=2.00(1.25-3.22), 2.00(1.41-2.84), and 1.69(1.22-2.33), P < 0.05]. Compared with high MVPA and low ST, students with low MVPA and high ST had an increased risk of developing problems in the dimensions of conduct problems, prosocial behavior, and overall difficulty score [OR(95%CI)=1.92(1.13-3.23), 2.73(1.56-4.77), and 2.07(1.19-3.60), P < 0.05].  Conclusions  Physical activity and screen time are related to emotional and behavioral problems in middle school students. Insufficient physical activity time and excessive screen time might increase the risk of emotional and behavioral problems. Interventions can be administered on physical activity and screen time among adolescents to promote their mental health.
Association of latent profiles of mobile phone dependence and self-control with physical exercise among junior high school students
YAN Chuqi, ZHANG Tiancheng, ZHANG Fulan, WANG Aolun, PENG Jinyin, CHEN Ziyi, LUO Xiangyu
2025, 46(3): 391-395. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025084
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  Objective  To explore the association of latent profiles of mobile phone dependence and self-control with physical exercise among junior high school students, so as to provide references for the prevention of mobile phone dependence and the improvement of self-control among junior high school students.  Methods  From April to May 2024, a stratified random cluster sampling method was used to select a total of 2 311 students from grade 7 to grade 9 in three public junior high schools in Xiangxi Autonomous Prefecture, Hunan Province. Latent profile analysis was conducted to identify the latent profiles of mobile phone dependence and self-control among junior high school students. Pearson correlation analysis was used to examine the correlation between mobile phone dependence and self-control, and Chi-square test was used to analyze the distribution differences of latent profiles of adolescents across different demographic characteristics. Multiple Logistic regression analysis was applied to explore the association between mobile phone dependence, self-control, and physical exercise.  Results  Four latent profiles of mobile phone dependence and self-control were identified: low dependence-moderate self-control group (n=885, 38.3%), moderate dependence-low self-control group (n=910, 39.4%), high dependence-no self-control group (n=232, 10.0%), and no dependence-high self-control group (n=284, 12.3%). Significant differences were observed in the distribution of latent profiles across gender, grade and only-child status (χ2=10.85, 35.72, 13.85, P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that, after controlling for demographic variables, compared with the low dependence-moderate self-control group, physical exercise was negatively associated with the moderate dependence-low self-control group (OR=0.79) and the high dependence-no self-control group (OR=0.81), while positively associated with the no dependence-high self-control group (OR=1.58) (P < 0.01).  Conclusions  The influence of physical exercise on junior high school students' different potential profile types of mobile phone dependence and self-control is different. Schools and families should adopt targeted physical exercise interventions based on the characteristics of different profiles to promote the physical and mental health of junior high school students.
Factors influencing mental health of medical students based on an ecological systems theory perspective
XU Chenchen, WU Ruoxiu, WANG Lizhu, LI Moxuan, ZHANG Zhihao
2025, 46(3): 402-405. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025093
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  Objective  To analyze factors impacting mental health status of medical students based on ecological systems theory, so as to provide reference for the mental health promotion system for medical students.  Methods  In June 2024, 1 760 medical school students randomly selected from 19 different kinds of medical colleges in eastern China by stratified cluster were surveyed using questionnaires and expert interviews. Descriptive statistics, cross-analysis, hierarchical linear regression analysis, structural equation models were used for data analysis.  Results  Medical school students had higher satisfaction with the school (65.85%) and a great sense of perceived social support (57.16%). Furthermore, 91.14% of the students had normal interpersonal relationships. However, 44.89% reported that their mental health was impacted by high level of depression. The hierarchical linear regression analysis showed that the mental health outcomes of the medical students were positively predicted by higher perceived social support scores (β=-11.40), institutional satisfaction (β=-4.85), and lower help-seeking stigma scores (β=9.31) (P < 0.05). The structural equation modeling showed that the status of both perceived social support and self-help-seeking stigma had significant impacts on depression severity (β=-0.32, -0.53) and interpersonal relationship sensitivity (β=-0.31, 0.58) among medical students (P < 0.01).Through expert interviews, collaborations between the school and the tripartite organization (families, universities and society) was of growing importance.  Conclusions  Perceived social support and self-stigma have a significant impact on the mental health status of medical students. The problem of self-stigma of medical students should be paid attention to. Therefore, families, universities and society should work together to improve the mental health of medical students.
Growth, Development and Surveillance
Effects of postnatal cadmium exposure on physical and pubertal development in children: a systematic review and Meta-analysis
HUANG Tianwenjing, PENG Zeqin, LIU Qin
2025, 46(3): 396-401. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025088
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  Objective  To systematically evaluate the effects of postnatal cadmium exposure on children's pubertal and physical development, so as to provide reference for the latter research on cadmium exposure.  Methods  A computer search of PubMed, EBSCO, Web of Science, OVID, CNKI, WanFang, VIP and CBM database were conducted to collect relevant studies, and the search period was from the time of database construction to 27 February 2024. Two reviewers independently screened the literature, extracted data and evaluated the risk of bias of the included studies, and used GRADE to assess the certainty of the evidence for each outcome. Meta-analysis of the risk ratio (HR) for the occurrence of menarche was performed using Stata 17.0 software, and the results were summarized qualitatively for other indicators.  Results  A total of 6 cohort studies were included, comprising four pubertal development and two physical development studies with a total of 2 899 children. Studies of cadmium exposure and menarche in girls all found that late menarche in children with higher urinary cadmium concentrations (HR=0.86, 95%CI=0.74-0.99, P < 0.05; 3 studies; moderate-certainty evidence), and one of these studies found no statistically significant effect of cadmium exposure on breast and pubic hair development in children (aOR=0.90, 95%CI=0.72-1.14; aOR=0.85, 95%CI=0.64-1.13, P>0.05; low-quality evidence); the only study testicular volume, external genitalia and pubic hair development in boys found on effects of urinary cadmium exposure on pubertal development (aOR=0.76, 95%CI=0.50-1.15; aOR=1.07, 95%CI=0.79-1.45; aOR=0.79, 95%CI=0.51-1.23, P>0.05; low-certainty evidence). Regarding the effects of cadmium exposure on children's height and weight (2 studies, low-certainty evidence), the results of one study showed that cadmium exposure was negatively associated with children's physical growth (multivariable-adjusted attributable differences in height and weight study, being -1.60 cm, 95%CI=-2.40 to -0.77 cm; and -0.57 kg, 95%CI=-0.88 to -0.26 kg, P < 0.05), while the other showed no effect of cadmium exposure on children's height and weight (F=1.35, 1.76, P>0.05), but a negative effect on head and chest circumference (F=3.43, 4.50, P < 0.05; low-certainty evidence).  Conclusion  Cadmium exposure in childhood causes delayed menarche in girls and affects physical growth to some extent.
Physical circumference development in Chinese children aged 3-6 years
ZHEN Zhiping, BA Yi, MA De, XUE Yaqi, GE Meiqin, LÜ Bingchen, GUO Meitong
2025, 46(3): 412-415. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025071
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  Objective  To understand the growth and development levels of four physical measurements in children aged 3-6 years in China, so as to provide a reference for child nutrition improvement and health promotion.  Methods  A stratified random sampling method was used to collect physical measurement data from 120 kindergartens 25 842 children aged 3-6 years across 24 provinces and cities in seven natural geographical regions of North China, Northeast China, East China, Central China, South China, Southwest China and Northwest China from 2020 to 2023. The development levels of head circumference, chest circumference, waist circumference, and hip circumference were evaluated using a grading method. The analysis of gender and age differences was conducted using Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis test, and the comparison of abnormal detection rates for different genders was conducted using Chi-square test.  Results  The distribution range of children aged 3-6 was 51.74(50.08, 53.33) cm in terms of head circumference, 55.73(52.09, 59.04) cm in terms of chest circumference, 53.04(48.92, 56.40) cm in terms of waist circumference, and 59.36(56.30, 62.32) cm in terms of hip circumference. The detection rate of abnormal head circumference in boys and girls aged 3-6 years old was relatively high (19.71%-42.02%), and the detection rate of abnormal physical circumference development levels in boys was higher than that in girls of all ages (χ2=5.63-83.35, P < 0.05). The detection rate of abnormal hip circumference (4.89%-6.53%) and chest circumference (4.51%-6.38%) in boys and girls aged 3-6 was relatively low, and there was no statistically significant difference in the abnormal rate between different ages and genders (χ2=0.00-1.61, 0.00-3.71, P>0.05). The detection rate of abnormal waist circumference in boys and girls aged 3-6 was relatively high (13.70%-42.45%), and the detection rate of abnormal waist circumference in girls was higher than that in boys aged 4-6 groups (χ2=10.49-58.18, P < 0.05).  Conclusions  The overall physical development of children aged 3-6 years in China is improving, but the abnormal detection rates for head circumference and waist circumference are relatively high. Child healthcare should focus on preventing and treating abdominal obesity, with differentiated health intervention strategies based on different age groups and genders.
Time series analysis of weight changes among Han primary and secondary school students in Xinjiang from 1985 to 2019
MA Wen, LIU Yixin
2025, 46(3): 416-420. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025066
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  Objective  To analyze the time-varying characteristics of weight among Han primary and secondary school students in Xinjiang from 1985 to 2019, so as to provide a scientific basis for formulating nutrition policies for adolescents in ethnic minority areas.  Methods  Weight data of Han primary and secondary school students aged 7-18 in Xinjiang from the National Student Physical Fitness and Health Survey from 1985 to 2019 were selected. Statistical analysis was conducted by using general linear model test, one-way ANOVA and t-test. The weight development trends in 2025 and 2030 were predicted through time-series analysis.  Results  From 1985 to 2019, the weight of Han Chinese boys and girls from primary and secondary schools in Xinjiang showed a continuous upward trend (boys: B=0.25, girls: B=0.16, P < 0.01). There were statistically significant differences in weight between boys and girls aged 7-18 in different years (boys: F=102.35-142.05, girls: F=98.03-140.59, P < 0.01). Compared with 1985, the weight of urban boys and girls increased by 11.92 and 7.95 kg in 2019, as well as rural boys and girls by 11.36 and 5.61 kg, and the average weight gain of urban students was greater than that of rural students. From 1985 to 2019, the weight of urban boys and girls were higher than that of rural boys and girls (boys: t=30.12-37.55, girls: t=30.12-38.64, P < 0.01). In 2005, the weight difference between urban and rural boys and girls was the largest, at 4.23 and 2.32 kg. The average weight of boys and girls in the age groups of 7-18 would continue to increase in 2025 and 2030; compared with 2019, the 7-year-old age group for boys and the 17-year-old age group for girls would have the largest growth in 2030 by 2.29 and 3.75 kg.  Conclusions  From 1985 to 2019, the weight of students aged 7-18 in Xinjiang showed an upward trend, and the weights of both boys and girls would gradually increase in 2025 and 2030. Attention should be paid to students' physical health and adopt comprehensive measures to prevente overweight and obesity.
Disease Control
Trend analysis and prediction of injury burden among children and adolescents in China from 1990 to 2021
JIN Xue, CAO Yangguang, LI Baozhu
2025, 46(3): 406-411. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025089
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  Objective  To evaluate the prevalence and future trend of change of the disease burden of injuries in Chinese children and adolescents from 1990 to 2021, so as to provide reference for injury prevention and control in this population.  Methods  Using data from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2021 (GBD 2021), the trend of change in the disease burden of injuries in children and adolescents in China from 1990 to 2021 was analyzed by the Joinpoint regression model. The Bayesian age period cohort model (BAPC) was used to predict the disease burden of injuries among children and adolescents in China from 2022 to 2031.  Results  From 1990 to 2021, the standardized incidence rate, standardized prevalence rate, standardized mortality rate, and standardized disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) rate of injuries among children and adolescents in China showed an overall downward trend (AAPC=-1.14%, -0.76%, -5.41%, -5.03%, P < 0.05). For different genders, the standardized incidence rate (7 106.00/100 000, 5 388.00/100 000), standardized mortality rate (92.00/100 000, 19.00/100 000), and standardized DALYs rate (7 834.00/100 000, 1 673.00/100 000) of injuries in boys were higher than the rate of injuries in girls in 1990 and 2021 (5 188.00/100 000, 3 874.00/100 000; 61.00/100 000, 10.00/100 000; 5 398.00/100 000, 945.00/100 000). Compared with Asia and globally, China had the fastest decline in the standardized mortality rate (AAPC=-5.41) and the slowest decline in the standardized prevalence rate (AAPC=-0.76) among children and adolescents. The results of the Joinpoint burden trend analysis demonstrated that the standardized incidence rate of injuries showed an increasing trend from 2005 to 2021, and the standardized prevalence rate of injuries showed an increasing trend from 2006 to 2021. Among the different age groups, the disease burden of injuries was highest in the 15-19-year-old group in 2021. For different types of injuries, the standardized incidence rate, standardized mortality rate, and standardized DALYs rate of unintentional injury were higher than those of transport injury, and self-harm and interpersonal violence from 1990 to 2021. The BAPC prediction model showed that the standardized incidence rate (4 833.05/100 000-5 313.70/100 000) and standardized prevalence rate (5 433.90/100 000-5 821.88/100 000) of injury showed an increasing trend, and the standardized mortality rate (13.69/100 000-5.52/100 000) and the standardized DALYs rate (1 226.37/100 000-510.14/100 000) showed a decreasing trend during 2022-2031. The analysis of influencing factors found that children and adolescents who drank alcohol were at high risk of injury burden.  Conclusions  From 1990 to 2021, the injury burden of children and adolescents in China generally showed a downward trend. The standardized incidence rate and standardized prevalence rate of injuries are predicted to increase from 2022 to 2031. More targeted and individualized intervention measures should be developed to reduce the injury burden in children and adolescents.
Performance of body mass index, waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio in screening true obesity in children
FANG Qihuan, WANG Yuedong, ZHAO Min, YANG Lili, XI Bo
2025, 46(3): 421-425. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025067
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  Objective  To evaluate the accuracy of body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) in screening true obesity among children, so as to provide a scientific basis for precise screening and early prevention and control of childhood obesity.  Methods  A total of 1 322 children aged 10-15 years old were surveyed by the Huantai Children Cardiovascular Health Cohort in 2021. Fat mass percentage (FMP) and fat mass index (FMI) were measured by bioelectrical impedance analysis, with FMP or FMI values at or above the age- and sex-specific 70th percentiles as the criteria for defining true obesity. BMI, WC and WHtR were used to define general obesity and central obesity. The accuracy of these measures in screening for true obesity was evaluated by calculating the missed diagnosis rate, misdiagnosis rate, area under the curve(AUC) for receiver operating characteristic and Kappa coefficient.  Results  Boys had higher BMI [(21.79±4.56) kg/m2], WC [(76.41±12.53) cm] and WHtR (0.47±0.07) than girls [(20.83±4.13) kg/m2, (70.69±10.06) cm, (0.45±0.06)] (t=4.02, 9.19, 6.63), while boys had lower FMP [(18.29±8.35)%] and FMI [(4.35±2.79) kg/m2] than girls [(24.87±6.51)%, (5.44±2.53) kg/m2] (t=-16.10, -7.42) (P < 0.01). Using FMP as a reference standard, the diagnosis error rates of screening for true obesity based on BMI, WC and WHtR were 12.24%, 2.11% and 2.11%, respectively; the diagnosis error rates were 10.88%, 27.28% and 24.33%; the AUC values were 0.88, 0.85 and 0.87; the Kappa coefficients were 0.67, 0.48 and 0.52. Using FMI as a reference standard, rates of BMI, WC and WHtR screening for true obesity were 14.20%, 1.23% and 2.78%; the diagnosis error rates were 4.81%, 20.84% and 18.14%; the AUC values were 0.90, 0.89 and 0.90; the Kappa coefficients were 0.81, 0.64 and 0.67.  Conclusions  BMI has a higher diagnosis error rate in screening for true obesity in children, while WC and WHtR have higher diagnosis error rates. It is recommended to promote body fat assessment in clinical practice, so as to achieve more accurate prevention and control of chronic diseases.
Application of time series and machine learning models in predicting the trend of sickness absenteeism among primary and secondary school students in Shanghai
WANG Zhengzhong, ZHANG Zhe, ZHOU Xinyi, YUAN Linlin, ZHAI Yani, SUN Lijing, LUO Chunyan
2025, 46(3): 426-430. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025082
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  Objective  To analyze the temporal variation patterns of sickness absenteeism among primary and secondary school students in Shanghai, so as to explore models suitable for predicting peaks and intensity of absenteeism rates.  Methods  The seasonal and trend decomposition using loess (STL) method was used to analyze the seasonal and long-term trend changes in sickness absenteeism among primary and secondary school students from September 1 in 2010 to June 30 in 2018, in Shanghai. A hierarchical clustering method based on Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) was employed to classify absenteeism symptoms with similar temporal patterns. Based on historical data, the study constructed and evaluated different time series algorithms and machine learning models to optimize the accuracy of predicting the trend of sickness absenteeism.  Results  During the research period, the average new absenteeism rate due to illness was 16.86 per 10 000 person-day for every academic year, and the trend of sickness absenteeism exhibited both seasonality and a long-term upward trend, reaching its highest point in the 2017 academic year (22.47 per 10 000 person-day). The symptoms of absenteeism were divided into three categories: high incidence in winter and spring (respiratory symptoms, fever and general discomfort, etc.), high incidence in summer (eye symptoms, nosebleeds, etc.) and those without obvious seasonality (skin symptoms, accidental injuries, etc.).The constructed time series models effectively predicted the trend of absenteeism due to illness, although the accuracy of predicting peak intensity was relatively low. Among them, the multi-layer perceptron (MLP) model performed the best, with an root mean squared error (RMSE) of 8.96 and an mean absolute error (MAE) of 4.37, reducing 36.51% and 39.02% compared to the baseline model.  Conclusion  Time series models and machine learning algorithms could effectively predict the trend of sickness absenteeism, and corresponding prevention and control measures can be taken for absenteeism caused by different symptoms during peak periods.
Relationship between screening myopia and physical fitness index in college freshmen without majoring in public safety administration
XU Shuyan, MING Xiufeng, LEI Zhijun, SU Xianjun, LIU Pengfei, WEI Hongni, LIU Ping, LIAO Qian, ZHANG Chi, CHEN Qianying
2025, 46(3): 431-434. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025068
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Abstract:
  Objective  To explore the relationship between visual acuity and physical fitness of university freshmen, so as to provide reference for myopia prevention and control for freshmen.  Methods  From October to November 2022, 2 160 college freshman without majoring in public safety administration, selected from Guangxi Police College in 2022 by using the stratified cluster random sampling method, were reviewed for the results of visual acuity test and physical fitness scores. The physical fitness indices were evaluated by using the Z-scores of physical fitness test scores, and the strength of association between the level of physical fitness index and myopia was analyzed by using Logistic regression model.  Results  Among 2 160 college freshman without majoring in public safety administration, 917 (42.5%) students were diagnosed screening myopia, including 66 (3.1%) cases of high myopia, 383 (17.7%) cases of moderate myopia and 468 (21.7%) cases of mild myopia. The differences in the distribution of visual acuity tests among students with different physical fitness indices, body mass index, and gender were statistically significant (Z/H=54.50, 49.53, 15.51, P < 0.01). Low-level and low-middle-level physical fitness indices were associated with screening myopia among freshmen[OR(95%CI)=2.81(1.93-4.08), 1.87(1.38-2.54)], and low-level physical fitness indexes were associated with high myopia [OR(95%CI)=7.22(2.33-22.32)] (P < 0.01).  Conclusions  Screening myopia among college freshman without majoring in public safety administration is related to physical fitness, and low-level and low-middle-level physical fitness index are risk factors for myopia. Improving the level of physical fitness might be effective in preventing myopia.
Surveillance results of respiratory syncytial virus outbreaks in kindergarten and school in Shenzhen, 2017-2023
WANG Xin, FANG Shisong, WU Weihua, LIU Hui, SUN Ying, ZOU Xuan, TANG Xiujuan
2025, 46(3): 435-437. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2024330
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Abstract:
  Objective  To analyze respiratory syncytial virus(RSV) outbreaks surveillance results and the epidemiological characteristics in kindergarten and school in Shenzhen during 2017-2023, so as to provide a scientific reference for control and prevention of RSV.  Methods  Epidemiological data and surveillance results of RSV outbreaks in kindergarten and school from 2017 to 2023 were collected for descriptive analyses.  Results  A total of 31 RSV outbreaks were identified in kindergarten and school in 2017-2023 in Shenzhen, 346 cases were reported, the average incidence rate was 22.02%. The most annual RSV outbreaks were reported in 2020 with 14 outbreaks, followed by 8 outbreaks in 2023. A total of 64.52% of RSV outbreaks were identified in kindergarten with rest occurring in primary school or middle school. The greatest monthly count of outbreak was 18 (58.06%) in September, followed by 3 outbreaks (9.68%) in March and October. A total of 244 swab samples were collected, 169 samples were positive for respiratory viruses, the positive rate was 69.26%, 121 samples were positive for RSV, from 31 respiratory syncytical virus outbreaks 57 and samples were positive for other respiratory viruses(9 samples were positive for two respiratory viruses). A toral of 14(45.16%) outbreaks are caused by RSV alone, 17 outbreaks (54.84%) were caused by RSV and other respiratory viruses.  Conclusions  Most RSV outbreaks in kindergarten and school are reported after 2020 in Shenzhen, most RSV outbreaks occur in kindergarten, peak seasons of RSV outbreaks are autumn and spring.
Construction of evaluation index system of infectious disease prevention and control ability in colleges and universities
QIAO Tingju, BAI Gang, LIU Dan, LIU Wei, ZHU Yuhua, WANG Xiaowan, SUN Xuesong, ZHANG Qian, ZHAO Zuotian, LI Jianyun, WANG Wenrui, WANG Qi, LIU Zhengran
2025, 46(3): 438-442. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025081
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Abstract:
  Objective  To construct a scientific and perfect evaluation index system of infectious disease prevention and control ability in colleges and universities, so as to provide reference tools for colleges and universities to effectively respond to infectious disease.  Methods  The initial framework of the evaluation index system of infectious disease prevention and control ability in colleges and universities was constructed by using literature analysis method. Experts familiar with infectious disease prevention and control or school health work were selected to conduct two rounds(n=16, 18) of Delphi expert consultation for determining the evaluation index system. Analytical hierarchy process was used to calculate the index weights and combined weights. About 198 prevention and control personnel were conveniently selected from 3 universities in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region to comprehensively evaluate the evaluation indicators by using fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method.  Results  After two rounds of Delphi consultation questionnaire, the effective recovery rates were 80.0% and 90.0%, the expert authority levels were 0.89 and 0.86, the expert harmony coefficients for Kendall W were 0.166 and 0.310, and the variation coefficient of each index was < 0.25. Finally, the evaluation index system of infectious disease prevention and control ability of colleges and universities included 4 first-level indicators, 14 second-level indicators and 75 third-level indicators. The weights of prevention and monitoring and early warning, organizational system guarantee, emergency management, rehabilitation and summary were 0.176, 0.476, 0.268 and 0.080, respectively. The top 3 weights of the secondary indexes were 0.623 for infectious disease surveillance and early warning, 0.595 for loss assessment and 0.370 for emergency response. The score of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation of the index system of infectious disease prevention and control ability in colleges and universities was 79.148, suggesting a high level.  Conclusion  The established evaluation index system of infectious disease prevention and control ability in colleges and universities is scientific and reasonable, which is conducive to provide tool reference for the evaluation of infectious disease prevention and control ability in colleges and universities.
Prevalence and related factors of screening myopia among students in special education schools in Tianjin
XI Wei, HAN Hui, XIONG Wenjuan, HAN Yu, WANG Hui, ZHANG Xin
2025, 46(3): 443-446. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025051
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Abstract:
  Objective  To understand the current situation and related factors of screening myopia among students in special education schools, so as to provide evidence for promoting the health level of this population.  Methods  From November 2021 to December 2023, a total of 281 students from 6 special education schools in 5 districts of Tianjin were selected by cluster random sampling method for computer optometry visual acuity examination for non-ciliary paralysis and questionnaire survey. Multiple Logistic regression was performed to analyze the influencing factors of screening myopia among special education students.  Results  The screening myopia detection rate among these special education students in Tianjin was 27.0%, and the screening myopia detection rates of students with autism, developmental delays, and intellectual disabilities were 22.4%, 12.5%, and 33.0%, respectively. The degree of myopia increased with age (χtrend2=22.65, P < 0.01). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that age(10-13 years old: OR=5.40, 14-17 years old: OR=8.40, 18-23 years old: OR=6.02), accommodation(non-resident: OR=0.29), daily mobile phone usage ≥2 hours (OR=2.37), and daily computer/tablet usage ≥2 hours (OR=2.70) were the risk factors for screening myopia among special education students (P < 0.05).  Conclusions  The detection rate and degree of screening myopia increase with age in special education students. Prolonged screen time exposure is a primary risk factor for screening myopia in special education students. Effective myopia prevention and control strategies should be designed according to the characteristics of special education students.
Review
Research progress on the relationship between school garden education and the healthy development of children and adolescents
WANG Shilin, XUE Fei
2025, 46(3): 447-451. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025076
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School garden education is not only a planting activity, but also an experiential, interdisciplinary, innovative and learning model that integrates gardening and outdoor activities into the school curriculum. The research summarizes the relevant literature at home and abroad and concludes that, by participating in the practical activities of vegetable gardens, children and adolescents could enhance their environmental awareness, promote the formation of healthy eating habits, enhance their hands-on ability and physical activities, and at the same time make them develop positively in their sense of responsibility and social emotions.
Research updates on potential mechanisms of family on physical influence activity among children and adolescents
FAN Huiying, ZHANG Jialin, MA Xiao
2025, 46(3): 452-456. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025085
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Abstract:
Family is the primary living place of children and adolescents, which has important impacts on children and adolescents' physical activity. The article systematically reviews the research progress on potential mechanisms of family influence on physical activities of children and adolescents, focusing on the theoretical mechanism of intergenerational transmission on parent-child physical activities, which includes family's role in children's motivation and achievement for exercise behaviors, the integrative model of parental socialization influence and integrated model of physical activity parenting. It provides new perspectives for future research in related fields and gives more suggestions and reference for subsequent development of family enhancement programs and family-school collaborative programs.

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