2021 Vol. 42, No. 6

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Progress in school health and health education during the "13th Five-Year Plan" period
FAN Zemin, ZHAO Haoqi
2021, 42(6): 801-804,809. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.06.001
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During the "13th Five-Year Plan" period, student health is the top priority in school health policies and health education practice, which have achieved a major milestone in the prevention and control of the COVID-19 epidemic, the prevention and control of myopia in children and adolescents, school health education promotion, as well as school food safety management, and the prevention and management of school communicable diseases. This editorial elaborates on practices of school health and health education during the "13th Five-Year Plan" period, and introduces national school health strategic policies and implementation, providing fundamental support for Healthy China 2030 and Healthy China Action Plan.
Prioritizing the integration of sleep into the development and health evaluation system for children and adolescents
LI Shenghui
2021, 42(6): 805-809. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.06.002
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Evidence of secular trends in sleep patterns with age and their health effects is critical for elucidating the physiological significance of sleep, so as to gain an in-depth understanding of the growth and development of children and adolescents. This paper summarizes the progress of research on sleep health and provides insight into the critical significance of sleep for overall physical growth and neurobehavioral development. Therefore, it is proposed that priority should be given to integrate sleep into the development and health evaluation system for children and adolescents. In addition, this paper analyzes the limitations of existing studies and highlights knowledge gaps in this area, in order to inspire and promote future research.
Countermeasures and suggestions for physical health test inprovement in college students
WU Zongxi
2021, 42(6): 810-813. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.06.003
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Using the path dependence theory, this paper describes the path dependence dilemma in the physical health test system, which might be related to relevent policies failing to be implemented in colleges; unstandardized fitness test in class; negative attitude toward fitness test among college students. The main reasons included the endogenous resistance caused by increasing returns; the external thrust formed by the inherent interests of policy related subjects; the imperfect monitoring mechanism of third-party institutions; the conflict between formal and informal rules; policy is difficult to achieve the expected effect and high transaction costs and the high transaction costs. Five countermeasures are proposed in the paper, including the establishment of authority of policy and law, enhancement of the importance of physical health in students; strengthening incentive and punishment, promoting individual rationality to collective rationality; improvement of the third-party monitoring system, strengthening external quality assurance; strengthened transformation and cultivation of informal rules; citizen participation expansion, promoting policy applicability, and reducement of the cost of the system.
Sleep status of children aged 3-12 years in Shanghai
CHEN Yiting, LYU Jiajun, XIA Yuanqing, YIN Yong, TONG Shilu, ZHAO Anda, LI Shenghui
2021, 42(6): 814-818. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.06.004
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  Objective  To investigate the sleep characteristics of children aged 3-12 years old in Shanghai, and to provide a reference for improving pediatric sleep health.  Methods  From April to June 2019, 16 542 children aged 3-12 years old were randomly selected from 31 kindergartens and 17 primary schods in Shanghai, and a cross-sectional epidemiological survey was conducted using multi-stage cluster sampling. The Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ) was used to evaluate sleep characteristics.  Results  The bedtime routine of children in Shanghai was (21:27±00:36) and (21:46±00:46) on weekdays and weekends, respectively. Corresponding wake-up times were (6:52±00:28) and (7:47±00:48), total sleep duration was (9.05±1.07) and (9.52±1.17)h, and the prevalence of inadequate sleep was 81.0% and 55.4%. The average score of sleep problems was (51.56±8.04), and the prevalence of disturbed sleep was 93.5%. With advancing age, the total sleep time of children in Shanghai decreased, and the difference in weekend-weekday sleep patterns increased. Furthermore, two major sleep problems were observed, namely, short sleep duration and daytime sleepiness, which became increasingly more prominent. Girls usually went to bed later on weekdays and woke up later on weekends, and a greater difference in weekend-weekday sleep patterns was observed. Moreover, psychological problems such as sleep anxiety were more serious among girls.  Conclusion  At present, children in Shanghai have insufficient sleep time and late bedtimes. Large differences in weekend-weekday sleep patterns were observed, and various sleep problems were identified. Sleep-related anxiety and differences in weekend-weekday sleep patterns were particularly high among girls. Sleep; Time; Dyssomnias; Analysis of variance; Child
Association between sleep with C-reactive protein and insulin metabolism in adolescents
TANG Yuqing, LI Liwen, LYU Jiajun, CHEN Yiting, WANG Xiaobin, LI Shenghui
2021, 42(6): 819-823,828. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.06.005
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  Objective  To explore the relationship of sleep with C-reactive protein (CRP) abnormality and hyperinsulinemia in adolescents, and to provide reference for early prevention of metabolic disorders.  Methods  Based on the Chinese Metabolic Syndrome Cohort Study in Anhui Province, a total of 653 adolescents aged 12 to 19 were selected to examine the relationship between wakeup time, bedtime, sleep disordered breathing (SDB) and CRP abnormality as well as hyperinsulinemia.  Results  Later wakeup time (OR=1.68, 95%CI=1.03-2.75) was positively correlated with a higher risk of fasting hyperinsulinemia. Late bedtime (OR=1.96, 95%CI=1.29-2.99) was associated with 2 h postprandial hyperinsulinemia. Among those with high CRP concentration, late wakeup time and late bedtime were positely associated with hyperinsulinemia than those with normal CRP concentration; and the correlation between SDB and hyperinsulinemia was observed.  Conclusion  Later wakeup and late bedtime may be risk factors for hyperinsulinemia in adolescents. High concentrations of CRP may further increase the risk of hyperinsulinemia, a condition associated with sleep problems.Teenagers should get up and go to bed as early as possible.
Association between breastfeeding and sleep onset delay among school-aged children
ZHAO Anda, CHEN Yiting, LYU Jiajun, XIA Yuanqing, YIN Yong, TONG Shilu, LI Shenghui
2021, 42(6): 823-828. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.06.006
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  Objective  To explore the association between exclusive breastfeeding and sleep onset delay among school-aged children, and to provide a reference for promoting childhood sleep health.  Methods  A total of 10 686 children aged 7-12 years old were recruited from 17 primary schools in Shanghai using the multi-stage sampling method from April to June 2019. The duration of sleep onset delay and exclusive breastfeeding were identified using the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire and a self-designed questionnaire, respectively. The association between the duration of exclusive breastfeeding and the score and the risk of sleep onset delay were estimated using linear regression and a Logistic regression model, respectively.  Results  After adjusting for confounding factors, compared with never exclusive breastfeeding, the score of sleep onset delay decreased by 0.07, 0.08 and 0.05 in cases that involved exclusive breastfeeding for less than 3 months, 3-6 months and more than 6 months, respectively; and the odds of sleep onset delay decreased by 39.0%(OR=0.61, 95%CI=0.47-0.79), 41.1%(OR=0.59, 95%CI=0.47-0.75) and 21.1%(OR=0.79, 95%CI=0.65-0.96), respectively. Similar findings were observed in analyses stratified by gender, although the association was stronger among boys. Moreover, administration of probiotics or yogurt only improved sleep onset delay in those who were exclusively breastfed for no more than 6 months.  Conclusion  Longer durations of exclusive breastfeeding were associated with a lower risk of sleep onset delay among school-aged children. However, exclusive breastfeeding for over 6 months diminished the protective effect that was otherwise observed on sleep onset delay.
School canteen construction and canteen meal provision from 2012 to 2017 in schools under the National Nutrition Improvement Program for Rural Compulsory Eudcation Students
YANG Titi, XU Peipei, CAO Wei, GAN Qian, LI Li, XU Juan, PAN Hui, HU Xiaoqi, ZHANG Qian
2021, 42(6): 829-834,837. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.06.007
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  Objective  To analyze changes of school canteen construction and canteen meal provision in surveilled schools after the initiation of the National Nutrition Improvement Program for Rural Compulsory Education Student (NNIPRCES), therefore to provide data basis for improving efficacy of school canteen meals.  Methods  From 2012 to 2017, among the 699 trial counties in 22 provinces under NNIPRCES, at least 10% of elementary schools and middle schools with each food supply model (canteen meals, enterprise meals, and family meals) were randomly selected in each county in each year. Questionnaire survey was conducted to collect school canteen construction and meal provision information. The sample size were around 8 000 to 11 000 schools every year.  Results  From 2012 to 2017, the proportion of schools that have canteens only, have both canteen and dining room, as well as those have canteen and dining room with tables and chairs significantly increased with years(χ2=3 043.95, 6 383.85, 6 731.17, P < 0.01). The proportion of schools having canteen increased from 59.5% in 2012 to 87.0% in 2017. The proportion of schools with canteen providing breakfast, lunch or dinner varied across years(χ2=51.85, 144.96, 189.19, P < 0.01). The varieties of food groups of three meals all significantly increased during 2012, 2014 and 2017(χ2=702.30, 892.38, 550.55, P < 0.01). The canteen construction indicators, proportion of canteens providing three meals, and food groups included in three meals all significantly differed between elementary schools and middle schools, also between schools of central area and western area(P < 0.05). The changing patterns with year were significantly different in elementary schools and middle schools, and in schools of central area and western area(P < 0.05).  Conclusion  After the implementation of NNIPRCES, canteen construction and food variety in canteen meals significantly improved during 2012 to 2017. However, there are still gaps between changes of canteen construction and canteen meal provision. It is necessary to overcome obstacles to further increase the proportion of schools with canteen offering meals and the variety of food of meals.
Nutritional status of students aged 6-16 years of the National Nutrition Improvement Program for Rural Compulsory Education Students in Henan Province from 2012 to 2019
XU Fengming, WANG Xu, WANG Yanxin, WANG Liru, LI Fengjuan, SUN Jing
2021, 42(6): 834-837. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.06.008
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  Objective  To understand the changes of students' nutritional status in the National Nutrition Improvement Program for Rural Compulsory Education Students (NNIPRCES) of Henan Province, and to provide scientific basis for designating scientific nutritional intervention measures.  Methods  About 20%-30% of primary schools and middle schools in the pilot counties in Henan Province were selected to monitor the nutritional status of students. Surveillance data from 2012 to 2019 were analyzed.  Results  From 2012 to 2019(no surveillance data were available in 2018), the detection rates of mild thinness were 4.0%, 3.3%, 3.3%, 3.6%, 3.1%, 2.9%, 4.4%, respectively; the detection rates of moderate and severe thinness were 4.5%, 4.5%, 4.4%, 4.6%, 3.9%, 3.6%, 5.1%, respectively; the detection rates of overweight were 9.6%, 12.4%, 12.3%, 12.2%, 12.7%, 13.4%, 11.1%, respectively; and the detection rates of obesity were 3.9%, 6.8%, 6.7%, 6.2%, 7.6%, 7.2%, 5.8%, respectively. The differences were statistically significant (χ2=1 032.29, 4 771.39, P < 0.05). The detection rates of 2019 mild (5.0%, 3.7%) and moderate to severe thinness (5.9%, 4.3%) were the highest for both male and female students, and the highest for primary school students and junior middle school students were the highest for 2019 mild (4.1%, 6.0%) and moderate to severe thinness (5.1%, 4.9%), with statistical significance (χ2=653.22, 486.46, 919.07, 306.27, P < 0.05). The detection rate of overweight was the highest in both males and females (14.8%, 11.8%) in 2017, and the detection rate of obesity was the highest in 2016 (8.3%, 6.9%). The detection rates of overweight and obesity in primary school students were the highest in 2017 and 2016 (13.7%, 8.4%), and the detection rates in middle school students were the highest in 2017 (11.5%, 3.0%), with statistical significance (χ2=2 391.65, 2 371.74, 4 827.75, 512.64, P < 0.05).  Conclusion  In the early stage of the implementation of NNIPRCES in Henan Province, malnutrition among students has improved, however, the contem porary malnutrition shows increasing trend, and the co-occurrence of malnutrition and obesity calls for targeted nutritional intervention measures.
Inspiratory muscle training improves inspiratory muscle strength and exercise performance in obese college students
ZHU Zheng, FU Changxi, MA Wenchao
2021, 42(6): 838-841. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.06.009
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  Objective  To observe the effects of 8-week inspiratory muscle training on lung function, respiratory muscle strength, exercise performance, body composition and lipid metabolism in obese college students, and to provide a reference for optimizing rehabilitation plan for obese patients.  Methods  A total of 58 obese college students were randomly divided into experimental group(n=28) and control group(n=30). The experimental group received inspiratory muscle training with 50% of maximal inspiratory pressure(PImax), 3 times a week for a total of 8 weeks. Except for the intensity set to 5% PImax, other parameters in the control group were the same as those in the experimental group. Lung function, respiratory muscle strength, exercise performance, body composition and blood lipids were measured before and after intervention.  Results  The completion rates of the training program (adherence) in the experimental group and the control group were 98.0% and 99.2%, respectively. No serious adverse events occurred during intervention. After intervention, PImax and 6-minute walk test (6MWT) distance increased (t=-7.44, -4.11, P < 0.05), ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and heart rate decreased after 6MWT (t=2.13, 2.63, P < 0.05), but there was no significant difference in lung function, body composition and blood lipid level in the experimental group (P>0.05). There was no significant change in the above indexes in the control group (P>0.05).  Conclusion  Eight-week inspiratory muscle training can effectively improve inspiratory muscle strength and exercise performance in obese college students, whereas it had no effects on expiratory muscle strength, lung function, body composition and blood lipid profiles.
Investigation of AIDS cognition and testing willingness among freshmen in Fengtai District, Beijing
XIAO Danzhao, LI Yanqi, NA Na, SHI Wenya, LIU Chao, TIAN Lina, XU Jingchun, REN Hang, WANG Xinxin
2021, 42(6): 842-845,849. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.06.010
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  Objective  To examine college students' awareness of AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome) and HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), as well as their willingness to undergo testing, and to provide guidance for further education targeted towards AIDS prevention.  Methods  The respondents were selected from two companies of military training camps in 4 universities in Fengtai District of Beijing using cluster sampling, and a questionnaire was used to obtain relevant information among 1 248 college freshmen. The content of the questionnaire included basic information about the students, awareness of AIDS, and willingness to undergo testing.  Results  A total of 87.18% students were familiar with AIDS-related knowledge, and 62.98% students intended to have HIV tests in the future. Willingness to be tested for HIV was higher among not local students (67.39%) than among local students(55.65%)(χ2=17.32, P < 0.05). The willingness to get HIV testing was higher among students who had an understanding of AIDS (65.26%) than among those who lacked an awareness(47.50%)(χ2=18.87, P < 0.05). In terms of the willingness to be tested for HIV, the main concerns focused on personal privacy (23.24%) and the cost (18.59%). Multivariate regression analysis showed that improving students' awareness of five of the items related to a basic knowledge of AIDS may increase their willingness to get HIV testing(P < 0.05). Most students indicated a preference to get HIV testing at a hospital (68.51%) or at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(42.79%).  Conclusion  The willingness to get HIV testing can be increased by launching an AIDS health education program that targets weak knowledge points with respect to AIDS awareness.
Sugar-sweetened beverage knowledge and consumption among third-grade primary students in Nanjing
WANG Chenchen, WANG Weiwei, ZHENG Yuhong, ZHOU Hairong, HONG Xin
2021, 42(6): 845-849. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.06.011
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  Objective  To explore the knowledge and consumption of sugar-sweetened beverage(SSB) and its influencing factors among third-grade primary students, to provide basis for take targeted intervention measures.  Methods  In September 2019, 1 686 primary school students of grade 3 were randomly selected from 2 primary schools in 1 urban area and 1 outer suburb area of 12 districts in Nanjing by using a multistage cluster sampling method, and a self-administered questionnaire were offered to them to collect the knowledge about sugar-sweetened beverage and its intake.  Results  Totally 753 students (44.7%) answered 6 or more SSB knowledge questions correctly, and the rate of 389 students (50.2%) in urban areas was higher than that of 364 students (40.0%) in suburban areas. There were 780 (46.3%) students who knew that dairy-containing beverage could not replace milk, the rate of 403 (52.0%) students in urban area was higher than that of 377 (41.4%) students in suburban area (χ2=17.76, 18.99, P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that compared with the frequency of consumption of SSB < 1 time per week, the behavioral risk factors of primary school students who drink SSB ≥4 times per week were: urban area (OR=1.55), low parents educational level (OR=2.44), and frequent storage of SSB at home (OR=1.62). The protective factors were as follows: duration of extracurricular physical activity < 120 min/week (OR=0.68), video time < 120 min/day (OR=0.50), awareness rate of SSB ≥60% (OR=0.75), and restriction of high-sugar snacks by parents (OR=0.60).  Conclusion  The knowledge associated with SSB among third-grade students in Nanjing is relatively low. Consumption of SSB has been influenced by areas, parents' educational level, knowledge about SSB and family factors. SSB consumption among primary students should be interfered at the school and family level. The health food education need to carry out based on the school and family, so as to create a supportive atmosphere integrating the school-family to drink less sugar beverages.
Effect of orienteering exercises on children's executive function
YANG Ning, LIU Chen, LIU Yang, LI Xuening, WU Lei, WEI Mingze
2021, 42(6): 850-852, 857. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.06.012
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  Objective  To explore the effect of orienteering exercises on the improvement of children's executive function, and to explore the relationship between executive function and orienteering intervention to provide theoretical support.  Methods  Forty children from the fourth grade of Zhonghai the First Experimental Primary School in Changchun City were selected as the experimental subjects, 20 as the experimental group (10 males, 10 females) and 20 as the control group (10 males, 10 females). The functional changes of executive function subfunctions (inhibitory function, conversion function, refresh function) before and after orienteering exercises intervention were measured by More-odd shifting, 1-back and Flanker.  Results  After intervention, the inhibitory function, conversion function and refresh function were significantly decreased in the experimental group (10.29±15.99, 295.19±189.76, 642.85±220.78)ms compared with before intervention (25.62±10.18, 616.04±287.92, 1 051.25±275.00)ms (F=12.52, 20.76, 20.89, P < 0.01), while there was no significant change in the control group (P > 0.05). In this study, neither gender main effect nor interaction between sex × group, sex × time and sex × time × group were found (P > 0.05).  Conclusion  Orienteering exercises can significantly improve children's executive function, which are not vaired by sex.
Association of health literacy and drinking behaviors among middle school students in six provinces of China
XUE Yanni, LI Danlin, HUANG Xuexue, HU Jie, WANG Sizhe, WAN Yuhui, TAO Fangbiao, ZHANG Shichen
2021, 42(6): 853-857. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.06.013
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  Objective  To explore the association between health literacy and drinking behaviors among middle school students in six provinces of China, and to provide scientific basis for the prevention and intervention of drinking behaviors.  Methods  From November 2015 to January 2016, 22 628 students were enrolled from Ulanqab, Shenyang, Xinxiang, Bengbu, Chongqing and Yangjiang by multistage stratified cluster sampling method. And a questionnaire survey was conducted among them to collect demographic information, health literacy and drinking behaviors. Rates on drinking behaviors were compared in students with specific characteristics. Multiple Logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the association between health literacy and drinking behaviors.  Results  The proportion of ever drinking, current drinking, binge drinking, drunkenness was 60.0%(13 580), 16.8%(3 799), 5.9%(1 344) and 9.9%(2 250), respectively. After adjusting for gender, grade, family address, siblings, accommodation type, parental educational level, and self-reported family income, compared to the high-level health literacy, the low-level health literacy was significantly associated with ever drinking (OR=1.76, 95%CI=1.62-1.91), current drinking(OR=1.37, 95%CI=1.23-1.52), binge drinking (OR=1.39, 95%CI=1.18-1.63), and drunkenness(OR=1.68, 95%CI=1.47-1.92), respectively(P < 0.01).  Conclusion  Health literacy of middle school students was related to drinking behaviors. The occurrence of health risk behaviors such as drinking can be prevented and reduced by improving students' health literacy level.
Influence of individual and family characteristics on middle school students' mental health status during COVID-19 pandemic
YANG Xiaochen, ZHU Jingfen, CHEN Ziyue, TAN Yinliang, HE Yaping
2021, 42(6): 858-862, 866. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.06.014
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  Objective  This study aims to investigate the impact of individual and family factors on anxiety and loneliness of middle school students during quarantine in the COVID-19 pandemic and to provide reference for discussing the possible effective intervention paths in the stress process of public health emergencies.  Methods  A total of 11 596 students from junior and high schools in Shanghai were selected to complete the questionnaire with the stratified random cluster sampling method. Generalized Anxiety Disorder(GAD-7) and UCLA Loneliness Scale, University of California at Los Angeles(ULS-6) were used for the survey.  Results  The prevalence of anxiety and loneliness were 34.78% and 52.44% respectively. The rate of anxiety and loneliness in girls (36.13%, 54.62%) was higher than that of boys (33.44%, 50.28%)(χ2=17.03, 21.82, P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that graduates (OR=1.34, 95%CI=1.18-1.52), students ranking in the middle (OR=1.25, 95%CI=1.08-1.45) or in the bottom 25% (OR=1.76, 95%CI=1.50-2.05), non-only children in the family (OR=1.25, 95%CI=1.09-1.43) and low socioeconomic status (OR=1.42, 95%CI=1.23-1.65) were associated with increased risk of moderate and severe level of anxiety(P < 0.05). Girls(OR=1.20, 95%CI=1.12-1.30), graduates(OR=1.13, 95%CI=1.04-1.24), non-residents(OR=1.20, 95%CI=1.09-1.33), lower level of grades(OR=1.72, 95%CI=1.55-1.91) and not living with parents(OR=1.32, 95%CI=1.18-1.48) were associated with increased risk of loneliness(P < 0.05).  Conclusion  During the quarantine period caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, negative emotions such as anxiety and loneliness among adolescents need attention, especially females, graduates, only children and students with low rankings or low socioeconomic status.
Knowledge, attitudes and practice regarding protection against COVID-19 among primary and middle students in Hangzhou
HUANG Yangmei, WANG Meng, HE Xiaoyan, CHEN Yuyang, ZHANG Qiong, YU Feng
2021, 42(6): 863-866. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.06.015
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  Objective  To analyze knowledge, attitudes and practice regarding protection against COVID-19 among primary and middle school students in Hangzhou and to provide a scientific basis for schools to carry out targeted prevention and control measures.  Methods  Anonymous network sampling survey was carried out through the questionnaire star, and a total of 14 216 subjects from primary and middle school in Hangzhou were recruited to fill in the questionnaire regarding knowledge, attitudes and practice of COVID-19 from March 3 to March 7, 2020.  Results  Primary and middle school students showed high awareness rate of transmission (85.83%) and incubation period (77.44%), but lower awareness on symptoms (44.70%) of COVID-19. The practice of wearing masks, cough etiquette and correct hand washing were 97.27%, 88.01% and 91.82%, respectively. The protective practice among primary and middle school students were generally good, 91.21% of them were at moderate level or above. 83.91% of primary and secondary school students reported worries about infection of COVID-19, and 55.42% of primary and secondary school students were anxious about returning to school. Primary school students and rural students were more anxious about returning to school(χ2=46.66, 26.70, P < 0.05).  Conclusion  The primary and middle school students in Hangzhou have a relatively good level of knowledge and practice concerning COVID-19. Yet, it is necessary to carry out targeted health education and strengthen mental health education for primary and middle school students.
The role of rejection sensitivity in the relationship between the psychological resilience and social adaptability of college students with left-behind experience
YANG Xiaojing, DING Kun, HUANG Kai, CHENG Xin, ZHANG Kangdi, HU Chengyang, ZHANG Xiujun
2021, 42(6): 867-871. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.06.016
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  Objective  To explore the role of rejection sensitivity in the relationship between the psychological resilience and social adaptability of college students with left-behind experience, so as to provide reference for college students to beffer adapt to the society.  Methods  Self-designed questionnaire, the Conor-Davidson Resilience Scale(CD-RISC), the Chinese College Students Adaptation Scale(CCSAS), and the Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire (RSQ) were administered among 3 418 college students from four universities in Anhui Province with the stratified cluster sampling method. This research investigation used AMOS version 21.0 to construct a structural equation model of rejection sensitivity, psychological resilience, and social adaptability, to analyze the mediation effect.  Results  There were 1 324 college students with lefe-behind experience. Compared with college students without left-behind experience[(64.47±13.79)(197.90±25.57)(10.86±2.98)], students with left-behind experience exhibited lower levels of psychological resilience, social adaptability, and rejection sensitivity[(63.26±13.69)(195.14±24.60)(10.45±2.91)](t=-2.50, -3.12, -3.87, P < 0.05); Rejection sensitivity was negatively associated with social adaptability, and psychological resilience among college students with left-behind experience(r=-0.24, -0.22, P < 0.01), while social adaptability was positively correlated with psychological resilience(r=0.64, P < 0.01). The results of the mediation model showed that psychological resilience affected the mediation path of social adaptability by rejection sensitivity (mediation effect value=0.02, 95%CI=0.01-0.05, P < 0.05).  Conclusion  Left-behind experience had a negative impact on the psychological resilience and social adaptability of undergraduates. With respect to the psychological resilience of undergraduates with left-behind experience, rejection sensitivity played a mediating role in the social adaptability relationship.
Association between school bullying and mental health of adolescent students in low-income and middle-income countries
YU Yan, HE Anqi, ZHENG Si, WANG Shuang
2021, 42(6): 872-875. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.06.017
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  Objective  To understand the incidence of school bullying and its influencing factors among adolescents in low-income and middle-income countries, and to explore the association between school bullying and mental health of adolescent students, so as to provide reference for prevention and control of school bullying and mental health intervention.  Methods  Data was obtained from the 2009-2015 Global School Student Health Survey from 19 low-income and middle-income countries (n=22 963). Binary Logistic regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of school bullying, and multiple linear regression was used to analyze the relationship between school bullying and mental health.  Results  The average score of students' mental health was(5.75±2.09), and approximately 35.1% of adolescent students reported suffering from school bullying. The rates of school bullying among students in low-income and middle-income countries were 39.4% amd 34.3%, respectively. Students with lower grades, overweight, poor family economic status, low family learning and psychological support, poor perceived family relationship, more truancy, and poor relationship with classmates were more likely to suffer from school bullying(P < 0.05). Exposure to school bullying was positively associated with adverse mental health outcomes for women(B=1.27, P < 0.01).  Conclusion  Not only were school bullying more common in low-income countries, but also school bullying had a greater negative impact on the mental health of girls. We need to pay more attention to school bullying among adolescent students, especially in low-income countries and girls, with cost-effective interventions to reduce or mitigate the consequences of bullying.
Gender difference in parent-child interaction and mental health of left-behind adolescents in junior high school
LI Xiaoxiao, LIU Yue, ZHOU Dongyang, XU Shuijing
2021, 42(6): 876-878, 882. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.06.018
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  Objective  To investigate the gender difference of left-behind adolescents' mental health in rural junior middle schools, and to explore possible moderating role of parent-child interaction.  Methods  Based on the data of China Education Panel Survey (CEPS) from 2014 to 2015, the self-reported parent-child interaction frequency and mental health of 3 470 eighth grade students lived in rural area were analyzed.  Results  Mental health scores were higher in left-behind boys (68.90±22.45) whose parents migration compared to left-behind girls (63.59±20.83)(t=3.02, P < 0.01). The two-level mixed effect linear regression model showed that the negative impact of parental migration on the parent-child interaction and mental health of left behind girls was greater than that of left behind boys (B=-0.90, -4.02, P < 0.05). The frequency of parent-child interaction moderated the gender difference of mental health of left behind adolescents (P < 0.01). The above-mentioned gender differences decreased after adding the frequency of parent-child interaction (B=-3.65, P < 0.1).  Conclusion  The negative impact of parental migration on mental health of left-behind girls in junior high school is stronger than boys. It is needed to take more care of the mental health and promote parent-child communication for left-behind girls.
Associated factors of non-suicidal self-injury behavior in adolescents with depression disorder
YANG Chun, ZHANG Rui
2021, 42(6): 879-882. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.06.019
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  Objective  To explore associated factors of non-suicidal self-injury in adolescents with depression, and to provide a reference for clinical intervention and treatment.  Methods  A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 80 adolescents aged 14-18 years with depressive disorder who visited an outpatient clinic in the PLA 904nd Hospital from January 2015 to January 2017. Eysenck Personality Questionnaire(EPQ), Egma Minnenav Bsrdndosnauppforstran (EMBU), non-suicidal self-injury behavior rating scale were used to investigate them.  Results  Male patients with depression had more non-suicidal self-injury than female patients(76.74% vs. 54.05%), and patients with highly educated mothers had more non-suicidal self-injury(77.78%)(χ2=4.58, 6.11, P < 0.05). Self-injury behavior in patients with internal and external (E) the orientation factor score (5.22±2.82) was lower than the score of the patients without self-injury behavior(8.85±2.93)(t=-5.37, P < 0.05), neuroticism (N), while psychoticism (P) and hide(L) score [(14.53±3.94) (5.60±1.58) (12.94±0.54)] were higher than patients without self-injury behavior [(11.55±5.71) (3.13±1.43) (12.09±0.55)](t=2.74, 6.82, 6.31, P < 0.05); Factors such as "severe paternal punishment" "paternal excessive interference" "paternal refusal to deny" "maternal refusal to deny" and other factors in patients with non-suicidal self-injury [(21.57±4.65) (21.73±4.38) (14.25±5.08) (20.34±4.64)] were all higher than those without non-suicidal self-injury [(18.50±7.53) (18.77±3.55) (11.58±2.97) (16.55±6.32)](t=2.25, 3.04, 2.96, 3.05, P < 0.05); Logistic regression analysis showed that males, mothers with high educational level, and E, N, P (< 38.5 and > 61.5) were associated with non-suicidal self-injury behavior in adolescents with depression(OR=1.99, 2.31, 1.71, 2.52, 1.98, P < 0.05).  Conclusion  Gender, maternal education and symptom score were the important factors influencing non-suicidal self-injury.It is necessary to arouse the attention of the family, society and school.
Evaluation of functional training specifically on physical and cognitive functions intervention among children aged 4-5
ZHOU Longfeng, CUI Jie, ZHANG Xiaojuan, CHEN Huiyan, JIA Yanhong, WU Yiping, RONG Xiangjiang, FAN Yongzhao, LIU Kun
2021, 42(6): 883-887,892. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.06.020
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  Objective  To investigate effects of functional training on physical and cognitive function in 4-5 years old children, so as to provide a reference for the research on development of children's physical and cognitive functions.  Methods  The 173 participants aged 4-5 were enrolled from 6 kindergartens in Xicheng District, Beijing and were divided into experimental (n=94) and control groups (n=79) by randomized digital tables. The experimental group were asked to receive a 18-week special designed functional movement training, which were not performed to the control group. The two groups were tested with physical and cognitive assessments before and after the intervention, and the results were compared pre/post in individual group and between groups with t tests.  Results  Compared with control group, the score of standing long jump among children in the experimental group was improved by 5.72%, and that of feet jump was improved by 23.79%, that of 10-meter-shuttle run was improved by 13.95%, that of simple reaction was by 20.34%, and that of attention was by 18.96%, and all the improvement was of statistical significance(t=-2.75, 6.68, 10.79, 5.07, 4.32, P<0.01).  Conclusion  Both physical and cognitive functions were enhanced by the functional physical training in 4-5-year-old children.
Effect of group cognitive therapy on negative emotion and impulsivity of college students with Internet addiction
LU Zhaojing, LI Zhiming, YAN Wansen.
2021, 42(6): 887-892. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.06.021
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Abstract:
  Objective  To explore the effects of group cognitive therapy on negative emotions and impulsivity among college students with Internet addiction.  Methods  33 college students with Internet addiction from one university in Guiyang were randomly divided into intervention group (n=16) and control group (n=17). Before and after the intervention, the Young's Internet Addiction Test, Self-rating Depression Scale, Self-rating Anxiety Scale and UPPSP Impulsive Behavior Scale were administered. In addition, the event-related potential (ERP) technology was used to detect the differences in EEG components related to impulse suppression between the two groups before and after the intervention.  Results  There were no statistically significant changes in the scores of Internet addiction, anxiety, depression, and impulsivity in the control group before and after(P>0.05); the N1 amplitude in the control group was higher than that in the previous test(t=-3.32, -3.19, P<0.05), and the changes in the amplitude of N2 and P3 were not statistically significant(P>0.05). The depression and anxiety scores of the intervention group were significantly lower than those of the pre-test (t=2.20, 2.45, P<0.05); the negative urgency and positive urgency scores were significantly lower than those of pre-test (t=3.84, 3.44, P<0.05); the N1 amplitude of the intervention group after treatment was higher than the previous test (t=-3.08, -2.72, P<0.05), and the N2 and P3 were lower than the previous test (t=2.10, 2.07, P<0.05).  Conclusion  Group cognitive therapy can improve the negative emotions of college students with Internet addiction, reduce the impulsivity level of college students with Internet addiction, and improve the impulse control function of college students with Internet addiction to a certain extent.
Study on the growth curve of uncorrected visual acuity of children and adolescents with relative safe refractive range
WANG Jingjing, DU Linlin, XIE Hui, YANG Jinliuxing, CHEN Jun, ZHU Jianfeng, ZOU Haidong, XU Xun, HE Xiangui
2021, 42(6): 893-897. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.06.022
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  Objective  To analyze the distribution of uncorrected visual acuity in children and adolescents aged 3-18 years with relative safe refractive range, and to develop the growth curve and reference range of uncorrected visual acuity in children and adolescents of different ages, so as to provide reference for formulating the referral threshold for myopia screening practice.   Methods   Using cluster sampling method, 9 146 children and adolescents aged 3-18 years old in Shanghai were selected for uncorrected visual acuity, cycloplegic refraction, slit lamp and other ophthalmic examinations, and the percentiles and growth curve of uncorrected visual acuity of children and adolescents in the relative safe refractive range were fitted by LMS method. Besides, the area under the ROC curve and the sensitivity and specificity of different cut-off values were analyzed.  Results  The uncorrected visual acuity was skewed, with a median of 4.8. There were 4 675 individuals with safe refraction, the median of uncorrected visual acuity in which was 4.9. The LMS curve showed that the uncorrected visual acuity increased with age in the lower age group, and gradually stabilized to the best level at the age of 6-10. P50 was 4.8 in 3-4 years old, 4.9 in 5-8 years old, 5.0 in 9 years old and above. The area under ROC curve of uncorrected visual acuity predicting refractive abnormality increased with age, with the lowest value of 0.55(95%CI=0.50-0.61) at 3 years old and the highest value of 0.95 (95%CI=0.94-0.96) at 12-18 years old. The Youden index was the highest for P25 at 3-6 years old, and the highest for P10 at 7 years old and above. With the increase of the cut-off value, the sensitivity increased and the specificity decreased.  Conclusion  The uncorrected visual acuity increases gradually with age, and reaches the best level after 6-10 years old. The screening effect of uncorrected visual acuity predicting refractive abnormality increased with age. It is suggested that the referral threshold of children and adolescents with abnormal uncorrected visual acuity should be set according to their ages, and P25-P75 can be selected according to the screening purposes.
Correlation analysis of tactile abnormality and clinical symptoms of children in autism spectrum disorders
ZHAI Jinhe, WANG Xiaomin, FAN Lili, LI Qi, XIA Wei, SUN Caihong, WANG Jia
2021, 42(6): 898-901, 905. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.06.023
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  Objective  To explore whether children in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) have more obvious tactile abnormalities than healthy children, and to analyze the correlation between tactile abnormalities and clinical symptoms of autism, so as to provide a scientific basis for intervening and treating tactile abnormalities among the children with autism.  Methods  Totally 265 ASD children aged 3.02-10.66 years who received rehabilitation training in designated rehabilitation institutions for autism in Heilongjiang Province were collected as case group, and 223 healthy children aged 3.15-10.99 years were recruited as control group in Harbin kindergartens and primary schools according to the principle of gender and age matching. The Short Sensory Profile (SSP) was used to evaluate children's tactile behavior, and the differences between the two groups, as well as the scores of different genders and ages were analyzed. At the same time, Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS) was used to evaluate the clinical manifestations of ASD children. Spearman correlation analysis was used to explore the correlation between tactile behavior and autism symptoms.  Results  The tactile score of SSP in ASD group [33(33, 35)] was lower than that in control group[34(31, 35)], and the difference was statistically significant(Z=-2.73, P<0.05); And the proportion of tactile abnormality grade (possible abnormality and obvious abnormality) in ASD group (19.6%) was higher than that in control group(11.7%)(χ2=5.72, P<0.05). At the same time, the tactile sensation between the two groups of boys was significantly different(Z=-2.17, P<0.05). There was a negative correlation between SSP tactile scores in ASD group and clinical scale scores including SRS social cognition, social communication and scale scores, Autism Behavior Checklist(ABC), Childhood Autism Behavior Scale(CARS), non-verbal communication of Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised(ADI-R)(r=-0.23, -0.28, -0.28, -0.35, -0.17, -0.27, P<0.05).  Conclusion  Autistic children show more obvious tactile abnormalities than healthy children, which is more significant in boys. And there is a correlation between tactile abnormalities and clinical manifestations such as autism social disorder.
Clustering of Staphylococcus aureus carriage among kindergarten children in Liuzhou
LI Wenyu, CHEN Minqi, WANG Xulin, FU Jinjian, XU Shaolin, YE Xiaohua
2021, 42(6): 902-905. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.06.024
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  Objective  To explore clustering and risk factors of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) carriage among kindergarten children in Liuzhou.  Methods  Two-sided nasal swabs were collected from 1 702 children in Liuzhou from April to June 2018. Parents of all the children were investigated by questionnaires. The random-effect Logistic regression was used to analyze the clustering and risk factors of S. aureus carriage.  Results  The carriage rate of S. aureus among kindergarten children was 16.3%. The random-effect Logistic regression model indicated that the class-level random effect of S. aureus carriage among children was statistically significant(Z=2.12, P<0.01). Children aged 6 to 7 years (OR=2.18, 95%CI=1.45-3.27) and 5 years (OR=1.65, 95%CI=1.08-2.50) had higher carriage rates of S. aureus than those aged 3-4 years. The history of antibiotic using (OR=1.45, 95%CI=1.05-2.01) and skin and soft tissue infections (OR=1.36, 95%CI=1.04-1.79) in the previous year were risk factors of S. aureus carriage among children.  Conclusion  The class-level clustering of S. aureus carriage is observed in healthy children. Age, history of antibiotic usage and history of skin and soft tissue infections are associated with risk of S. aureus carriage among preschool children.
Dietary factors associated with overweight and obesity in primary school students in Shenyang
LI Chenyang, XIAO Zhe, SUN Qi, LIU Yang, WEI Wei, ZHAI Lingling, BAI Yinglong, JIA Lihong
2021, 42(6): 906-909, 913. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.06.025
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  Objective  To understand the prevalence of overweight and obesity, dietary habits and main food intake frequency among primary school students in Shenyang, so as to provide a reference for exploring the effect of diet-related factors on the development of overweight and obesity in children.  Methods  A total of 2 041 students from two primary schools in a certain district of Shenyang were selected by convenience sampling in May 2017, with height and weight measured, meanwhile the questionnaire survey regarding dietary habits and the frequency of main food intake were administered.  Results  The rates of overweight and obesity were 18.4% and 22.1% respectively, and the rate of overweight and obesity in boys (21.0%, 27.8%) were significantly higher than that in girls (15.8%, 16.2%)(χ2=22.45, 53.40, P<0.01). The results of univariate analysis showed that frequency of eating breakfast, eating speed, appetite, picky eaters or not, and the frequency of fruit, seafood and canned food intake were associated with overweight and obesity in primary school students (χ2=7.67, 97.92, 229.70, 95.88, 6.40, 6.58, 7.96, P<0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that slow eating speed (OR=0.46, 95%CI=0.29-0.69) and normal eating speed (OR=0.47, 95%CI=0.32-0.69) were associated with lower rates of overweight and obesity; good appetite (OR=43.73, 95%CI=5.88-325.36) was associated with higher rates of overweight and obesity in primary school students (P<0.01).  Conclusion  The detection rate of overweight and obesity is relatively high among primary school students in Shenyang, and the rate of obesity is already higher than that of overweight; The frequency of common food intake has little impact on the development of overweight and obesity in primary school students, but fast eating speed and good appetite are the risks of overweight and obesity among them.
Current status and associated factors of fatigue among junior high and senior high school students in Suzhou City
QIU Wanqing, XU Yong
2021, 42(6): 910-913. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.06.026
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  Objective  The purpose of this study is to investigate the current status and associated factors of fatigue among adolescents in Suzhou and to provide reference for improving adolescent fatigue.  Methods  A general information questionnaire and the Fatigue Scale-14 (FS-14) were administered among 16 109 junior high and senior high school students from 20 schools in six districts of four cities in Suzhou, using stratified cluster random sampling.  Results  The physical fatigue score, mental fatigue score and total fatigue score of the participants were (3.90±2.24) (2.26±1.71) and (6.16±3.56) points, respectively. Gender, grade, academic performance, study time, exercise frequency, exercise duration, whether from a single parent family, living environment, family members frequently reported fatigue, and social support from around showed associations with adolescent fatigue score by the multiple linear regression analysis(B=0.35, 1.16, -0.50, 0.50, -0.26, -0.27, 0.32, 0.31, 1.19, -0.49, P<0.01). Conclusion The fatigue scores of adolescents in Suzhou are relatively high. Special preventive measures should be formulated to reduce the impact of fatigue symptoms on adolescents.
Epidemiological characteristics of 14 clusters and outbreaks of Norovirus infection in Nan'an District of Chongqing in 2018
TANG Xiaoqing, ZHU Ling, WU Xiaohua, ZENG Dewei, LUO Chunyu, QIN Jing, DENG Wenwen
2021, 42(6): 914-916. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.06.027
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  Objective  To analyze of epidemiological and etiological characteristics of 14 norovirus clusters or outbreak in Nan'an District, for comprehensive prevention and control measures for norovirus infections in the region.  Methods  Data were collected from the emergency public health event management information system of China Disease Prevention and Control Information System, and were analyzed by using descriptive epidemiological method.  Results  In 2018, 14 cases of norovirus infection clusters and outbreaks were reported in Nan'an District, accounting for 63.64% of the total number of incidents in the region. A total of 268 cases were reported, with an average incidence of 2.19%; the outbreak occurred mainly in November(n=6); kindergartens reported the most outbreak(n=7), followed by primary schools(n=5); the median duration of the outbreak was 2.80 days; and 14 outbreaks were caused by the GII-type genome of norovirus, with the main transmission routes being human-to-hnuman transmission.  Conclusion  The prevalence of norovirus outbreaks tends to be higher in schools, it is necessary to strengthen the monitoring of vomiting and diarrhea symptoms in collective units such as schools, and efforts should be promoted for implementation of all levels of prevention and control measures in school.
Analysis of the characteristics of falls among Chinese primary and middle school students in 2018
LU Zhiming, YE Pengpeng, WANG Yuan, DUAN Leilei, ER Yuliang
2021, 42(6): 917-921. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.06.028
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  Objective  To analyze the characteristics distribution of falls among students aged 6-17 in 2018, and to provide data support for preventing falls among students and formulating the corresponding policies.  Methods  Data of falls among students aged 6-17 in China in 2018 were collected from the the National Injury Surveillance System (NISS) for analyzing its demographic characteristics, injury occurrence and clinical traits of falling.  Results  In total, 42 735 cases of fall aged 6-17 were collected from the NISS in China in 2018, which accounted for 54.03% of all cases, with a sex ratio of 2.34∶1, the proportion of students aged 6-11 was the highest(53.78%). The proportion of falls from March to June was the highest(42.12%), and the peak time when falls occurred was forenoon 10:00-10:59(8.40%). School and school-related area(40.40%), home(18.96%) and public residential institution (15.35%) were the sites where falls mainly occurred. The top three activities when falls occurred were leisure activities(47.41%), sports activities(23.90%) and walking(9.77%). Bruise/scrape(54.49%), sprain/strain(21.98%) and fracture(12.69%) were the major nature of injury. The most common body parts falls involved were lower limbs(34.71%), head(29.85%) and upper limbs(25.10%). The injury of falling was mainly characterized by mild ones(83.44%).  Conclusion  There were more cases of falls on students aged 6-17 from the NISS in China in 2018, mainly males. The epidemiological characteristics were relatively variable, so targeted prevention program of falls should be conducted.
An investigation of bacillary dysentery outbreaks in three schools in Ankang
YUAN Lingyun, CHEN Guo, ZHANG Yi, NING Shaoqi, ZHANG Zhankui, YANG Min, CHEN Yuanhui, JIAO Huan, DU Dongdong, LIU Wanjing, JIANG Wei
2021, 42(6): 922-924. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.06.029
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  Objective  To investigate risk factors and epidemiological characteristics of bacillary dysentery outbreaks in three schools, and to provide scientific basis for the prevention and control of the epidemic in the future.  Methods  Case definition was established. All suspected, possible and confirmed cases of all students and faculty members from 3 schools (A, B, C) were selected for epidemiological investigation. Control group was used for case-control analysis, and relevant samples were collected for laboratory testing.  Results  A total of 132 cases were found in 3 schools, all of which were from students, with the incidence rate of 17.74%. The morbidity in kindergarten A was 20.00%, in center primary school B it was 21.74%, and in junior middle school C it was 11.61%. Cohort studies and case-control studies suggested that schools are exposed places and that washing hands with raw water in schools was possible risk factor. Nine stool samples were tested in laboratory, among which 8 were positive for Shigella(88.99%), and Shigella was detected in the end nodes of school's pipeline network, the water samples from canteen bucket, and the floor drains of sewer pipe.  Conclusion  The bacillary dysentery outbreaks in 3 schools was caused by Shigella, which may be due to fecal contamination of domestic water in 3 schools before the start of the school year. It is suggested to strengthen the management of centralized water supply and construction in rural areas, intensify the supervision at all levels, and sanitation and disinfection before school opens at all levels.
Health risk assessment of heavy metals in direct drinking water among middle and primary schools in Huangpi District of Wuhan
LI Liqing, HUANG Yanli, LIU Yanjie
2021, 42(6): 925-927. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.06.030
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  Objective  To analyze heavy metal health risks of direct drinking water in primary and secondary schools in Huangpi District, Wuhan, so as to provide reference basis for ensuring drinking water safety of teachers and students.  Methods  Cadmium (Cd), Plumbum (Pb) and arsenic (As) in water samples from primary and secondary schools were detected in accordance with the GB/T 5750-2006 "Standard Examination  Methods  for Drinking Water", water quality was evaluated based on the Quality Standard for Fine Drinking Water(CJ 94-2005). Health risk assessment model was used to evaluate the potential risk of heavy metals in direct drinking water in primary and secondary schools.  Results  The unqualified rates of Pb, Cd and As were 0.95%, 1.22% and 0 in 66 primary and secondary schools in Huangpi District, Wuhan. The risk of noncarcinogens related to the direct drinking water of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, As) were less than 1. The range of carcinogenic risks related to the direct drinking water was within the range of 1.07×10-8/year -5.58×10-6/year which were both within the acceptable level.  Conclusion  Concentrations of cadmium, plumbum and arsenic were not found to be significantly elevated as compared to "Quality Standard for Fine Drinking Water" in Huangpi District of Wuhan. Pb and Cd slightly exceeded the standard, with no significant health risk. Water quality and health risk assessment should be strengthened to ensure the safety of drinking water for teachers and students.
Public health emergencies in schools and economic loss in Luoyang from 2010 to 2019
TANG Ying, REN Yafei, ZHU Xin.
2021, 42(6): 928-930. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.06.031
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  Objective  To analyze public health emergencies in schools and associated economic loss in Luoyang from 2010 to 2019, and to provide suggestions for developing evaluation mechanism for economic loss of public health emergencies in school settings.  Methods  Data of public health emergencies in schools during 2010-2019 in Luoyang was analyzed by descriptive epidemiological method; the integrity and logicality of the economic losses reports in emergencies were assessed; the overall economic losses of emergent events of public health in schools were evaluated.  Results  Among the 60 public health emergencies reported during 2010 to 2019 in Luoyang, 24 (40.00%) occurred in schools. Infectious diseases accounted for 91.67%(22). The peaks of public health emergencies were in May and December. Among the 24 public health emergencies, 50.00%(12) occurred in primary schools, with 386 (58.22%) cases. Nearly 75.00% (18/24) of public health emergencies in schools were reported, among them, reports with reasonable integrity accounted for 5.56% (1/18) and reports with logicality accounted for 38.89% (7/18). The highest integrity rate was found in disease prevention and control system (75.00%), while health supervision and law enforcement ranked the lowest (20.83%). According to the economic losses, the expense used for disease control and prevention was in front of the row(¥429 000), while the expense used for health supervision ranked at the bottom(¥20 800).  Conclusion  The reporting rate of economic losses of school public health emergencies in Luoyang is relatively high, but there is still a big gap in the integrality and logicality of the data. It is necessary to improve the standard of direct network reports of economic losses and to establish an effective evaluation mechanism for accurately responding to public health emergencies and evaluating economic losses.
Longitudinal analysis of myopia and refractive errors screening results in adolescents in a community in Shanghai
ZHU Tianzhu, YUAN Ye, ZHOU Zhihui, HUANG Li, SHEN Huihua, QU Xiaomeng, CHI Sihan
2021, 42(6): 931-934. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.06.032
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  Objective  To understand the longitudinal changes of refractive errors in adolescent myopia screening in the suburb of Shanghai, and to provide reference for targeted measures of myopia prevention and intervention.  Methods  By using the cluster sampling method, 1 346 students were selected from two primary schools in a town in the suburb of Shanghai. Physical development indicators and refractive examination parameters of non-ciliary muscle paralysis, and uncorrected visual acuity in 2017 and 2020 were collected from the Shanghai adolescent refractive development file. Longitudinal change of spherical equivalent (SE) refractive were assessed. A linear regression model was used to examine the relationship between the rate of SE change with characteristics of the students.  Results  The average annual incidence of myopia was 16.36%, and the SE degrees of the left and right eyes of myopia students decreased by 225 degrees for three years. Girls (right eye Z=-4.33; left eye Z=-3.75, P < 0.01), newly-onset myopia and persistent myopia (right eye Z=634.45; left eye Z=638.85, P < 0.01) was a key for the rapid progress of refractive power.  Conclusion  The proportion of students with severe low vision is relatively high, and the apparent shifts toward more hyperopia in myopia students call for effective prevention and control programs based on changes in refractive to slow the progression of adolescent myopia.
Evaluation on the risk management effect of cluster infectious disease in schools of Jingzhou
XIAO Lin, ZHAO Bing, ZHAO Yongsheng, CHENG Lin
2021, 42(6): 935-938. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.06.033
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  Objective  To evaluate the effect of risk management on cluster infectious disease prevention and control in schools, and to provide a scientific basis for the further development of its methods and strategies.  Methods  A two-year risk management program of cluster infectious disease control and prevention in 92 schools was carried out in urban area of Jingzhou. In the process of intervention, comprehensive measures were implemented, such as improving organizational management and rules, strengthening routine hygiene management, supervising the implementation of epidemic prevention and control measures, increasing training and guidance. On-site investigation was conducted to evaluate the risk management effects before and after the risk management, with the other 7 counties of Jingzhou having got no risk management chosen as the control group.  Results  Through two-year risk management, the implementation rate covering all aspects regarding cluster infectious disease prevention and control were 6.5-45.7 percentage point higher than that before. The proportion of low and medium risk school increased by 19.6 and 5.4 percentage point, respectively, while the proportion of high-risk schools decreased by 25.0 percentage point(Z=7.41, P < 0.01). The annual incidence of clustered infectious diseases in 92 schools decreased by 23.9 percentage point. Compared with other counties in Jingzhou City, the trend of decline was significant(χ2=18.17, P < 0.01).  Conclusion  Risk management can effectively improve the implementation rate of prevention and control measures regarding epidemic disease in schools, reduce risk severity, and decrease the incidence of cluster infectious diseases.
Research progress on sleep and allergic diseases in children and adolescents
LI Rong, HUANG Lili, WU Yani, LONG Siru, LI Shenghui
2021, 42(6): 939-943. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.06.034
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In recent years, the incidence of allergic diseases in children and adolescents has been on the rise globally, which has become an important public health problem. It is important to identify modifiable risk factors for allergic diseases in this group. In this paper, through research review on the association between sleep behavior and allergic diseases in children and adolescents, it is suggested that sleep deficiency, sleep disorder and sleep rhythm disturbance are closely related to children's allergic diseases, which provides a new concept for prevention of allergic diseases through sleep behavioral improvement.
Research progress on the effect of late bedtime on children's mental and physical development
WANG Lianzhen, SUN Kuili
2021, 42(6): 944-949. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.06.035
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Sleeping timely plays a key and complex role in maintaining health and optimal function. This review analyzed the relationship between late bedtime and children's growth and development and its physiological mechanism, and proposed some strategies. Staying up late was associated with brain structure / cortical function, cognitive ability, academic performance, behavioral problems, emotional regulation, obesity-related indicators and other health problems. The mechanism might include direct or indirect effects os staying up late on brain structure/cortical function (by circadian rhythm disorder and sleep loss) through the interference of light and external environmental signals, thus affecting the growth and development. Sleep education, establishment of sleep norms and training of self-control are effective strategies to promote sleep timely.
Current situation and advances in road transportation safety among children
LI Kuinan, NIU Yushuo, SUN Mengke, YU Pengli, HAN Xuena, YANG Xiuling
2021, 42(6): 950-955,960. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.06.036
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Abstract:
In China, road traffic injury has been the 2nd leading cause of death for minors aging from 1 to 14 years old, has become an urgent public health problem in China. This paper introduces the current situation of children's road traffic accident injuries. Based on Haddon's model, the influencing factors of children's road traffic safety are summarized into two aspects: individual and environmental levels. Also it puts forward targeted strategies for children road safety, including improving the relevant laws and regulations system, releasing commercial insurance into children CRS evaluation criteria, improving the safety awareness level of parents, strengthening the campus traffic safety education and optimizing the road safety protection facilities, all of which could contribute to protect child safety, thus providing reference for China to improve the road traffic safety education for children.
Application of life course theoretical models in the relationship between exposure to early life adversity and psychopathology symptoms
LIU Wanxu, SUN Ying
2021, 42(6): 956-960. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.06.037
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Abstract:
Early life adversity is related to multiple forms of psychopathology throughout the lifespan. However, relatively little is known about the way in which the characteristics of adversity influence subsequent mental health outcomes. The development of life course theoretical models provides a fresh perspective that aims to determine the causal association between early adversity and psychopathology. This article reviews research studies which applied one or more theoretical models, including the sensitive period, risk accumulation, risk chain, and recency models, to capture the relationship between exposure to early life adversity and psychopathology, so as to identify how early interventions can be improved.