中国学校卫生

Policy-and strategy-driven approaches to major disease prevention and school health promotion for children and adolescents

TAO Fangbiao

2022, 43(1): 1-5. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.01.001

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Children and adolescents are going through a critical stage with unique opportunities for healthy growth and development, which are supported and ensured by school health promotion. A large proportion of children and adolescents are currently affected by multiple physical and mental health problems in China, including myopia, obesity and depression. The national government has designed policies at the top tier for health promotion, e.g. Health Action Plan for Children and Adolescents and the Mental Health Action Plan for Children and Adolescents. Both researchers and practitioners in school health should make use of these opportunities for health development promotion among children and adolescents in China in the following strategies: four-level of disease prevention, life course approach, the combination of universal and targeted population intervention, as well as health in all policies approach to integrate disease prevention and and health promotion. This editorial proposes a comprehensive policy-and strategy-driven model for children's myopia prevention and control based on update advances in myopia management theory and clinical practice.

Health promotion is the fundamental purpose of students' physical fitness monitoring

LI Hongjuan, DAI Xiaotong

2022, 43(1): 6-9. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.01.002

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Student physical fitness is a common concern of all countries in the world, and many countries have carried out the monitoring of students' physical fitness routinely. In the new era, the fundamental purpose of student physical fitness monitoring is health promotion. The emphases of research and practice in students physical fitness and school health promotion includes: formulating physical fitness evaluation standards which is related to the current and long-term health outcomes; focusing on the individual and strengthening the feedback and applications of monitoring results; tracking students' physical fitness and health changes in a long-term and multi-dimensional manner from the individual level, and developing a more open monitoring index system; providing personalized physical health guidance, in order to cultivate a healthy lifestyle and develop lifelong sports habits; combining with health promotion school, creating the environments of physical, supportive humanistic and policy that are conducive to physical fitness and health, and comprehensively improving students' physical literacy.

National strategies and policy priorities for adolescent health promotion

LIU Peijun

2022, 43(1): 10-13. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.01.003

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COVID-19 is driving profound changes in global governance of human health. At the historical intersection of healthy China and the calls on building China into education powerhouse, adolescent health has become the core concern of China. Based on the practical work in school health in China, this paper makes adolescent health a priority and adolescent health promotion as a policy rationale, reviews the background of the current adolescent health promotion policy and interprets the overall thinking in the process of policy design, unconventional strategies, breakthrough policies, pilot projects and cutting-edge technologies. Beyond that, this editorial also analyzes the policy focus comprehensively, and describes the current and future national implementation of the strategy and plan of action, from a broader scope of education, health and public health under the national blueprint on Healthy China 2030 and China's Education Modernisation Plan towards 2035.

Correlation between physical activity and nutritional status among Chinese children and adolescents

REN Shanshan, WAN Qin, YIN Xiaojian, WU Huipan, WANG Jinxian, ZHANG Xiang, HOU Yuxin

2022, 43(1): 14-18. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.01.004

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Objective To explore the correlation between physical activity and nutritional status of Chinese children and adolescents, and to provide references for the healthy development of Chinese adolescents. Methods According to the six administrative regions of China (East China, Northwest China, North China, Central China, Southwest China and South China), 4 269 children and adolescents aged 7 to 18 were selected by stratified random sampling method. "Physical Activity Level Evaluation Questionnaire" was used to conduct a physical activity survey. Chi-square test and non-parametric test were used to analyze the physical activity status. Results The overall detection rate of MVPA insufficiency in children and adolescents with normal BMI were 53.7%, 50.2%, 56.3%, and 52.5% in the wasting group, overweight and obese group, respectively. There was no significant difference in the detection rate of MVPA insufficiency between different nutritional status(χ²=2.55, P>0.05); but in the 7-9 years old age group, the difference in the detection rate of MVPA insufficiency between different nutritional status were statistically significant(χ²=10.35, 8.86, 15.88, P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in physical activity intensity and item types under different nutritional status (P>0.05). Conclusion There are age differences in the correlation between physical activity and nutritional status of children and adolescents in my country.Therefore, the differences between different groups should be fully considered while formulating intervention policies.

Relationship between body composition and physical condition of children and adolescents

ZHAO Bangwei, KONG Zhenxing, LI Hongjuan

2022, 43(1): 19-22. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.01.005

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Objective To investigate the correlation between fat mass percentage(FM%), fat mass index(FMI), fat-free mass index(FFMI), body mass index (BMI) and physical fitness, and to explore the potential value of body composition index in predicting physical exercise level of children and adolescents. Methods Data came from 2013 revision of National Students' Physical Health Standard of Ministry of Education in Beijing. Body composition of 4 069 children and adolescents aged 6-20 years in Beijing was measured by the BIA(inbody 230). FM, FMI, FFMI and BMI were divided into four groups by quartile method. The differences and trends of the four groups were analyzed by graphpad prism 8.0 software. Results FM% (20.03±10.39) and FMIS [(4.35±2.84)kg/m²] of oys were significantly lower than those of girls, while FFMI [(14.21±4.95)kg/m²] and BMI [(20.31±4.27)kg/m²] of boys were significantly higher than those of girls(t=-13.36, -7.66, 11.49, 8.16, P < 0.01). In boys, with the increase of FM% and FMI, the performance of 50 m, 1 000 m, standing long jump and pull-up showed a downward trend; with the increase of FFMI, the performance of 50 m, standing long jump and pull-up had an obvious upward trend. In girls, with the increase of FM% and FMI, the 50 m running time was gradually shortened, and the 800 m running time was gradually increasing; High FFMI was associated with higher performance in 50 m running, while no association was observed between FFMI and 800 m running.Four body composition indicators showed no effects on performance of sitting forward flexion and 1-minute sit-up. Conclusion FM%, FMI, FFMI and BMI have a good predictive effect on physical fitness of children and adolescents. Adolescents with higher FFMI, lower FM% and FMI have better muscle burst strength, muscle endurance, flexibility, aerobic ability and anaerobic ability, especially in boys.

Relationship between physical activity, motor skills and physical condition among 12-14 year-old adolescents

LI Chao, WANG Ronghui, FEI Xi, LI Hongjuan

2022, 43(1): 23-27. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.01.006

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Objective The purpose of this study is to explore the interactive correlations and the influence of physical activity and motor skills on physical condition of adolescents, in order to provide a theoretical basis for adolescent's physical fitness promotion. Methods Random cluster sampling method was used to select 164 adolescents aged 12-14. The development of motor skills was measured by MABC-2(Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2), and physical activity was measured by ActiGraph GT3X+ type accelerometer. Physical fitness test selected "Chinese National Students Physical Fitness Standard(CNSPFS)" (for middle school students) in the 1 000/800 meters run, standing long jump and sitting forward flexion. Pearson correlation was used to analyze the correlations among physical activity, motor skills and physical fitness, and multiple stepwise regression was used to analyze the influence of physical activity and motor skills on physical fitness. Results There was a low degree of positive correlation between physical activity and physical condition(r=0.24-0.30, P < 0.05); There was a low to moderate positive correlation between motor skills and physical condition(r=0.21-0.42, P < 0.05). Physical activity and BMI could explain for 31% of cardiorespiratory endurance. Physical activity, object control and BMI could explain for 26% of muscle strength, balance skills could explain for 5% of flexibility. Conclusion There is a low to moderate correlation between physical activity, motor skills and physical fitness. Physical activity and motors skills are associated with adolescent's physical fitness level. Comprehensive interventions that promote the development of motor skills and participation in physical activity have practical significance for improving adolescents' physical fitness.

Influence of family support on the physical activities and motor skills of children and adolescents

LIU Xing, ZHANG Liu, ZHANG Ting, CHEN Leqin, YAN Wenjing, LI Hongjuan

2022, 43(1): 28-32, 37. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.01.007

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Objective To explore the relationship between family background and parental support and adolescents' physical activity and motor skills, and to provide a corresponding theoretical basis for the health promotion of children and adolescents in China. Methods From November to December 2019, 140 junior high school students aged 12-14 years in a junior high school in Shanxi Province were selected, and physical activity was recorded for 7 days using an ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometer. The Activity Support Scale for Children (ACTS-CN) was used to evaluate parents' support and attitude towards children's activities and behaviors. The Canadian Agility and Movement Skill Assessment (CAMSA) was used to evaluate the motor ability development of adolescents. Results The daily participation time in moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) was (40.57±13.54) and (31.65±9.98) min for males and females, respectively, with a statistically significant difference (t=4.44, P < 0.05); The average motor skill scores were (10.8±1.9) and (10.1±1.9), and completion times were (17.7±2.8) and (19.1±2.5)s, respectively; regression analyses showed that mothers' education, monthly household income, mothers' attention to children's exercise and fathers' support for club participation were all significantly associated with adolescents' MVPA (B=-0.28, -0.16, -0.16, 0.18, P < 0.05). Parental provision of exercise space was significantly associated with motor ability (r=0.17, 0.17, P < 0.05). Conclusion Parents with higher levels of education have a more positive influence on their children's physical activity participation. Parental presence can contribute to a certain extent to the level of physical activity of adolescents, and a supportive environment provided from parents can positively influence the level of motor skills of adolescents.

Analysis of dietary quality of preschool left-behind children by using the revised Chinese diet balance index

SHU Li, LI Xiaolu, QIU Mengting, LI Mengyao

2022, 43(1): 33-37. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.01.008

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Objective To evaluate the dietary quality by adjusted diet balance index (DBI_16) of preschool left-behind children in Anhui Province, and to provide a reference for rapidly and accurately evaluating their nutrition condition. Methods During September to December of 2018, selected 306 left-behind children and 598 non left-behind children aged 3-6 years old of Anhui Province in total. Four scoring methods (TS-total score, LBS-Low Bound Score, HBS-High Bound Score, DQD-Diet Quality Distance) were used to evaluate the dietary quality by Diet Balance Index Revision (DBI_16), and scores were compared to reflect the diet quality of preschool children in LBC group and NLBC group. Results The score of TS (-18.2, -16.1) in LBC group was lower than that of NLBC group, the scores of LBS(24.8, 23.1), HBS (7.9, 6.4) and DQD (35.9, 34.4) in LBC group were higher than that of NLBC group(Z=-46.02, 12.45, 4.14, 4.78, P < 0.05). The daily intake of vegetables, fruits, animal food, milk, soybean and drinking water were obviously under the RNI, the dietary intake scores of milk(-4.1, -2.7), animal food (-2.2, -0.8) and food species (-7.4, -6.2) in LBC group were higher than that in NLBC group(Z=-26.42, 13.51, -6.59, P < 0.01). About 44.1% of the preschool LBC were in moderate or severe deficit of food intake, 66.0% of the LBC were in the higher level of dietary imbalance, the LBC group's excessive and imbalance problem were of significant differences than those in the NLBC group (χ²=15.79, 11.51, P < 0.05). Conclusion The dietary quality of preschool children in Anhui Province should be improved, the main diet problem was the dietary imbalance, which was related to deficiency in nutrients intake. The scores of DBI_16 in LBC group were significant different with those in NLBC group, it is necessary to take specific intervention to increase the intake of milk, eggs and fruits among preschool children.

Public opinion and attitude towards COVID-19 vaccination among parents of middle school students

SUN Hui

2022, 43(1): 38-40. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.01.009

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Objective To explore the impact of public opinion on the attitude towards COVID-19 vaccination among parents of middle school students aged 12 to 17 years. Methods A total of 477 parents of middle school students were recruited online and offline. News reports and virtual online comments on the vaccination of children aged 12 to 17 were provided for them to read, after which all the parents reported their attitude towards COVID-19 vaccination for their child. Results Totally 73.55% of parents were willing to vaccinate their child. In addition, public opinion showed significant impacts on parental attitude towards COVID-19 vaccination (F=67.89, P < 0.01). After reading positive opinions (4.02±0.91), parental willingness to vaccinate was significantly higher than other comment conditions; Under the influence of negative opinions (2.56±0.88), parents' willingness to child vaccination was significantly lower than other opinion groups; There was no significant difference (P=0.77) between the neutral opinion group (3.71±0.79) and the control group (3.68±0.81). Conclusion The attitude towards child COVID-19 vaccination among parents of middle school students might be influenced by public opinions. Guidance on public opinion is key for child COVID-19 vaccination improvement.

Nutritional literacy and influencing factors among students from Nutrition Improvement Program for Rural Compulsory Education Students in Chongqing

LI Shengping, ZENG Mao, XIE Changxiao, XU Qi, ZHAO Yong

2022, 43(1): 41-44, 52. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.01.010

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Objective To analyze the nutritional literacy and influencing factors among students from Nutrition Improvement Program for Rural Compulsory Education Students (NIPRCES) in Chongqing, and to provide a scientific basis for improving the nutritional literacy of middle school students in the NIPRCES. Methods Using cross-sectional survey, a total of 3 365 students in the grade 7 and 8 were selected from the middle schools in 12 national pilot districts and 2 Chongqing pilot districts by online survey in September 2020. Students filled out a self-designed nutritional literacy questionnaire anonymously. The relative evaluation method was used to convert the nutritional literacy of scores into a percentile, and the median score was used as the criterion for qualified nutritional literacy screening. Results The median score of nutritional literacy of participants was 63.5, and 64.2% achieved the qualified level. The results of multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that boarding school (OR=1.28, 95%CI=1.08-1.51) and no parents as the primary caregiver (OR=1.22, 95%CI=1.05-1.42) were associated with poor nutritional literacy. Urban residence (OR=0.75, 95%CI=0.63-0.90), NIPRCES local pilot (OR=0.83, 95%CI=0.71-0.97) and high paternal education (OR=0.70, 95%CI=0.52-0.95) were associated with higher nutritional literacy (P < 0.01). Classroom was the main channel for students to obtain nutrition information at present (65.1%) and in the future (72.8%). Conclusion The nutritional literacy among students in the NIPRCES in Chongqing needs to be improved. Nutritional literacy level of students can be strengthened by nutritional education in boarding schools, rural areas, national pilot areas, and primary caregivers.

Meta-analysis of effectiveness of different exercises on inflammatory response in obese adolescents

LIU Jingqi, LU Jiandong, LIANG Tongjing, CHEN Shuning, SU Hao

2022, 43(1): 45-52. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.01.011

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Objective To systematically evaluate effectiveness of exercises on inflammatory response among obese adolescents. Methods By searching CNKI, PubMed, Web of Science, EBSCOhost and other databases, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on the influence of different exercises on inflammatory indicators in obese adolescents were collected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Cochrane evaluation tools were conducted methodological studies on the included literature quality evaluation, and RevMan 5.3 analysis software was used for statistical analysis. Results A total of 21 RCTs were included, involving 1 020 subjects. The results of Meta-analysis showed that aerobic training (AT) and aerobic plus resistance training (AT+RT) could significantly reduce BMI, serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and leptin levels in obese adolescents. In addition, the effects of AT+RT on pro-inflammatory CRP (MD=-0.52, 95%CI=-0.75--0.30, P < 0.01), leptin (MD=-7.20, 95%CI=-10.45--3.94, P < 0.01) and anti-inflammatory adiponectin (MD=1.28, 95%CI=1.01-1.55, P < 0.01) were stronger than AT. High intensity interval training (HIIT) was associated with BMI reduction (MD=-1.14, 95%CI=-1.92--0.36, P < 0.01) and increased adiponectin in obese adolescents (MD=1.79, 95%CI=1.09-2.50, P < 0.01), and HIIT was superior in improving adiponectin level in obese adolescents than AT and AT+RT. Conclusion Long-term and regular AT, AT+RT and HIIT can reduce inflammation in obese adolescents. HIIT is a notable exercise method for obese adolescents to resist inflammation.

Establishment of an assessment questionnaire of students' visual protection health literacy for kindergarten, primary and secondary school teachers

WANG Yujie, LYU Pingping, YIN Cancan, SHI Jiaojiao, SHI Huijing

2022, 43(1): 53-57. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.01.012

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Objective To development teacher health literacy on students' visual protection questionnaire for kindergarten, primary and middle schools, and to provide a basis for quantitative assessment of visual protection health literacy of school teachers. Methods Based on official documents related to prevention and control of myopia as well as the integrated definition of health literacy of WHO Europe, the framework for technical evaluation was established. Totally 24 multi-disciplinary experts in related fields conducted two-round Delphi expert consultation. Evaluation items, questions and corresponding weights were determined based on experts' opinions and scores. Results In two rounds of Delphi consultation, the response rates were 83.3% and 79.2% respectively, and the authority coefficient was 0.91. The final questionnaire was composed by dimensions of core knowledge of myopia, daily instruction, guidance for myopic behaviors, promotion of outdoor activities, and creation of teaching light environment, including 30 and 23 items for middle and primary school teachers and kindergarten teachers respectively. The coefficient of variation (CV) of the five dimensions ranged from 0.07 to 0.15, and that of each question ranged from 0.08 to 0.29. Expert opinions were accordant and credible. Conclusion A reliable questionnaire of teacher health literacy on students' visual protection health literacy for school teachers is established, which can be used as the entry point and effectiveness evaluation basis for the school-based intervention of myopia.

Correlation between different types of malocclusions and body image issues in college students

WU Tingyun, RUAN Qiong, CHEN Yunqiao, PENG Lan

2022, 43(1): 58-61,66. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.01.013

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Objective To explore the correlation between malocclusion and body image issues in college students. Methods A total of 1 851 students in three universities in Jingmen were selected by using stratified cluster sampling method. Angle's classification of malocclusion was used to determine the number of three types of malocclusions. Body image issues were self-reported and its relationship with different types of malocclusions was explored. Results The proportions of Classes Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ malocclusion in college students with malocclusion were 71.21%, 16.32%, and 12.47%, respectively. The detection rates of body image issues among students with Classes Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ malocclusions were 36.64%, 54.78% and 65.83%, respectively. No significant difference were found in the detection rates of sexual organ issues and gender issues in college students with different types of malocclusions(χ²=0.75, 0.53, P>0.05). There were significant differences in the detection rates of appearance troubles (27.59%, 33.12%, 50.83%) and stature troubles (24.09%, 31.21%, 44.17%) in students with Classes Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ malocclusions(χ²=5.62, 2.89, P < 0.05). Conclusion The prevalence of body image issues in college students increases with severity of malocclusions. Appearance and stature troubles are issues mostly concerned among college students. Psychological evaluation for students with Class Ⅲ malocclusion should be especially emphasized when administrating orthodontic treatment. Jaw abnormalities; Oral hygiene; Mental health; Students

Screen use behavior before and after COVID-19 among primary and middle school students in Shanghai

YIN Cancan, SHI Jiaojiao, WANG Yujie, LYU Pingping, YAN Yujie, SHI Huijing

2022, 43(1): 61-66. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.01.014

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Objective The current situation and associated factors of primary and middle school students' screen time and related eye hygiene in different periods before and after COVID-19 were investigated, so as to provide a scientific basis for taking targeted measures of preventing and controlling myopia among those students. Methods A total of 11 402 students were selected from 24 primary schools, 18 junior high schools and 16 high schools by multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method. And a questionnaire survey was conducted among students and their parents to understand students' screen time and screen hygiene behaviors and related factors in different periods before and after the outbreak of COVID-19. Results The rate of screen overuse was 7.26%, 9.12% and 35.30% during school days, weekends and home study, respectively. The overuse rate of mobile phones and tablets at home increases with the increase of school stage. Totally 16.30% of students use mobile phones for online learning. The screen overuse rate of those who have not been diagnosed with myopia was lower than that of those who have been diagnosed during home study(OR=0.77, P < 0.05). The higher the parents' educational level was, the lower the screen overuse rate of children during the weekends became(P < 0.05). In any period, the high proportion of screens used in homework and poor home screen eye environment increased the risk of screen overuse and poor eye hygiene (P < 0.05). Parental good behavior was conducive to reducing the risk(OR=0.65-0.97, P < 0.05). When the family had regulation on the screen use time, the implementation of laxity would increase the risk of screen overuse (OR=1.18-2.48, P < 0.05). Conclusion The screen overuse rate of urban primary and middle school students during home study is high, and a certain proportion of students still use mobile phones for online learning. The proportion of screens used in homework, home screen eye environment and screen use management are related to screens overuse. More attention should be paid to those with myopia and low educational level of parents. Coronavirus; Fixation, ocular; Behavior; Regression analysis; Students

Associations between sugar-sweetened beverage intake and emotional and behavioral problems in preschoolers

ZHOU Xin, WANG Lei, PENG Lei, CHEN Jia, ZHANG Lei, TAO Fangbiao, JIN Wu, YAO Qingbing, SUN Lei

2022, 43(1): 67-71. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.01.015

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Objective To explore the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) and its association with behavioral problems in Chinese preschool children, and to provide a scientific basis for the prevention of behavioral problems of children. Methods A total of 7 634 children aged 3-6 years were chosen from kindergartens in 3 cities (Yangzhou, Xuzhou, Zhenjiang) in the lower reaches of Yangtze River using method of cluster sampling during October to November in 2017. Parental or guardian questionnaires were used to obtain information regarding child consumption of SSBs. The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) was used to assess children's emotional and behavioral problems. Multivariate Logistic regression model was used to explore the association between different SSBs intake frequency and children's behavioral problems. Results A total of 5 509(72.2%) consumed SSBs less than once a day, 830(10.9%) reported SSBs consumption once a day, and 1 295(16.9%) had 2 times or more intake of sugar-sweetened beverages per day. After adjusting for confounding factors including age, sex, BMI, family financial status, parental education, screen time, sleep duration, and physical activities duration, multiple Logistic regression model revealed that intake of SSBs once a day was associated with an increased risk of hyperactivity disorder (OR=1.26, 95%CI=1.01-1.57) and SDQ total difficulties (OR=1.44, 95%CI=1.14-1.82) in boys and with an increased risk of emotional symptoms (OR=1.34, 95%CI=1.02-1.76), conduct problems (OR=1.53, 95%CI=1.18-2.00), hyperactivity disorder (OR=1.79, 95%CI=1.42-2.27) and prosocial behavior (OR=1.48, 95%CI=1.14-1.91) in girls. Intake of SSBs≥2 times per day was associated with an increased risk of emotional symptoms (OR=1.28, 95%CI=1.02-1.59) and SDQ difficulties (OR=1.30, 95%CI=1.07-1.58) in boys and not with behavioral problems in girls. Conclusion Sex differences are observed with respect to the association between SSBs intake and behavioral problems in preschoolers, but no significant dose-response relationship was observed. More longitudinal studies are needed to further explore the association between SSBs intake and behavioral problems in preschool children as well as the underlying physiological mechanisms in future.

Influence of mindfulness group training on procrastination, self-esteem, self-efficacy of middle school students

ZHU Jingmin, LI Yawei

2022, 43(1): 72-76. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.01.016

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Objective To explore the influence of mindfulness group training on the procrastination, self-esteem and self-efficacy of middle school students, so as to provide a reference for mental health promotion of middle school students. Methods A total of 120 cases of middle school students selected by the stratified random sampling were randomly divided into observation group and control group, with 60 cases in each group. The control group did not accept any intervention, the observation group accepted mindfulness group training. The Five-factors of Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ), Chinese Irrational Procrastination Scale (IPS) and Active Procrastination Scale (APS), Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale (RSES), General Self-efficacy Scale (GSES) were measured before and after training. Results After training, the FFMQ score in the observation group was (122.87±18.48), significantly lower than (106.55±15.36) the control group(t=5.26, P < 0.05); the rate of low mindfulness in the observation group was significantly lower than the control group(8.33%, 33.33%, χ²=11.37, P < 0.05). The scores of IPS and APS in the observation group were (17.89±4.21) and (40.94±9.25), significantly lower than (28.67±5.43) and (55.64±10.82) the control group(t=-12.15, -8.00, P < 0.05); the rate of high procrastination behavior of IPS and APS in the observation group was 20.00% and 23.33%, significantly lower than 38.33% and 41.67% the control group(χ²=4.88, 4.60, P < 0.05). The scores of GSES and RSES scores in the observation group were (34.17±3.42) and (34.71±4.64), significantly higher than (30.09±3.35) and (30.23±4.23) the control group(t=6.60, 5.53, P < 0.05); the rate of low self-efficacy and low self-esteem in the observation group was 15.00% and 18.33%, significantly lower than 33.33% and 36.67% the control group(χ²=5.50, 5.06, P < 0.05). Conclusion Mindfulness group training is conducive to improving the level of mindfulness of middle school students, reducing the procrastination behavior, improving the self-esteem and self-efficacy, which can improve adolescents' physical and mental health. Physical education and training; Mental health; Ego; Intervention studies; Students

Association between online social anxiety in middle students with depressive symptoms and sleep quality

LIU Zhihong, ZHANG Shanshan

2022, 43(1): 77-81, 86. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.01.017

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Objective To identify the latent classes of various online social anxiety among middle school students and further analyze its correlation with depressive symptoms and sleep quality. Methods From October to December in 2020, a total of 1 402 students were randomly selected from 4 middle schools in Liaoning Province by convenient cluster random sampling method. Students completed the Social Anxiety Scale for Social Media Users(SAS-SMU), the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale(CES-D) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index(PSQI). Latent Profile Analysis(LPA) was used to identify online social anxiety types. Logistic regression analysis was used to explore the associations between online social anxiety, sleep quality. Results Online social anxiety among middle school students was classified into three potential categories: low online social anxiety type (47.00%, 659), medium online social anxiety type (43.37%, 608), and high online social anxiety type(9.63%, 135). Logistic regression analysis revealed that after controlling for demographic variables, medium online social anxiety type and high online social anxiety type significantly and positively predicted depressive symptoms (β=1.22, 2.23, P < 0.01) with sleep quality (β=0.85, 1.68, P < 0.01). Conclusion There is heterogeneity in online social anxiety among middle school students. Schools and families should pay attention to middle school students with high levels of online social anxiety to prevent depressive symptoms and sleep problems and to promote psychologically healthy development.

Association of mobile phone use with childhood abuse experiences and sleep quality in medical students

LI Ruoyu, LI Shuqin, JIANG Zhicheng, JIN Zhengge, WANG Rui, SONG Xianbing, ZHANG Shichen, WAN Yuhui

2022, 43(1): 82-86. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.01.018

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Objective To explore the mediating effect and gender difference of mobile phone use in the association between different types of childhood abuse experiences and sleep quality of medical students, so as to provide reference for promoting sleep quality of medical students. Methods A longitudinal study design method was used to select freshmen and sophomores in two medical colleges in Anhui Province from November to December 2019, follow-up data were collected from May to June 2020, and a total of 6 879 students were included in this study. Spearman correlation was used to analyze the association between baseline childhood abuse experiences, baseline mobile phone use and follow-up sleep quality. Bootstrap program and Process software were applied to test the mediating effect of mobile phone use in the relationship between childhood abuse and sleep quality. Results Childhood abuse experiences were positively correlated with mobile phone use and sleep quality score (r=0.27, 0.24, P < 0.01), and mobile phone use was positively correlated with sleep quality score (r=0.31, P < 0.01). In the total sample, after adjusting for confounding factors, mobile phone use played a partial mediating role in childhood abuse experiences (including emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse) and sleep quality, and the mediating effect was 18.08% (18.12%, 17.15%, 24.09%). The mediating effect of mobile phone use on the relationship between childhood emotional abuse, sexual abuse, childhood abuse and sleep quality in girls(18.32%, 28.05%, 18.24%) was higher than in boys(17.81%, 18.94%, 17.63%). Conclusion Mobile phone use has a mediating effect on the relationship between childhood abuse and sleep quality, controlling mobile phone overuse may contribute to improving the sleep quality for those who have experienced childhood abuse. Cellular phone; Child abuse; Mental health; Sleep; Students

Roles and peer status of campus bullying bystanders among middle school students

FU Na, ZHU Chunyue, XIE Xiaochen, ZHOU Yuying, YANG Liu

2022, 43(1): 87-91. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.01.019

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Objective Refine and understand the characteristics of different types of bystanders, in order to maximize the exploitation and utilization of bystanders as potential resources for anti-bullying, so as to provide more targeted guidance for the formulation of intervention programs. Methods In this study, 1 279 students from two middle schools in Beijing and Anhui Province and two high schools in Guangdong Province and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region were administered with Participation Role Questionnaire (PRQ) and Peer Nomination Questionnaire. Results There was a significant difference between male and female in the role of onlooker(χ²=96.92, P < 0.01). Female students were more likely to play the role of defender and outsider, while male students were more likely to play the role of reinforcer(χ²=31.87, P=0.01). And there were significant differences in the distribution of bystander roles in different grades. The chi-square test results were(χ²=456.26, P < 0.01). Conclusion The bystander plays an important role in the occurrence of bullying incidents. It is an important direction of school bullying intervention programs to promote the positive transformation from passive bystander to active bystander.

Prevalence of learning disabilities among middle school students in Beijing

HU Zhen, YU Xiaoming, LI Liubai, YANG Xinghua, ZHU Guangrong

2022, 43(1): 92-95. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.01.020

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Objective To understand the prevalence and distribution of learning disabilities among middle school students in Beijing. Methods By using stratified random cluster sampling, 6 365 students in grade one and grade two of 12 public middle schools in urban and rural in Beijing were selected. Criteria for learning disabilities included the following: on-campus healthy students without serious physical and mental diseases and normal IQ assessed by combined Raven intelligence test; positive in the teacher-rated Screening Scale for Middle School Students with Learning Disabilities; percentile ranking (below the bottom 10% percentile of grade) of the academic performance in the Chinese, mathematics and English tests. Results The learning disabilities of the subjects were determined by the teachers and it was found that the score of words reading, reading understanding, words spell, written expression, number calculation, mathematical reasoning and the total score of the scale were respectively (20.78±4.00, 18.16±4.35, 21.50±3.89, 20.06±3.92, 21.12±5.23. 18.67±5.35, 120.28±19.99) points. There were differences in the total score of learning ability between urban and rural areas, gender and grade. Urban area was better than rural area, girls were better than boys, and junior two students were better than junior one students(t=12.94, 9.94, 3.07, P < 0.05). A total of 445(7%) students with learning disabilities were detected. Reading disabilities accounted for 5.0%, dysgraphia 2.7% and math disabilities 4.6%. Prevalence of learning ability differed by urban-rural regions, gender and grade, with girls and students from urban areas and grade two being significantly lower(t=12.94, 9.94, 3.07, P < 0.05). Conclusion The prevalence of learning disabilities in middle school students is high, which needs more attention.

Non-suicidal self-injury behavior and its relationship with depression and anxiety in Mongolian college students

LI Lu

2022, 43(1): 96-99. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.01.021

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Objective To understand the non-suicidal self-injury(NSSI) behavior among Mongolian college students and its relations with depression and anxiety, and to provide reference for mental health prevention and intervention. Methods In April 2019, a stratified cluster sampling method was used to select 8 422 Mongolian college students from 5 colleges and universities in Hohhot. NSSI, depression and anxiety were collected. Results The proportion of NSSI, anxiety and depressive symptoms among Mongolian college students were 22.94%, 11.11%, and 28.57%, respectively. Male, non-medical major, introverted personality, and family disharmony were associated with higher detection rates of NSSI (χ²=9.20, 100.14, 60.71, 53.05, P < 0.01). The detection rate of anxiety among students in the fourth grade, non-medical majors, introverted personality, and disharmonious family was significantly higher compared to peers (χ²=28.45, 92.88, 60.22, 66.10, P < 0.01). The detection rate of depression among students in the fourth grade, non-medical major, introverted personality, and discordant parental relationships was higher (χ²=57.06, 58.45, 108.88, 136.30, P < 0.01). Logistic regression analysis showed that depression (OR=1.47, 95%CI=1.31-1.67), anxiety (OR=2.83, 95%CI=2.45-3.29) were positively correlated with the risk of NSSI (P < 0.01). Conclusion Non-suicidal self-injury behavior, depression and anxiety in Mongolian college students is high, and there are significant positive correlations between NSSI with depression and anxiety. Mental health education and intervention among college Mongolian students should be paid colse attention.

Effect of perceived discrimination on the psychological adaptation of children relocated to alleviate poverty: a longitudinal study

ZHAO Yan, ZHANG Xiang

2022, 43(1): 100-103. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.01.022

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Objective A longitudinal study design was used to explore the effect of perceived discrimination on the psychological adaptation of children relocated to alleviate poverty. Methods Four hundred twenty-six children who were relocated to alleviate poverty were measured three times using a perceived discrimination questionnaire, childhood depression inventory, and the Illinois loneliness questionnaire, the data were analyzed using a cross-lag model. Results Depression and loneliness of children relocated to alleviate poverty had an increasing trend during the three surveys(F=18.79, 8.69, P < 0.01). Perceived discrimination was positively correlated with depression and loneliness at the time points for the three surveys(r=0.23~0.55, P < 0.01). Cross-lag analysis showed that perceived discrimination in the pretest (Tn) significantly predicted posttest (Tn+1) depression (β=0.16, 0.20, P < 0.01) and perceived discrimination at time 2 significantly predicted loneliness (β=0.25, P < 0.01) at time 3. Conclusion Perceived discrimination was shown to be an important factor affecting the psychological adaptation of children relocated to alleviate poverty.

Relationship between screen time and gross motor development among preschool children

YANG Shaowen, LI Yang, JIA Minnan

2022, 43(1): 104-107. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.01.023

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Objective To analyze the relationship between screen time and gross motor development and to provide scientific basis for health promotion among preschool children. Methods In March 2021, gross motor of 373 children from 5 kindergartens in Baotou was tested by Test of Gross Motor Development (TGMD). Screen time (ST) was collected by parental questionnaire. Paired t-test was used to compare the screen time between working days and weekends, and independent sample t-test was used to compare the differences of children's motor development between different sexes. Results ST of children was (52.10±31.67) min/d during the week and (65.79±10.36) min/d during the weekend. There were significant differences in the total scores of gross motor and mobile motor of children in different sexes(t=2.35, 2.65, P < 0.05). The correlation between total screen time and gross motor, mobile motor and operant motor was statistically significant (r=-0.22--0.20, P < 0.01). Multiple linear regression showed that the time spent watching TV and the time spent using mobile phones during the week were the main factors affecting the gross motor development. Conclusion There is a significant negative correlation between children's screen time and gross motor development. It is important to reduce the time spent on TV and mobile phone to improve childhood gross motor development. Fixation, ocular; Behavior; Growth and development; Regression analysis; Child

Sleep quality and its influencing factors in senior high school students

HUANG Ziyin, YAN Ji, CHENG Yaqing, LIANG Chao, ZHU Minjuan, DENG Guoying

2022, 43(1): 108-111, 116. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.01.024

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Objective To study the current situation of sleep quality of senior high school students and analyze the influencing factors, so as to provide a reference for targeted sleep quality improvement of high school students. Methods A total of 4 793 senior high school students of different grades were recruited from four different regions (Shanghai, Qinghai, Macao, Henan) in 2020. The information of demographic, sleep status, mental factors, living habits and other information were collected by questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and Logistic regression were used to analyze sleep quality and its influencing factors of the senior high school students. Results About 24.2% of senior high school students reported sleep problems and 71.4% slept less than 7 hours at night. Interpersonal sensitivity, depression, anxiety symptoms, learning, family and interpersonal stress had significant effects on sleep problems in senior high school students(χ²=1 147.98, 1 228.35, 1 032.54, 371.05, 497.61, 475.39, P < 0.01). Drinking coffee and tea, drinking alcohol, smoking (including secondhand smoke), long-term use of electronic products, late sleep, bedtime diet, poor sleep environment, parents with sleep problems were the risk factors for sleep disorders of senior high school students, regular exercise was the protective factors for sleep disorders of senior high school students, the influence was significant (χ²=160.28, 127.73, 108.02, 113.27, 470.91, 340.95, 72.02, 155.53, 116.30, 76.96, 28.75, 12.89, P < 0.05). Conclusion The sleep quality of senior high school students needs to be improved. Schools and parents should pay attention to the mental health and living habits of senior high school students to help them improve their sleep quality and grow up smoothly. Sleep; Mental health; Regression analysis; Students

Relationship between myopia and nutritional status among upper elementary students in Shanghai

QI Wenjuan, YANG Dongling, ZHOU Yuefang, QU Shuangxiao, FENG Xiaogang, HE Xiangui, WANG Jingjing, LUO Chunyan

2022, 43(1): 112-116. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.01.025

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Objective To explore the relationship between myopia and nutritional status among upper elementary students in Shanghai. Methods A stratified cluster sampling method was used to select 5 576 fourth- and fifth-grade students from 16 districts in Shanghai, vision test, physical examination and questionnaire survey were administered. Two-level multivariate Logistic regression and mixed linear models were used to analyze the relationship between myopia, spherical equivalent (SE) and nutritional status. Results The detection rates of overweight and obesity were 17.0%(949) and 18.7%(1 042), respectively. There was a statistical difference in the proportion of the nutritional status in boys and girls(χ²=210.94, P < 0.01), with overweight and obesity in boys higher than those of girls. The overweight boys were more likely to have myopia (univariate analysis: OR=1.23, P=0.04; multivariate analysis: OR=1.21, P=0.06) than the normal-weight boy. Overweight students tended to had more negative refractive than those with normal-weight in both boys and girls(multivariate analysis, boys: β=-0.19, girls: β=-0.24, P < 0.05). Myopia risk and refractive power in obese students showed no statistical difference with normal-weight students(P>0.05). Conclusion Overweight students have lower SE than the normal-weight among upper elementary students of Shanghai, more researches are needed to confirm this finding and to provide theoretical bases for myopia prevention and control.

Association between age at menarche and prehypertension in female college students

WANG Yinghui, MA Yinghong, YAN Chi

2022, 43(1): 117-119. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.01.026

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Objective To explore the correlation of age at menarche and prehypertension in female college students. Methods Age at menarche of 558 female college students was collected, while blood pressure, height and weight were measured, and body mass index(BMI) was calculated. Results Average age at menarche was (12.48±0.95) years, prevalence of prehypertension was 17.56% (98/558). The age of menarche was 8-11, 12, 13, 14, 15-19, and the prevalence of hypertension was 30.95%, 10.00%, 17.31%, 10.81%, 31.58% respectively, U-shape association was observed in the association between prehypertension with age at menarche, lowest when age at menarche was < 12 years. There was no significant difference in prehypertension between age at menarche was 13, 14 years old with 12-year-old group, those age at menarche 8-11 or 15-19 had a significantly higher risk of developing prehypertension than those 12-year-old(OR=4.03, 4.15, P < 0.05). Conclusion Early or late menarche is associated with high blood pressure, appropriate intervention for girls with early menarche and obesity may be beneficial in reducing their future hypertension.

Investigation on an outbreak of human metapneumovirus respiratory tract infection in a primary school of Huzhou City

LIU Binhui, PENG Erlei, PENG, PENG Caiwei

2022, 43(1): 120-122, 128. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.01.027

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Objective To understand the epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of respiratory tract infection caused by human metapneumovirus (hMPV) in a primary school in Huzhou City, and to provide scientific reference for the prevention and control of the outbreak of upper respiratory tract infection caused by hMPV in the future. Methods The investigation was carried out according to the Guidelines for Handling Influenza Like Case Outbreaks (2018 version). The throat swabs were collected to carry out COVID-19 nucleic acid test. If negative, influenza virus and other common 14 upper respiratory tract virus detection would be conducted. Results A total of 53 cases of human metapneumovirus infection were found, the first case was found on December 15, 2020; the cases concentrated from December 21 to December 26; the last case was on December 29. It lasted 15 days and the epidemic ended. All the cases were first-year students, and the incidence rate of the affected classes was 44.92% (53/118), among which the incidence rate of 101 classes was 23.08% (9/39), 102 classes was 53.85% (21/39), 103 classes was 57.50%(23/40), the difference was statistically significant(χ²=10.07, P < 0.05). The age of the patients ranged from 6 to 7 years. The morbidity rate of boys was 48.00%(24/50) and that of girls was 42.65% (29/68), with no significant difference(χ²=0.33, P>0.05). The clinical symptoms of all cases were mild, mainly cough, sore throat, runny nose, only a small number of fever. Throat swabs of 20 patients were collected, and 13 cases were positive for human metapneumovirus nucleic acid. Conclusion The symptoms caused by human metapneumovirus are relatively mild, which is not easy to attract the attention of schools and parents. Schools should carry out relevant prevention and control knowledge publicity, do a good job in the morning and afternoon inspection, and put an end to classes with diseases.

Trends in the asthma burden among children and adolescents in China from 1990-2019

ZHANG Siying, GAO Zongshi, WU Lihong, TIAN Beibei, LIU Meng, TAO Fangbiao, WU Xiulong

2022, 43(1): 123-128. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.01.028

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Objective To explore trends in the asthma burden among Chinese children and adolescents 1-19 years old during 1990-2019. Methods Based on data from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease Study, joinpoint regression was used to analyze the dynamic changes in the gender-and age-specific asthma burden, and the asthma burden in China was compared with countries that have different socio-demographic indices(SDI). In addition, trends in asthma burden attributed to different risk factors were also investigated. Results The asthma burden decreased slightly from 1990 to 1996 [annual percent change (APC)=-1.7%], then rapidly decreased from 1996 to 2005 (APC=-5.7%). The age-standardized disability adjusted life years (DALYs) rate decreased from 158.55/100 000 to 88.59/100 000 in patients 1-19 years of age. From 2005 to 2017, the DALYs rate for asthma increased slowly, then rapidly. In 2017, the DALYs rate peaked at 176.18/100 000, then decreased to 126.79/100 000 in 2019. The burden of asthma in boys was higher than girls, and the DALYs rate for asthma in the group 5-9 years of age was higher than the remaining age groups. Furthermore, the age-standardized DALYs rate for asthma among Chinese children and adolescents was relatively low among countries with a different SDI. In addition, the DALYs rate attributed to high body mass index increased in all age groups in China. Specifically, the average APC (AAPC) was 2.9% in group 1-4 years of age and the AAPC was 4.2% in the remaining age groups. The DALYs rate attributed to occupational asthmagens in the group 15-19 years of age decreased from 1990 to 2019 and the AAPC was -2.5%. Conclusion The asthma burden was relatively low among Chinese children and adolescents, and there were gender and age differences. The gender-and age-specific DALYs rate for asthma had a tendency to decrease, increase, then decrease. More attention should be paid to boys and the group 5-9 years of age, and strengthen the intervention of obesity and occupational asthmagens.

Analysis of the prevalence of hyperuricemia among primary and secondary school students in Shandong Province

SUN Qing, JIANG Ying, ZHANG Yingxiu, LI Ling

2022, 43(1): 129-132, 136. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.01.029

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Objective To obtain the prevalence of hyperuricemia among primary and secondary school students in Shandong Province, and to provide data support for the prevention and treatment of hyperuricemia in children and adolescents. Methods The stratified cluster random sampling method was used to collect the data of 3 609 primary and secondary school students in urban and rural areas in Shandong Province, including the blood uric acid, waist circumference, height, and weight. Results The average blood uric acid value of primary and secondary school students was (316.17±82.57)μmol/L, and the total detection rate of hyperuricemia was 17.4%. The detection rate of blood uric acid was 18.9% and hyperuricemia[(338.26±90.30)μmol/L] of boys were higher than those of girls[(294.25±67.29)μmol/L, 15.9%], and the difference were statistically significant(t/χ²=16.60, 5.48, P < 0.05). The detection rate of blood uric acid (21.6%) and hyperuricemia [(353.24±78.98)μmol/L] in urban areas was higher than that in rural areas, and higher in coastal areas[(376.80±85.46)μmol/L, 26.6%] than inland; the differences were statistically significant (t=14.54, 15.27, χ²=48.15, 132.53, P < 0.01). The differences in the blood uric acid value and the detection rate of hyperuricemia between different ages were statistically significant (t/χ²=11.79, 18.11, P < 0.01). The detection rate of blood uric acid increased with the increase of obesity, waist circumference, blood pressure, blood lipids and blood sugar, and the difference were statistically significant (χ²=999.95, 561.08, 447.57, 196.37, 115.08, P < 0.01). Conclusion The detection rate of hyperuricemia among primary and secondary school students in Shandong Province is relatively high. The hyperuricemia is related to gender, age, BMI, waist circumference, blood pressure, blood lipids and blood sugar. High-risk groups should have regular physical examinations to actively improve their unhealthy lifestyles and reduce the incidence of hyperuricemia.

Analysis of refractive status of preschool children in Suzhou High-tech Zone

GAO Hongqin, WANG Yu, YOU Jianhua, ZHU Hong

2022, 43(1): 133-136. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.01.030

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Objective To observe the refractive status of preschool children, and to explore the prevalence and development trend of ametropia in preschool children, so as to provide support for controlling adolescent ametropia and improving children's health care service. Methods This cross-sectional survey was conducted among 27 561 preschool children (55 122 eyes) aged 3-6 years old in the High-tech Zone of Suzhou from September to December 2020. The refractive status was screened by the US Weilun binocular optometry. Results The total detection rate of ametropia was 9.5%, including 8.6% of astigmatism, 1.3% of hyperopia and 0.5% of myopia. The detection rates of myopia (1.1%) and hyperopia (2.2%) were the highest in the 6-year-old group, and the older the age was, the lower the spherical diopter was, and the higher the cylindrical diopter was. The abnormal rate of colposcopy in girls (1.3%) was higher than that in boys (0.9%), and the abnormal rate of total anisometropia in women (2.3%) was also higher than that in men (1.9%). The main astigmatism was mixed astigmatism (49.1%) and compound hyperopia astigmatism (39.2%); The older the age, the lower the detection rate of compound hyperopia astigmatism. And it is dominated by regular astigmatism(97.5%); The higher the age, the higher the detection rate of astigmatism with the rule, while the lower the detection rates of astigmatism against the rule and oblique axis astigmatism. Conclusion The detection rate of myopia and hyperopia increased significantly at the age of 6, and anisometropia and axial astigmatism also reached the highest at the age of 6. Local health care departments should pay attention to children's astigmatism, especially astigmatism with the rule.

Relationship between hypertriglyceridemic-waist phenotype and abnormal blood pressure in children and adolescents in Yinchuan City

CAI Rongrong, DONG Yangyang, ZHOU Jinyu, BAI Ling, DING Wenqing

2022, 43(1): 137-141. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.01.031

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Objective To investigate the relationship between hypertriglyceridemic-waist (HTW) phenotype and abnormal blood pressure in children and adolescents in Yinchuan City, Ningxia, and to provide scientific basis for early identification and prevention of hypertension. Methods A cluster sampling method was adopted to select 1 566 children and adolescents in Yinchuan. All participants completed questionnaire survey, physical measurement and biochemical examination. Results In general, after adjusting for age, smoking, drinking, and family history of hypertension, compared with the normal triglyceride normal waist (NWNT) phenotype, the enlarged waist (EW) and HTW phenotypes both increased the risk of abnormal blood pressure (OR_EW=2.62, 95%CI=1.87-3.67; OR_HTW=3.97, 95%CI=2.30-6.86); the risk of abnormal blood pressure in boys with EW and HTW phenotypes was that of boys with NTNW phenotype, respectively 3.80 times (95%CI=2.35-6.15) and 3.32 times (95%CI=1.59-6.92) of girls EW and HTW phenotypes. The risk of abnormal blood pressure in girls with EW and HTW phenotypes was that of girls with NTNW phenotype, respectively 1.72 times (95%CI=1.06-2.82) and 4.62 times(95%CI=1.97-10.85). Conclusion The hypertriglyceridemic-waist phenotypes among children and adolescents in Yinchuan is significantly correlated with increased risk of abnormal blood pressure. More attention should be paid to triglyceride level and waist circumference among children and adolescents.

Investigation on outbreaks of acute respiratory tract infection caused by respiratory syncytial virus in kindergartens in Hangzhou

YANG Xuhui, YU Xinfen, ZHANG Chenye, WANG Fen, ZHU Lei, JIANG Longfang, WANG Jing, LIU Muwen

2022, 43(1): 142-145. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.01.032

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Objective In order to analyze the characteristics of the outbreak of acute respiratory tract infection in children caused by respiratory syncytial virus(RSV). Methods The field epidemiological investigations were conducted for the two outbreaks in kindergartens in Hangzhou. Data were analyzed by descriptive method. Samples with positive respiratory syncytial virus nucleic acid were sequenced using PCR. Results The two outbreaks occurred in kindergartens. There were 21 cases in kindergarten A, lasting 11 days, and 43 cases in kindergarten B, lasting 33 days. The epidemic curve showed a proliferation pattern. The cases were concentrated in nurseries and K1 classes, primarily among children aged 2-4 years. The most common symptoms were fever and cough, mainly upper respiratory tract infection, and no severe cases were found. Upper respiratory tract samples were collected and detected as positive for RSV. Four samples were sequenced and identified as subgroup B. Conclusion During the outbreak of acute respiratory infection in kindergartens, respiratory syncytial virus should be given primary consideration in the process of identification of the outbreak caused by other respiratory infections, and strictly control measures should be taken to reduce the long-term impact of the epidemic.

Advance in emotion ability intervention of children with hearing impariment

DENG Ting, LUO Danna, TAO Yun, MA Xie

2022, 43(1): 146-150, 155. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.01.033

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There are many problems in emotion ability development of hearing-impaired children, such as emotion recognition, emotion expression obstacle, emotion understanding limitation and emotion regulation impropriety, etc., which seriously affect their social adaptation and mental health. Making systematic and individualized intervention programs can effectively promote the development of emotion ability of hearing-impaired children. Based on the analysis of the characteristics and influencing factors of the emotion ability development of hearing-impaired children, this paper reviews the existing intervention studies, and proposes future research directions in view of the deficiencies of existing studies, in order to provide reference for the research on emotion ability intervention of hearing-impaired children.

Development of student physical fitness monitoring system in different countries across the world

DAI Xiaotong, LI Hongjuan

2022, 43(1): 151-155. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.01.034

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The student physical fitness is a common concern of all countries in the world. Many countries have carried out the monitoring of student physical fitness, routinely. The current internationally representative student physical fitness monitoring systems include FitnessGram in the United States, the Passport for Life in Canada, the EuroFit test in Europe, the Labor and Defense System in Russia, the new National Statistical Survey on Physical Fitness and Motor Ability in Japan, and the National Physical Fitness Award in Singapore. After summarizing the above six monitoring systems of students' physical fitness from the aspects of index system, Evaluation Standard and result application, this review pays attention to teenagers' physical fitness from two dimensions of health-related physical fitness and skill-related physical fitness, the idea and operation of adding normal reference standard to provide individual health guidance for students can provide reference for the revision of Chinese students' physical fitness monitoring system.

Review and updates on physical activity load assessment in preschool children

RUAN Hui, WU Hua, HAO Yun, HE Ru

2022, 43(1): 156-160. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.01.035

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With the increasing attention paid to preschool physical activity in recent years, physical activity load assessment of preschool children has evolved with the development of theory and the wide application of microelectronic technology. In this paper, relevant literature from PubMed, Web of Science, and CNKI database were collected and analyzed, aiming to provide review and updates on physical activity load assessment in preschoolers. Given the characteristics of children's physical activities, effective measurement methods should be chosen and integrated from these tools, to improve the accuracy and effectiveness of children's physical activity load assessment.

2022 Vol. 43, No. 1