中国学校卫生

Problem and solution for tuberculosis prevention and control in schools

CHENG Jun, ZHAO Yanlin

2021, 42(12): 1761-1764, 1767. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.12.001

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Tuberculosis (TB) prevention and control in schools is always the key area of TB control work. The paper reviews the TB epidemic change trend and characteristic in students, and analyzes existing problems in current TB control work in schools, including incompletely implemented routine precaution measurements in schools, inaccurate occupational information for TB patients, absence of evidence from TB laboratory in diagnosis and tracing infectious source, lack of timeliness and standardization in close contact screening, low coverage of preventive therapy, and lack of capacity for tackling public sentiment. Specific suggestions were proposed for every institute involved in TB control work in schools to solve these problems.

Comprehensive prevention and control of myopia in children and adolescents: progress in the past three years and future priorities

FAN Zemin, HUANG Xianghao

2021, 42(12): 1765-1767. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.12.002

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Prevention and treatment of myopia in children and adolescents attaches great importance in China.More than three years after the issuance of the Implementation Plan for Comprehensive Prevention and Control of Myopia in Children and Adolescents, the overall effectiveness of myopia prevention and control and continuous improvement have been shown, and the pattern of myopia prevention and control has been basically established under the leadership of government, departments, schools and medical institutions, as well as whole-society participation. Comprehensive prevention and control of myopia will be continuously carried out among children and adolescents, focus on precision, highlight practical results and take a long-term view, and jointly implement the Bright Action Plan for Myopia Prevention and Control among Children and Adolescents (2021-2025) to effectively improve the visual health of children and adolescents, to ensure that the 2030 targets and tasks of the Implementation Plan for Comprehensive Prevention and Control of Myopia in Children and Adolescents are achieved as scheduled.

Evaluation of tuberculosis prevention and control in schools of Chongqing from 2015 to 2020

PANG Yan, WU Chengguo, WANG Qingya

2021, 42(12): 1768-1771, 1775. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.12.003

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Objective To understand the current situation of school tuberculosis prevention and control system and the implementation of daily prevention and control measures, and to provide a reference for strengthening the prevention and control of tuberculosis in schools. Methods A random sampling method was used to select schools where on-site questionnaire survey was carried out, including 156 junior high schools, 78 senior high schools and 6 universities. SPSS 25.0 was used for descriptive analysis and chi square test. Results The average annual screening rates of junior high school, senior high school and university from 2015 to 2020 were 58.84%, 71.71% and 84.41% respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (χ²=61 247.39, P < 0.01). The average annual TB detection rates were 8.69/10⁵, 50.89/10⁵ and 36.51/10⁵ respectively, and the difference was statistically significant (χ²=101.20, P < 0.01). The screening rate of TB screening in 2015-2020 years increased by year(χ_trend²=70 052.10, 86 182.82, 22 213.56, P < 0.01). The detection rate of TB among junior high schools and high schools has been increasing year by year(χ_trend²=9.27, 12.23, P < 0.01). From 2015 to 2020, the proportion of tuberculosis screening, contact history, PPD and chest screening increased by year in junior high school and senior high school freshmen, and the difference was statistically significant (χ²=129.10, 118.10, 206.92, 37.67; 108.79, 84.90, 139.84, 51.82, P < 0.01). The proportion of chest X-ray screening in universities increased by year(χ_trend²=18.33, P < 0.01). In 2019, poor performance on TB control in universities mainly included, including the school responsibility system for tuberculosis prevention and control, the school's annual TB work plan and absenteeism registration and etiology tracing, the proportion was 50.00%, 0 and 16.67% respectively, compared with junior high school and senior high school, the difference was statistically significant(P < 0.05). The prevalence rates of junior high school, senior high school and university students were 33.75/10⁵, 90.10/10⁵ and 54.20/10⁵ respectively in 2019, and the difference was statistically significant (χ²=104.36, P < 0.01). Conclusion The proportion of TB screening for freshmen in Chongqing increased significantly during 2015-2020. High school students are still the focus of school-based tuberculosis prevention and control. Improving the proportion of tuberculosis screening, strengthening and standardizing physical examination and screening, and establishing a clear responsibility system for prevention and control are effective means to prevent and control the spread of tuberculosis on campus.

Epidemiological characteristics and influencing factors of delayed diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis in schools in Hefei during 2019-2020

CHEN Wei, QIAN Bing, ZHANG Jieying, CAO Hong, GU Yingqiang

2021, 42(12): 1772-1775. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.12.004

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Objective To explore epidemiological characteristics and diagnosis delay among tuberculosis patients, and to provide reference basis for pulmonary tuberculosis prevention and control in schools. Methods Retrospective data of school-based tuberculosis patients information and cluster epidemiological information in Hefei during Jan. 2019 to Dec. 2020 was collected. Changes of the epidemiological characteristics and diagnosis delay of school tuberculosis epidemic and possible role were explored. Results The reported incidence of Hefei school pulmonary tuberculosis was 14.04/10⁵ in 2020. Two peaks of cases occurred during May to Jun. and Oct. to Nov. Teacher account for 8.00% of pulmonary tuberculosis cases in school, a significant increase was observed compared with 2019 (χ²=4.30, P < 0.05). In 2020, the median length of treatment for cases reported by local medical institutions was 5.14 days, and the median length of diagnosis was 18 days, both of which were shorter than those in 2019 (Z=22.45, 4.52, P < 0.05). In multiple cases sporadic of school pulmonary tuberculosis, strong positive rate of PPD test was 13.50% among close contacts, and new case detectable rate was 0.62%. The median duration from exposure to symptoms onset among close contacts was 132 days, which significant increased compared to 2019 (Z=251.50, P < 0.05). The diagnosis delay among tuberculosis patients diagnosed by chest CT was 12.10%, and was 16.15% through supervision by school or parents. Chest radiograph was associated with higher risk of delayed diagnosis (OR=4.34, P < 0.05) compared to chest CT as the first medical radiology option. Low delayed diagnosis rate was associated with supervision of tuberculosis by school or parents than control (OR=0.26, P < 0.05). Conclusion Factors such as the selection of diagnostic radiology and case supervision are associated with delay diagnosis. It's necessary to strengthen the management and monitoring of the pulmonary tuberculosis epidemic in school.

Determinants of the delay in case-finding, treatment, and diagnosis among students tuberculosis patients in Guiyang from 2014 to 2020

BAI Lulu, CHEN Hong, HUANG Yan, ZHANG Binbing, TIAN Yongqin

2021, 42(12): 1776-1780, 1784. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.12.005

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Objective To analyze factors affecting the delay in the case-finding, treatment and diagnosis of tuberculosis among students during 2014-2020, and to provide a reference for the prevention and control measures of tuberculosis among students in Guiyang City. Methods The medical cases of students with tuberculosis from 2014 to 2020 recorded by "China Disease Prevention and Control Information System" were collected and trend of delays in the detection, treatment, and diagnosis of students with tuberculosis were analyzed, and χ² test and multivariate Logistic regression were used to analyze influencing factors. Results From 2014 to 2020, the rate of delay in the case-finding, treatment, and diagnosis of tuberculosis among students in Guiyang showed a relatively stable trend. From 2014 to 2020, Guiyang City reported a total of 1 323 valid cases, the median number of case-finding was 16 days, and 48.75% of student TB patients were delayed; the median number of treatment was 11 days, the delay rate of treatment was 43.46%; the median number of diagnosis was 0 day, the diagnosis delay rate was 11.87%. The results of multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that the floating population was a risk factor for delay in case-finding (OR=1.45), the classification of the source of patients as "other" (OR=0.19), the level of the first diagnosed unit was county (OR=0.44), and the type of the first diagnosed unit was general hospital (OR=0.58) were the protective factors for the delayed case-finding of tuberculosis in students(P < 0.05). Female (OR=1.32) and floating population (OR=1.38) were risk factors for delayed treatment. Floating population (OR=1.51), rural areas (OR=4.30), urban fringe (OR=2.76), non-severe patients (OR=5.99) were risk factors for delayed diagnosis, females (OR=0.65), ethnic minorities (OR=0.38), college degree (OR=0.53), and the first diagnosis unit wae a specialist hospital (OR=0.22) were protective factors for delayed diagnosis of tuberculosis in students (P < 0.05). Conclusion The rates of tuberculosis case-finding and treatment delay among students are common, which warrants targeted prevention and control measures to reduce the incidence of student delays and reduce the risk of tuberculosis cluster epidemics in schools.

Delay in student pulmonary tuberculosis case-finding and associated factors in Suzhou during 2011 to 2020

FU Ying, JIANG Jun, ZHANG Xiaolong, LI Yun, WANG Feixian

2021, 42(12): 1781-1784. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.12.006

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Objective To analyze delay in student pulmonary tuberculosis(PTB) case-finding and associated factors in Suzhou, and to provide a reference for tuberculosis outbreak prevention and control in schools. Methods A total of 1 148 students with PTB who registered and were treated in Suzhou from 2011 to 2020 were included. Kruskal-Wallis H test, 2 test and Cochran-Armitage trend test were used to analyze the time trend of case-finding delay. Logistic regression was used to analyze the correlation between admission characteristics and case-finding delay. Results Among the students with PTB, a total of 569 cases were found to be delayed. The rate of delay was 49.6%, and the median delay time was 26(11-49) days. From 2011 to 2020, the difference in case-finding interval of students with PTB was statistically significant(Hc=54.62, P < 0.05), and the difference in case-finding rate was also statistically significant(χ²=53.69, P < 0.05). The rate of delay fluctuated, with an overall upward trend over time(Z=-3.67, P < 0.05). Clinical consultation(OR=5.57, 95%CI=1.91-16.27), positive etiology (OR=1.46, 95%CI=1.14-1.86) were positively correlated with case-finding delay(all P < 0.05). Conclusion There are significant delays in case-finding among students with PTB in Suzhou. Clinical consultation and positive etiology are associated with case-finding delay. In response to the growing problems in daily school tuberculosis prevention and control, multiple departments should cooperate to implement relevant measures and to reduce the occurrence of case-finding delay.

Tuberculin skin test in close contacts in case of school tuberculosis outbreak

DONG Xiaowei, LIN Peixin, HE Junlei, LI Jianwei, YU Meiling, WEN Wenpei

2021, 42(12): 1785-1788, 1792. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.12.007

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Objective To evaluate the role of tuberculin skin test prified-protein derivative (PPD) in defining the screening scope of close contacts of tuberculosis cases in disposal of tuberculosis outbreak in schools. Methods In a senior middle school in August 2019, 1 553 students of the grade two were tested by PPD because of a school tuberculosis outbreak. PPD results were compared to grade one students without any association with this tuberculosis epidemic, who were also tested by PPD when beginning school. Potential association between PPD distribution characteristics and tuberculosis case distribution were analyzed. Results Twenty-nine grade two students were diagnozed as tuberculosis infection, seven of which were PPD-positive, and with the same MIRU-VNTR genotype. In grade one, 0.1% (1/796) student showed strong PPD-positive, 34.3% (273/796) student showed positive. For grade two students, significant higher rate of strong PPD-positive [5.9% (45/757)], and PPD-positive [52.0% (394/757)] were observed (χ²=45.71, 49.90, P < 0.01). Proportion of strong PPD-positive in the first floor of the teaching building (19.4%), where tuberculosis cases clustered, was significantly higher than that in other floors (χ²=89.81, P < 0.01); Number of strong PPD-positive students increased with TB cases in each floor of the teaching building (r=0.99, P < 0.01). Proportion of strong PPD-positive and PPD-positive in floors of the dormitory, where TB cases lived, was significantly higher than in other floors (χ²=49.4, 64.9, P < 0.01). Number of strong PPD-positive and PPD-positive students increased with TB cases in each floor of the teaching building (r=0.84, 0.56, P < 0.01). Conclusion Strong PPD-positive rate well reflects tuberculosis infection of close contacts, and is recommended for defining the scope of screening.

Nutritional status of children and adolescents in 9 provinces of China from 2000 to 2018

LI Li, WANG Huijun, OUYANG Yifei, LI Yuan, ZHANG Puhong, GUO Chunlei, WANG Liusen, ZHANG Bing

2021, 42(12): 1789-1792. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.12.008

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Objective To understand the malnutrition status and trends among children and adolescents, and to provide evidence for improving the nutritional status of children and adolescents in 9 provinces of China. Methods A total of 5 746 children and adolescents aged 7-17 years old from the "China Health and Nutrition Survey" in 2000, 2006, 2011, 2015 and 2018 were selected as the subjects. Variance analysis and Chi square test were used to analyze the BMI of children and adolescents with different characteristics and different types of malnutrition. Linear regression model was used to analyze the trends of BMI, stunting and wasting, and overweight and obesity in children and adolescents with different characteristics. Results From 2000 to 2018, the BMI of children and adolescents aged 7-17 increased from 17.66 kg/m² to 19.08 kg/m² (F=22.88, P < 0.05). The prevalence of overweight and obesity increased in both males and females(t=16.65, 11.01, P < 0.05). Comparison of the rates of wasting and Growth Retardation and overweight and obesity among children and adolescents aged 7-17 years in nine provinces in 2000, 2006, 2 011, 2015 and 2018, the difference was statistically significant (χ_{wasting and grouth retardation}²=85.46, 29.55, 41.09, 29.86, 45.29; χ_{overweight and obesity}²=109.12, 52.21, 98.23, 68.27, 52.49, P < 0.05). Conclusion The prevalence of stunting and wasting of children and adolescents aged 7-17 in 9 provinces of China decreased. The prevalence of overweight and obesity showed an upward trend in 9 provinces of China. There were regional differences among the prevalence of stunting and wasting, as well as overweight and obesity. Active intervention strategies and measures should be taken to improve malnutrition and focus on the prevention of obesity in children and adolescents in China.

Prevalence of iron deficiency anemia and the association with dietary nutrition factors of preschool children in rural Anhui Province

SHU Li, LI Mengyao, LI Xiaolu, QIU Mengting, HAN Ziyan

2021, 42(12): 1793-1797. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.12.009

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Objective To evaluate the dietary quality for preschool children by diet balance index(DBI_C), and to provide an empirical reference for scientific guidance for a reasonable diet and controlling and preventing iron deficiency anemia(IDA). Methods During September to December of 2018, 306 left-behind children and 598 non left-behind children aged 3-6 years old of Anhui Province were selected. Four scoring methods (TS-Total Score, LBS-Low Bound Score, HBS-High Bound Score, DQD-Diet Quality Distance) were used to evaluate the dietary quality by DBI_C, and multivariate Logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between DBI_C and IDA. Results The anemia prevalence (AP) was 13.3% among the 3-6-year-old children in Anhui rural area, whereas the left-behind children (LBC) was 16.7% and the non left-behind children was 10.9%, and there was statistical significance of the differences (χ²=8.8, P < 0.05). There were significant differences of TS[-18.3(25.2, -12.7), -15.2(-19.8, -8.6)], LBS[25.4(18.3, 32.5), 22.7(16.5, 30.6)] and DQD[36.8(23.9, 43.4), 34.1(27.5, 41.0)] in DBI_C scores between anemia group and non-anemia group (P < 0.05). There were significant differences of milk and beans [-5.9(-10.7, -0.4), -5.0(-8.7, 0.2)], animal food [-2.4(-5.6, 0.8), -0.6(3.5, 1.9)], food species [-7.5(-9.1, -4.8), -6.3(-8.0, -2.9)] in food intake scores between anemia group and non-anemia group (P < 0.05). Left behind children (OR=1.27, 95%CI=1.15-1.49) had higher proportions of getting anemia. Meat consumption >3 times per week (OR=0.81, 95%CI=0.68-0.94) and ≥two types of fresh vegetable consumption every day (OR=0.84, 95%CI=0.73-0.95) were associated with lower rate of anemia(P < 0.05). Conclusion The AP was relatively high in 3-6-year-old children in Anhui rural area, especially in those LBC. Anemia should be reduced by improving the caregivers' dietary literacy, increasing intakes of animal foods and fresh vegetables.

Meta-analysis of the effects of high-intensity interval training on metabolic syndrome in overweight college students

LI Zhen, HAN Yongqiang, WANG Chenyu, ZHEN Jie, XIAO Tao

2021, 42(12): 1798-1802, 1806. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.12.010

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Objective In this study, a meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate and compare the effects of different types of interval training, such as, repeated-sprint training(RST), high-intensity interval training(HIIT) and sprint-interval training(SIT) on body index of overweight/obese college students and the effect of moderate-intensity continuous training(MICT), so as to provide a reference for taking appropriate exercise measures. Methods The data was searched and selected from the database of Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, The Cochrane Library and CNKI, and from the articles about random research on the effects of HIIT, SIT, RST, and MICT on overweight/obese college students for the evaluation of bias risk. And Stata 16.0 software was used for Meta analysis and network-analysis. Results Totally 815 samples selected from 18 articles were included in the study. Meta analysis showed that HIIT(SMD=-0.26, 95%CI=-0.52--0.00, P < 0.05) and SIT(SMD=-0.39, 95%CI=-0.72--0.07, P < 0.05) could make greater effects on BMI than MICT. The differences between RST and MICT were of no statistical significance(SMD=0.28, 95%CI=0.32-0.87, P>0.05). According to the SUCRA method combined with effect size, the best effect on improving MetS related physiological indexes of overweight college students was found in SIT(SUCRA=79.3), followed by HIIT(SUCRA=78.2), RST(SUCRA=56.8), and MICT(SUCRA=35.7). Conclusion Compared with MICT, high intensity interval training can greatly improve BMI of the obese/overweight college students, and could achieve the optimal effect of reducing the fat by exercising through SIT.

Analysis of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in children aged 0-6 years in Gansu Province

HUANG Lei, NAN Nan, LIU Aiping, YANG Xiaofang, LI Ling, ZHU Ying

2021, 42(12): 1803-1806. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.12.011

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Objective To analyze the status of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D in children aged 0-6 years in Gansu Province, and to analyze the relationships between 25-(OH)D and age, seasonal characteristics and physical development, so as to provide a scientific reference for supplementing vitamin D for children in due time. Methods Stratified random cluster sampling method was used to select a total of 9 790 children aged 0-6 years from 6 cities and prefectures maternity and child health institutions in Gansu Province for health examination from January 2019 to December 2020. Serum 25-(OH)D concentration from 1 mL peripheral blood was tested by enzyme-linked immunoassay. Subjects were classified into overweight and normal figure groups based on weight for height. Results the serum 25-(OH)D level M(P₂₅, P₇₅) of the children aged 0-6 was 81.31(63.14, 95.86)nmol/L. The detection rate of 25-(OH)D deficiency and insufficiency was 45.11%. The serum 25-(OH)D level of children 4-6 years old was significantly lower than that of infants < 1 year old and children 1- < 4 years old, and the detection rate of 25-(OH)D deficiency and insufficiency was highest among 4-6 years old(χ²=83.67, P < 0.05). In winter the proportion of 25-(OH)D insufficiency and deficiency was highest (55.82%) (χ²=194.12, P < 0.01). For overweight children, the abnormal rate of 25-(OH)D (19.83%) was significantly higher in autumn (P < 0.01). Conclusion Children's vitamin D levels were associated with age, season and physical development. Vitamin D surveillance should be focused on ages less than 1 year old and above 4 years old, winter should be an important season. For overweight children, autumn should be the focus period for vitamin D deficiency prevention.

E-cigarette usage and associated factors among Beijing primary and secondary school students

QIN Ran, GUO Xin, FU Yun, MA Yuhan

2021, 42(12): 1807-1811, 1815. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.12.012

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Objective To understand current situation of e-cigarette use and associated factors in primary and secondary school students in Beijing, in order to promote the construction of smoke-free schools. Methods During April to June in 2019, PPS sampling was used to select primary schools, secondary schools and trade schools. In each selected school, randomly sampling method was conducted until the sample size was reached. There were 18 312 students included in the analysis. Surveillance information mainly included the current situation of electronic cigarette use and associated factors. Results Among primary and secondary school students who have known about e-cigarettes, female students were less likely to use e-cigarettes than male students (OR=0.47, 95%CI=0.42-0.54). After entering the second year of junior high school, the possibility of using e-cigarettes increased. Smoke-free home was associated less e-cigarettes usage (OR=0.78, 95%CI=0.69-0.88). Primary and secondary school students with average daily allowance of 30~ < 150 yuan and no less than 150 yuan were 1.43 (95%CI=1.22-1.67) times and 2.24 (95%CI=1.79-2.79) times more likely to use e-cigarettes than those with 0-10 yuan allowance, respectively. The probability of using e-cigarettes among primary and secondary school students who have not tried using cigarettes was only 16.4% compared with those who have tried cigarettes (OR=0.16, 95%CI=0.14-0.19). Conclusion It is necessary to curb the prevalence of e-cigarettes among primary and secondary school students. Actions need to be taken urgently to fill in the gaps or correct the mistakes in children and adolescents' cognition of e-cigarettes, and to adopt more innovative methods to scientifically guide children and adolescents to stay away from e-cigarettes.

WANG Juan, ZHOU Feng, HE Shufang, CHEN Jing, SHAO Ying, YUAN Hong, HUANG Haijing, LU Hongyan

2021, 42(12): 1812-1815. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.12.013

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Objective This study investigated the use of rush and related factors among HIV-positive male students in Beijing, and provided suggestions for education and intervention. Methods Data on HIV-positive male students was collected from 2017 to June 30, 2020 in Beijing and analyzed in SPSS 20.0. Results A total of 200 valid questionnaires were collected. The mean age at HIV diagnosis was (22.18±2.70) years. The rate of using rush was 46.00%. The proportion with homosexual behavior before infection was 92.00%. The results of multivariate analysis showed that meeting sexual partners through the Internet(OR=3.84, 95%CI=1.65-8.96), drinking alcohol(OR=3.26, 95%CI=1.51-7.02), group homosexual behavior(OR=4.84, 95%CI=1.71-13.71), and STD diagnosis (OR=0.23, 95%CI=1.02-4.87) were associated with the use of rush before infection. Conclusion The rate of rush use was higher among male students infected with HIV. Government regulation could be strengthened and drug abuse could be prevented through better health education for students.

Identification and diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder among Chinese children in early stage

ZHAO Yanan, WANG Yiran, LUO Yanan, WANG Xiangyu, ZHANG Rong, ZHENG Xiaoying

2021, 42(12): 1816-1819, 1824. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.12.014

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Objective To investigate and explore the changes of the diagnosis of Chinese children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Methods The families of two groups of children aged 1-6 and 6-16 years who were diagnosed with ASD were selected from ALSOLIFE platform, and the online questionnaire was used to investigate the symptoms and its diagnosis-related information. ANOVA was applied to compare the mean values, and χ² analysis was taken to compare the differences of two groups in the time of finding symptoms, the time of the first diagnosis, the time of treatment, and the diagnosis delayment. Results The initial recognition age of symptoms was 26.05 months age (2.17 years) in the young group (1-6 years), and 30.76 months age (2.56 years) in the old group (6-16 years). The age of first visit doctor was 28.21 months age (2.35 years) in the young group and 34.29 months (2.86 years) in the old group, while the average delay was only 3.43 months, of which the average delay was 4.52 months in the old group and 2.78 months in the young group. The age of diagnosed as ASD was 38.01 months age (3.17 years) in the young group and 31.07 months age (2.59 years) in the old group, while the average delay from first diagnosis to last diagnosis was 3.16 months. The delay from first diagnosis to last one was 3.71 months age in old age group, and 2.83 for the younger age group, The above differences were statistically significant (F=328.30, 535.64, 507.71, 103.03, 17.79, P < 0.01). Most of the children were still in the top hospitals to get diagnosed, but the role of child care was becoming more and more important. Conclusion The diagnosis efficiency of ASD children has been greatly improved, the time of symptom identification and diagnosis is advanced, and the delay of seeing a doctor and diagnosis is shortened.

Influence of sports rehabilitation training on mental health, sports consciousness and sports behavior of disabled college students

QIN Jianbo, GUO Renhong

2021, 42(12): 1820-1824. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.12.015

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Objective To explore the influence of sports rehabilitation training on mental health, sports consciousness and sports behavior of disabled college students. Methods A total of 108 students with mild to moderate physical disability from 6 universities in Tianjin City were selected as the research objects. They were divided into two groups (n=54) by random number table method. One group was used as a blank control without any intervention (control group). The other group was used for sports rehabilitation training through sports prescription (experimental group). The changes of physical condition, mental health, exercise consciousness and exercise behavior of the two groups before and after intervention were compared. Results The positive rates of anxiety, depression, interpersonal sensitivity (25.93%, 12.96%, 22.22%) in the experimental group were significantly lower than those in the control group(χ²=6.64, 4.48, 16.80, P < 0.05). Compared with that before intervention, the proportion of college students in the experimental group whose goal was to exercise willpower, assist in treating diseases, satisfy interests and promote health (29.63%, 24.07%, 35.19%) after intervention was significantly increased, and the proportion of college students whose goal was to deal with physical examination (14.81%) was significantly reduced (χ²=4.48, 5.65, 5.98, 32.04, P < 0.05). Compared with that before intervention, the frequency and time of exercise per week in the experimental group increased significantly after intervention, and the proportion of the main forms of exercise in the experimental group increased, the proportion of low-intensity exercise decreased, the proportion of high-intensity and medium-intensity exercise increased, the proportion of irregular exercise decreased, the proportion of regular exercise increased, the proportion of those who felt good after exercise increased. The differences of each group were statistically significant (χ²=17.84, 14.72, 16.34, 15.15, 16.12, 9.44, P < 0.05). Conclusion The exercise rehabilitation training for the disabled college students is helpful to strengthen their sports consciousness and improve their sports behavior, so as to effectively improve their physical health, reduce their negative emotions such as anxiety, self-blame, allergy and depression, and promote their mental health.

Correlation between left-behind expericences with depressive and anxiety symptoms of left-behind middle school stutents

WANG Cuimei, YU Zhiwen, HUANG Xiang, ZHONG Houyong, GONG Ling, WANG Shichang, LU Jinkui, WU Xiaoyan

2021, 42(12): 1825-1828, 1832. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.12.016

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Objective To explore the relationship between left-behind experiences due to work migration of parents with depressive and anxiety symptoms among left-behind middle school stutents, to provide a theoretical basis for the government to formulate intervention policies for mental health of left behind children. Methods The stratified random cluster sampling method was used to investigate 2 160 children in Poyang and Guangfeng Counties of Shangrao City, Jiangxi Province from April to June, 2019. Finally, 776 left-behind children aged 13 to 18 were selected. The Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) were used to evaluate the depression and anxiety symptoms. Family characteristics and lifestyle behaviors of left-behind children were investigated by questionnaire. Results In terms of gender, the detection rates of both depressive symptoms and anxiety symptoms were higher in girls than in boys. In terms of age, the detection rates of depressive symptoms (43.2%) and anxiety symptoms (39.9%) in left-behind children in high school (16-18 years old) were higher than those in middle school (13-15 years old)(27.3% and 33.0%). The detection rate of depressive among left-behind children significantly differet in sexual, gender (χ²=10.48, 21.08); the detection rate of anxiety symptoms among left-behind children significantly different in sexual, maternal occupation, and paternal educational background (χ²=8.66, 5.30, 8.35) (P < 0.05). Conclusion Parent-child separation is associated with depressive symptoms in left-behind middle school stutents. Mental health of children in middle school stutents is of great significance to the prevention of depression and anxiety symptoms in left-behind children.

Investigation of the frequency of take-out meal consumption, overweight, and obesity among college students in Shanxi Province

WANG Su, WANG Xiaocheng, CHENG Jingmin

2021, 42(12): 1829-1832. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.12.017

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Objective This study investigated the factors influencing, take-out meal consumption among college students in Shanxi Province and explored the relationship between the frequency of take-out meal consumption and BMI. Methods A total of 1 631 college students from five universities in Shanxi Province were studied by means of a questionnaire and multi-stage random sampling. Logistic regression was used to analyze the factors influencing college students' take-out meal consumption. The factors influencing overweight and obesity among college students were analyzed with binary Logistic regression. Results A total of 1 456 college students had some take-out meal consumption. Gender average monthly cost of living, grade, and major were the factors influencing the frequency of college students' take-out meal consumption(χ²=72.26, 242.89, 351.52, 222.35, P < 0.01). The overall overweight and obesity rate among the college students were 12.3%, 19.2% in male students, and 6.6% in female students. After controlling for gender, binary Logistic regression showed that monthly cost of living, grade, major, and permanent residence influenced the frequency of college students' weekly consumption of out-of-home meals, and this led to a higher the rate of overweight and obesity(P < 0.05). Conclusion Take-out meal consumption is relatively common among college students, and controlling its frequency could help to reduce the occurrence of overweight and obesity.

A three-year longitudinal study on Internet addiction among junior students in Shenzhen City

GONG Na, HUANG Qiaomin, ZHANG Mengsi, LIU Chufen, CHI Xinli

2021, 42(12): 1833-1837. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.12.018

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Objective The present study investigated the prevalence of Internet addiction in Shenzhen adolescents and its predicative factors, so as to provide a reference for precisely identifying the adolescents of internet addiction and conducting intervention. Methods Cluster random sampling method was applied to select the middle school students of grade 1 in 5 middles schools in Shenzhen. Three waves of data were collected over 3 years from students in 5 secondary schools in Shenzhen. Young's 10-item Internet Addiction Test, Chinese Positive Youth Development Scale, Chinese Family Assessment Instrument, Academic Maladaptation Scale and Demographic Variables Questionnaire were used, and finally the data of 1 301 students was proved to be valid. Results The adolescents met the criterion of Internet addiction were 14.4%, 15.5% and 14.7% over past three years. The incidence of Internet addiction was stable among teenagers during the three years(F=2.53, P=0.08); The multivariate linear regression analysis showed that positive youth development, good family functioning indicators and academic maladaptation could predict the higher probability of having Internet addiction(P < 0.05). Conclusion The phenomenon of Internet addiction among teenagers in Shenzhen junior middle school is common and relatively stable. The teenagers from the family of positive function, with positive development and with less academic maladaptation are less likely to suffer from internet addiction.

Latent classes of alexithymia in college students and depressive symptoms, social interaction anxiety

HAN Jingjing, ZHANG Shanshan, XIN Lianhuan

2021, 42(12): 1838-1841. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.12.019

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Objective To identify the potential categories of alexithymia in college students, and further analyze the relationship between different potential categories and social anxiety and depression, so as to provide theoretical basis for promoting the development of positive emotions and mental health of college. Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 1 338 students randomly selected from a cluster of four universities in Hebei, Jilin, Liaoning Provinces in September 2020 by convenience sampling method. Chinese Version of Twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale, Social Interaction Anxiety Scale, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression were used for survey, potential profile analysis and Logistic regression analysis were performed on the data. Results College students with alexithymia could be divided into three potential categories: good emotion expression group(33.3%), good emotion discrimination group(9.6%), and difficulty in emotion expression group(57.1%). Logistic regression analysis showed that after controlling for demographic variables, the group with good emotional expression was negatively correlated with depression symptoms (β=-1.92, -1.44, P < 0.01), and social anxiety (β=-0.71, -2.04, P < 0.01). Conclusion Alexithymia of college students shows a category distribution, and each potential category of alexithymia has different associations with social anxiety and depression symptoms. To improve the mental health, teachers in colleges and universities in the mental health education work to develop targeted training of emotional regulation ability of college students to formulate intervention programs, relieve the symptoms of social anxiety and depression of college students, promote their positive psychological development.

Association between cell phone dependence and anxiety-depression co-morbid symptoms among college students

QU Yang, WU Xiaoyan, TAO Shuman, YANG Yajuan, ZOU Liwei, XIE Yang, LI Tingting, ZHANG Dan, ZHAI Shuang, TAO Fangbiao

2021, 42(12): 1842-1846. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.12.020

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Objective To describe the prevalence of cell phone dependence and anxiety-depression co-morbidity among college students, and to explore the association between cell phone dependence and anxiety-depression co-morbidity among college students, in order to provide a reference basis for promoting the development of college students' mental health. Methods Using a prospective study design, baseline survey was conducted in April-May 2019 among a random whole-group sample of 1 135 individuals in two universities in Hefei, Anhui Province and Shangrao, Jiangxi Province, and a follow-up survey was conducted in November 2019 among the sampled population, with a valid number of 1 110 individuals after matching with the baseline survey. The Self-rating Questionnaire for Adolescent Problematic Mobile Phone Use (SQAPMPU) was used to assess college students' cell phone dependence, and the Depression-Anxiety-Stress Self-Rating Scale (DASS-21) to assess depression, anxiety, and anxiety-depression co-morbidity symptoms, and the self-administered Health-Related Behavior and Mental Health Questionnaire for College Students to report sleep duration. Results The detection rates of cell phone dependence among college students at baseline and follow-up surveys were 24.5% and 27.7%, respectively, and the detection rates of anxiety symptoms, depressive symptoms, and anxiety-depression co-morbidities were 28.7%, 21.3%, and 18.4%, respectively. The results of the binary Logistic regression model showed that cell phone dependence was positively associated with the risk of anxiety-depression co-morbid symptoms among college students at baseline (OR=5.79, 95%CI=4.06-8.24) and after six months of follow-up (OR=2.62, 95%CI=1.86-3.69) (P < 0.01). The results of the moderating effect analysis showed that sleep duration moderated the association between cell phone dependence and anxiety-depression co-morbidities, and the interaction term was statistically significant (β=0.08, 0.04, P < 0.01). Conclusion Cell phone dependence in college students increases the risk of depressive and anxiety co-morbid symptoms, and sleep mitigates effect of cell phone dependence on depressive and anxiety co-morbid symptoms in college students.

Effects of parental rearing style on sleep problems in preschool children/

ZHANG Yelei, YE Heyi, DENG Hong, ZHANG Yi, WU Xiaoyan, LIU Huanzhong

2021, 42(12): 1847-1851. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.12.021

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Objective To examine the effects of parental rearing style and its consistency on sleep problems of preschool children and to provide theoretical basis for making early family intervention measures. Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted among 2 744 children and their parents in 19 kindergartens in Anqing city. Parental Behavior Inventory (PBI) was used to investigate the rearing style of parents, and Chinese version of Children's Sleep Habit Questionnaire (CSHQ) was used to evaluate the incidence of sleep among preschoolers. Results Preschool children's overall rate of sleep disorder was 15.5%, and accompanied by sleep duration disorder (70.0%), sleep resistance (64.2%), sleep latency (38.7%), anxiety (15.5%), daytime sleepiness (10.1%). Living in urban areas, parents' smoking and drinking behaviors, and parents' parenting style all affected preschoolers' sleep (P < 0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that fathers' active rearing style was negatively correlated with preschool children's sleep problems such as delayed sleep impedance and short sleep duration, while mothers' active rearing style was negatively correlated with preschool children's sleep problems such as sleep resistance and night wake-up (P < 0.05). There was a positive correlation between father's severe rearing style and preschoolers' sleep resistance, sleep duration, short sleep disordered breathing, daytime sleepiness and total sleep problems, and mother's severe rearing style and preschoolers' sleep duration, short sleep anxiety, night wakefulness, daytime sleepiness and total sleep problems (P < 0.05). Consistent rate of negative rearing patterns was a risk factor for short sleep duration in preschoolers (OR=2.19, 95%CI=1.12-4.28, P=0.02). Conclusion The detection rate of sleep problems in preschoolers is high. Parental supportive involvement has a positive effect on preschoolers' sleep, while parental coercion hostile parenting has a negative effect on preschoolers' sleep. The consistent rate of rearing styles affects the sleep duration of preschoolers.

Physical activity level in physical education class of elementary school in Xi'an

GUO Wei, XUE Menghan, WU Xiaoli, WANG Zhiwei, GUO Haixia

2021, 42(12): 1852-1854, 1858. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.12.022

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Objective To assess physical activity level and characteristics in elementary physical education (P.E.) class among different weight status and grades students. Methods ActiGraphGT3X was used to measure physical activity of 60 students in grade 1, 2, and 4 during three P.E. classes. BMI was calculated according to the student's height and weight in the latest physical fitness test results, and the weight status was divided according to the national Physical Fitness Standards for Students in different grades of elementary schools. Independent sample t test and analysis of variance were used to explore the difference of physical activity. Results The proportion of moderate-to-high intensity physical activity (MVPA) in elementary school P.E. class was 21.9% (8.8 min). The proportion of MVPA in P.E. classes and the number of steps in normal weight students were 25.4% and (1 247.0±326.3), respectively, which were significantly higher than those of underweight students, but not significantly different from those of overweight students. The MVPA of male and female PE classes in the second grade (27.0%, 26.4%) was significantly higher than that in the first grade, but there was no significant difference compared with that in the fourth grade (P > 0.05). Conclusion Moderate-to-high intensity physical activity is low in P.E. class in elementary school. Improving teachers' awareness of promoting physical activity in PE class will benefit the MVPA in students.

Screening and associated factors of hyperactivity behavior in preschool children in Anhui Province/

HUANG Yongling, CHENG Jin, WU Shudong, FANG Liang, XIE Ruijin

2021, 42(12): 1855-1858. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.12.023

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Objective To investigate the prevalence of hyperactive behavior and risk factors among preschool children, and to provide a reference for early intervention of problem behavior. Methods A total of 7 982 children aged 3-6 were selected from 30 kindergartens by multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling in 5 areas, Anhui Province, and their parents were surveyed with Conners Parent Rating Scales(PSQ) and Related factors questionnaire from June to July 2020. Results A tollay of 126 children were detected with hyperactivity behaviors, with a detection rate of 1.6%. The detection rate of boys (2.2%) was higher than that of girls (0.8%). The difference was statistically significant (χ²=26.51, P < 0.01). Among 126 hyperactive children, 40(31.7%)had another type of behavior problem, and 82(65.1%)had two or more additional behavior problems. The results of Logistic regression analysis showed that boy(OR=2.85, 95%CI=1.88-4.30), sleep deprivation(OR=1.87, 95%CI=1.31-2.68), occupation of mother being farmer or otherwise(OR=1.81, 95%CI=1.11-2.94) were associated with more hyperactivity behavior. While, living with parents in the past six months (OR=0.61, 95%CI=0.40-0.92) was associated with less hyperactivity behavior(P < 0.05). Conclusion Early intervention of preschool children's behavior problems should focus on boys, maintain reasonable sleep time and increase parental care.

Prevalence and associated factors of autism among children in central and eastern Inner Mongolia

HAO Jinqi, FU Huiyuan, YANG Wenhan, HUO Jianxun, GAO Lei, YU Yanqin

2021, 42(12): 1859-1862, 1866. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.12.024

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Objective To understand the prevalence and influencing factors of children with ASD in central and eastern Inner Mongolia, and to provide theoretical basis for disease prevention and prevalence of ASD. Methods Sixteen primary schools and kindergartens were selected from 5 cities in central and eastern Inner Mongolia through random cluster sampling. A total of 15 817 children aged 3-14 years were selected. Children who were positive using Clancy Autism Behavior Scale were further diagnosed according to the teacher's nomination form and the Autism Behavior Checklist, as well as the diagnostic criteria of the fifth edition of the American Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders by 2 professionals. Results The prevalence of ASD was 0.27% (42/15 817), with prevalence in urban areas (0.16%, 15/9 231) higher than that of rural areas (0.41%, 27/6 586) (χ²=8.89, P < 0.01). Logistic regression analysis showed that maternal education and language development were negatively associated with ASD in urban children. ASD in rural children were positively associated with enuresis and introverted family members. Conclusion High prevalence of ASD is found in urban area of central and eastern Inner Mongolia. Unhealthy habits, neonatal diseases, low parental education, delayed language development and poor exercise performance are primary factors associated with ASD in both urban and rural areas.

Investigation on influenza surveillance, disease burden among school students in Jinan City/

YU Qiuyan, GAO Shang, SHAN Zhaoxia, CHEN Yue, SUN Fang, WANG Kegang, LI Yuxuan, XU Shuhui

2021, 42(12): 1863-1866. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.12.025

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Objective To monitor and analyze the epidemiological characteristics of influenza in schools and understand the disease burden of students, and to provide a scientific reference for instructing the prevention of influenza in schools. Methods A school influenza surveillance sentinel to conduct influenza-like case (ILI) surveillance and outbreak surveillance. Through network, we understood the burden of flu disease among students. Descriptive epidemiology was used to analyze influenza-like case surveillance and questionnaire survey data. Results Surveillance confirmed that from the 42th week of 2019 to the 1st week of 2020, the cumulative reported ILI of 3 school influenza surveillance sites in Jinan accounted for 7.91% (ILI%) of the total number of surveillance personnel during the same period, with the highest ILI% (24.19%) of kindergarten children, ILI% gradually decreased with the increase of grade, and teachers were the lowest. The reporting of ILI was concentrated in the 49th to 52nd week of 2019, during which the reported influenza-like cases accounted for 84.81% of the total number of ILI reported during the surveillance period. Two influenza outbreaks were monitored. The pathogens were H3N2 and B (Victoria). The epidemics mainly occurred in the lower grades of elementary school. A survey of 2 297 students found that 577 people had fever and respiratory symptoms since October 2019. Among them, 85.26% of them went to the hospital, 32.75% of those who used anti-influenza drugs such as oseltamivir, and 64.81% of those who used antibiotics. 42.63% received infusion therapy, 3.99% were hospitalized, and the average cost of inpatients was 6 686 yuan. The sick students were absent from school for an average of 3.77 days, and the parents of the sick children missed work for an average of 4.26 days. Conclusion Surveillance of influenza-like cases in schools is an important way to proactively discover influenza epidemic trends and outbreaks, and to accurately grasp the characteristics of influenza epidemics in schools. The key populations affected by influenza are kindergarten children and lower grades of primary school students. Suffering from influenza has caused a heavy disease burden on students and children in kindergartens, and is also an important factor that causes student absenteeism and parents to miss work.

Scoliosis and associated factors among middle school students in Guangzhou City

SUN Yi, LIU Weijia, XIONG Lihua, LI Meng, CHEN Siyu, HE Weiyun, WU Deping, LIN Rong

2021, 42(12): 1865-1870, 1873. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.12.026

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Objective To investigate the general situation of scoliosis and influencing factors among middle school students in Guangzhou, so as to provide evidence for behavioral intervention measures. Methods By stratified cluster random sampling method, 2 121 students from 8 middle schools of Guangzhou were selected to conduct questionnaire survey and physical examination. Results The detection rate of scoliosis among middle school students in Guangzhou was 8.20%, girls (9.50%) > boys (7.00%), urban area (10.45%) > suburb area (4.77%), senior high school (10.08%) > junior school (6.39%) (P < 0.05). Among the most of the 174 positive students were found to have large thoracic curve, right lateral bending, being girls with medium scoliosis. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that students in urban area (OR=2.56, 95%CI=1.71-3.82), with mobile electronic devices usage time≥3 h/d(OR=1.59, 95%CI=1.12-2.27), prolonged near vision work ≥1 h (OR=1.40, 95%CI=1.00-1.95), outdoor activity time < 2 h/d(OR=1.82, 95%CI=1.24-2.67) had a higher detection rate of scoliosis (P < 0.05). Conclusion The detection rate of scoliosis among middle school students in Guangzhou is much higher, which might be related to district, mobile electronic devices usage, prolonged near vision work and insufficient outdoor activity. Health education regarding spinal knowledge should be strengthened.

Evaluation of short-term eclectic psychological counseling in higher-education setting/

WANG Chunying, WU Ran

2021, 42(12): 1871-1873. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.12.027

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Objective To investigate quality of short-term eclectic psychological counseling services. Methods This study recruited 965 clients (4 261 sessions) at the university counseling center. The CORE-OM were implemented before and after the counseling service. Results Except crisis subscale, proportion of high scores over cut-off points in well-being, anxiety, depression, physical problems, trauma, relationships, general social functioning decreased significantly after counseling (χ²=32.91, 42.10, 33.75, 11.81, 29.64, 10.82, 15.55, P < 0.01); Except for harm-toward-other subscale, scores in subjective well-being, problems/symptoms, life/social dysfunctions decreased significantly after counseling (t=15.12, 28.85, 19.96, 5.88, P < 0.01). Changes in CORE-OM score among 338 out of 640 participants achieved significant reliable change index. Conclusion Short-term eclectic psychological counseling in higher educational setting helps alleviate psychological distress including anxiety, depression, relationship issues.

A 9-year follow-up study on vital capacity of 3 197 students in Tongzhou district

HAN Weimin, YU Zhaocang, LI Jianhui

2021, 42(12): 1874-1878. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.12.028

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Objective To understand the dynamic change rule and trend of the vital capacity of students in Tongzhou district, and to provide data support for the development of targeted physical exercise intervention mode. Methods According to the routine physical examination data of students in Tongzhou District in the academic year 2011-2019, the physical examination data of 3 197 students with complete physical examination information were selected according to the proportion of students in urban areas and towns and gender differences. SPSS 17.0 was used for statistical analysis of the screening data. Results The mean vital capacity of 3 197 students increased with the increase of grades. Except for grade 2 to grade 5 of primary school and grade 2 to grade 3 of junior high school, the mean vital capacity of urban students was higher than that of rural students (P < 0.05). The mean vital capacity of male students was higher than that of female students in all grades (P < 0.05). The vital capacity of male students and female students increased rapidly twice in grade 5 of primary school and grade 3 of junior high school(P < 0.05), the growth rate of male students in two stages was larger than that of female students, the increase rates were 277.21 and 400.20 mL. The mean vital capacity was shown in this way: obese>overweight>normal weight>malnutrition (P < 0.05). The excellent rate of vital capacity evaluation in girls was higher than that in boys from grade 3 of primary school to grade 2 of junior middle school (P < 0.05). Except for grade 1 and 2 of primary school, the excellent rate of vital capacity evaluation in other grades was found as follows: obese > overweight > normal weight > malnutrition. The failure rate of boys was higher than that of girls (P < 0.05), except grade 3 of primary school. The failure rate from grade 5 to grade 3 showed the trend: malnutrition > normal weight > overweight > obesity (P < 0.05). In different groups, the failure rate of grade 1 of primary school and grade 1 of junior high school were the two peaks, which basically showed a decreasing trend followed by decreasing one. Conclusion The level of vital capacity of students in Tongzhou District is relatively low, so the school, family and society should focus on students' vital capacity level. It should be one of the key tasks to enhance the physical quality of the students to increase the vital capacity of the boys and the students with abnormal weight.

Association between physical activity and physical fitness index of Chinese children and adolescents

HE Jiajia, YUAN Yong, YIN Xiaojian, WU Huipan, ZHANG Xiang, DENG Ting, WANG Jinxian, LI Jiawei

2021, 42(12): 1879-1882, 1887. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.12.029

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Objective To analyze the correlation between physical activity and physical fitness index of children and adolescents in China, so as to provide reference for physical activity and physical fitness promtion of children and adolescents. Methods In September 12, 2018, 4 269 students were selected by cluster sampling in east, northwest, north, central, southwest and South China, the test of standing long jump, grip strength, 50 m running, improved seat forward bend, 30 s sit-ups, 20 s cross repeatedly, 20 m round-trip running was completed. Results In comparing the physical fitness index of children and adolescents with different levels of physical activity, the PFI values of the middle and high intensity physical activity (MVPA) groups of boys aged 10-12 and 16-18 years old were (0.46±3.58) (0.75±3.0), the value of PFI of the MVPA group were (-0.69±3.64) (-0.61±2.87), the difference was statistically significant (t=0.04, 0.57, P>0.05). There was no significant difference in the values of PFI between the four age groups of the girls (P < 0.05). In comparison of physical activity status of children and adolescents in different physical ability grades, the time of MPA, VPA and physical exercise in healthy physical ability group was higher than that in unhealthy physical ability group (Z=-2.04, -4.93, -7.09, P < 0.05). Linear regression analysis showed that there was a positive correlation between daily MVPA, physical exercise and physical fitness index (P < 0.05). Conclusion Moderate and high-intensity physical activity, that is, physical exercise, is positively correlated with physical fitness index. Therefore, it is particularly important for children and adolescents to engage in sufficient moderate and vigorous-intensity physical activities.

Left visual field superiority of children with autism spectrum disorder

TIAN Li, HAN Yu, DAI Wei, SU Yuanyuan, ZHANG Xin, GAO Lei

2021, 42(12): 1883-1887. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.12.030

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Objective To explore the impairments of the left visual field (LVF) superiority among children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), for further understanding of the attentional mechanism of social disturbance in ASD. Methods The mixed design for repeated measured data was used. The case group was consisted of 105 ASD children enrolled from the rehabilitation agencies in Tianjin from Sept. 2016 to Dec. 2019; and 105 typically developed children were enrolled from Tianjin as the control group by matching the chronological age and gender distribution. The preferential looking paradigm was used to explore the LVF superiority by eye-tracking system. Fixation count (FC), total fixation duration (TFD) and the proportion of left hemiface were analyzed by the Mixed-design ANOVA, in which the main effect of "group", visual field (left vs. right) and gender of the faces was evaluated in addition to the interactions. Results All the participants in both the ASD group and TD group completed the experiments. For the whole face in LVF or RVF, the main effect of group showed the statistical significance on both FC and TFD [FC: F_{(1, 206)}=26.27, P < 0.01; TFD: F_{(1, 206)}=51.23, P < 0.01]. The interaction of group×visual field on FC also was statistically significant [F_{(1, 206)}=4.619, P=0.03], and the case group showed the difference between LVF and RVF (0.33±0.02, 0.54±0.03, P < 0.01) by further simple effect analysis, none of the rest was statistically significant. Both the left hemiface of FC & TFD showed the main effect of group [FC: F_{(1, 206)}=13.77, P < 0.01;TFD: F_{(1, 206)}=12.89, P < 0.01] and interaction of group×visual field [FC: F_{(1, 206)}=36.99, P < 0.01;TFD: F_{(1, 206)}=38.62, P < 0.01), similarly, there was higher left hemiface proportion of both FC & TFD in RVF than that in LVF (FC: 0.36±0.03, 0.56±0.03, P < 0.01; TFD: 0.36±0.03, 0.57±0.03, P < 0.01). Conclusion LVF superiority is not presented among children with ASD in this study, while the fixation in RVF remained relatively unaffected. The finding indicates the involvement of the fusiform face area of right hemisphere in the pathogenesis of ASD in addition to the weak central coherence account.

Effect of comprehensive intervention on ANGPTL2 and vascular endothelial function in obese male adolescents

YAO Meng, TANG Donghui, BAI Shuang

2021, 42(12): 1888-1891. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.12.031

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Objective To investigate the effect of a comprehensive exercise intervention program combined with diet control on ANGPTL2 and vascular endothelial function in obese male adolescents, and to provide theoretual basis for exercise to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease in obese male adolescents. Methods Forty-two obese male adolescents and 10 healthy male adolescents were selected, a comprehensive intervention of 6 weeks of exercise combined with diet control was carried out on obese male adolescents, and changes in morphological function, glucose and lipid metabolism, inflammation level and vascular endothelial function were measured before and after the intervention. Results After 6 weeks of comprehensive intervention, the morphological and functional indicators of obese adolescents were significantly reduced: weight, BMI, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure (P < 0.05); blood lipid levels significantly decreased, including TC, TG and LDL-C (P < 0.05); inflammation levels significantly decreased, including TNF-α and ANGPTL2 (P < 0.05); Vascular endothelial function significantly improved: RHI, NO/ET-1, NO, AI(P < 0.05). Before and after 6 weeks of comprehensive intervention, the ANGPTL2 of obese adolescents was significantly correlated with weight (r=0.37), BMI (r=0.45), RHI (r=-0.46), NO/ET-1 (r=-0.41), NO(r=-0.45), and AI (r=0.33)(P < 0.05). Conclusion The comprehensive intervention can effectively improve the morphological function, blood lipid level and vascular endothelial function of obese male adolescents, and reduce the circulating level of ANGPTL2. ANGPTL2 may be involved in the process of comprehensive intervention to improve the vascular endothelial function of obese adolescents.

Effect of intensive intervention for improving the referral rate among preschoolers with vision abnormalities

CHEN Jiayue, TONG Lian, LIU Ping, XUE Lili, CHEN Enpei

2021, 42(12): 1892-1895. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.12.032

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Objective To explore effect of intensive intervention for improving the referral rate of children with visual refractive disorders, and to provide a reference for myopia prevention and control of children and adolescents. Methods A total of 4 464 preschool children were selected from Zhuanqiao county, Minghang district in Shanghai for the eyesight investigation during April to June in 2019. Stratified random cluster sampling method was used to divide 1 724 children into intervention group and (896) control group (828) depending on the type of kindergartens. The intervention group was provied with an intensive intervention, including children's vision health assessment, parental self-management guidance for children's eye care, and community-based eye care services, while the control group carried out routine intervention measures. Results In 2019, the incidence of visual and primary refractive screen abnormalities in preschoolers of Zhuanqiao community was 38.62%. The incidence of naked eye vision abnormalities was 4.40%, the incidence of myopia-risk group, hyperopia-risk group and astigmatism-risk group was 37.10%, 2.20%, and 6.10%, respectively. After the intervention, the referral rate of the intervention group (68.75%) was significantly higher than that of the control group (17.15%)(χ²=465.09, P < 0.01). The differences between two groups were statistically significant in choosing the hospital for treatment (χ²=10.01, 51.51, 15.40, 27.79, 19.96, 24.24, P < 0.01). Conclusion The vision and refractive status of preschoolers worths further attention. Intensive intervention can improve the referral rate for children with screened vision abnormalities, which facilitates the prevention and early diagnosis of vision problems among preschoolers.

Comparison of different orthokeratology lenses in controlling the progression of low-myopia in children

XIE Longtang, LYU Tailiang, WU Hui, ZHANG Meng, HU Yuanyuan, LIN Xiao, ZHANG Chengcheng, WU Jianfeng, BI Hongsheng

2021, 42(12): 1896-1898, 1902. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.12.033

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Objective To compare the effect of different orthokeratology lenses in controlling the progression of low-myopia in children, and to provide a reference for exploring effective prevention measures for eyesight of children. Methods A total of 175 cases (350 eyes) aged 8-12 years old who were fitted with orthokeratology lenses were collected in this retrospective study. The differences in the changes of the axis length (AL) and the spherical equivalent refraction (SER) were analyzed after wearing different orthokeratology lenses for one year, and the relationship between the change of AL, SER and gender, age was also analyzed. Results In the Mouldway group, Alpha group, Lucid group and CRT group, the Median (P₂₅, P₇₅) of AL changes were 0.23 (0.12, 0.41), 0.30 (0.17, 0.45), 0.35 (0.16, 0.41) and 0.33 (0.23, 0.41)mm, and there were no statistical significant difference between four groups (Z=7.70, P>0.05); The Median (P₂₅, P₇₅) of SER changes were -0.31 (-1.00, 0.28), -0.38 (-1.22, 0.13), -0.25 (-0.84, 0.13) and -0.63 (-1.13, 0.25)D, and there were no statistical significant difference between four groups (Z=2.15, P>0.05). The age had negative correlation with the change of AL (r=-0.26, P < 0.05), but has nothing to do with the change of SER (r=0.10, P>0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the change of AL (Z=2.25, P>0.05) and SER (Z=-1.50, P>0.05) among children of different genders. Conclusion Different orthokeratology lenses have no differences in controlling the growth of the AL and changing the SER.

Current status of school doctor personnel in primary and secondary schools in China

ZHANG Shengjie, ZHOU Meng, GONG Xi, HU Dan

2021, 42(12): 1899-1902. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.12.034

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Abstract:
Objective This study analyzes the development of school doctor personnel since the implementation of the national "School Health Work Regulations", from the salary of school doctors, followed by the management system of school doctors in primary and middle schools. Methods Representative provinces in the eastern, central and western regions of China were selected and surveyed through quantitative and qualitative method. Results The proportion of school doctors with medical background accounted for 33.64%, 31.6% school doctors had t o be established. A huge gap between income, bonus distribution and appraisal exsited between school doctors and school teachers. Wages of school doctors was much lower than that of education-and social health-sectors. The salary level showed regional imbalance, relatively higher in the eastern region and lower in the in the central and western regions with few exceptions. There were significant differences between medical background school doctors and non-medical background school doctors in the highest educational background, income level, job nature, job placement, career development opportunity, income satisfaction, welfare and training satisfaction(χ²=10.73, 26.64, 313.44, 14.13, 29.14, 13.22, 12.97, 19.44, P < 0.05). Conclusion Government needs to pay attention to the school doctors in primary and secondary schools, integreate school health into public health management system. Relevant policies regarding school doctor management authority, school clinic and health center guideline, salary standards, as well as professional career development, are expected.

Association between factors affecting language development and Chinese dyslexia among primary students

ZOU Li, SUN Jian, LIU Zhuoya, CHEN Fengping, CHENG Yuli

2021, 42(12): 1903-1906, 1911. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.12.035

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Abstract:
Objective To explore the association between factors affecting language development and Chinese dyslexia, providing scientific evidence for prevention and intervention of dyslexia. Methods Twelve elementary schools were selected in Baoan, Shenzhen. The parents and head teachers of 12 868 children in grade 3-5 were surveyed by the Questionnaire for Children's Reading Ability, the Dyslexia Checklist for Chinese Children and the Pupil Rating Scale Revised Screening for Learning Disabilities. Results The prevalence rate of dyslexia was 2.71%, with 349 children suffering from dyslexia. Gender, parental education and occupations, family income, whether parents work away from home before their child was 3 years old, average time mother spends with her child daily and number of languages spoken in family had statistical significance on dyslexia(all P < 0.05). After adjusting for parental education and occupations, and family income, the children who spent more than 1 hour with their mothers per day had a significantly reduced risk of dyslexia (1-2:OR=0.46; 3-4:OR=0.45; 5-6:OR=0.40; >7 h: OR=0.36, P < 0.05); the children living in families where two languages were used for communication had a significantly reduced risk of dyslexia(OR=0.74, 95%CI=0.57-0.96, P=0.02). Children with a history of language development disorders had a significantly increased risk of dyslexia(OR=17.30, 95%CI=7.86-38.09, P < 0.01). Conclusion Increase of time mother spend with their child daily and paying more attention to the children with a history of language development disorders can help to prevent the occurrence of dyslexia.

Research update on the sleep patterns and influencing factors of childhood abuse victims

PENG Lianhua, TAN Minghui, MAO Ping, ZHENG Meizhen

2021, 42(12): 1907-1911. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.12.036

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Abstract:
As a common public health problem in society, it can seriously affect sleep, and lead to sleep structure disorder, sleep pattern changes, and sleep disturbance. Poor sleep can adversely affect the normal development of physiological, psychological, cognitive, and behavioral functions, and reduce quality of life. On the basis of summarizing the definition, classification, and epidemic status of child abuse, this paper summarizes the sleep characteristics and influencing factors of childhood abuse victims. It aims to provide a scientific basis for developing prevention and intervention measures to address sleep problems among childhood abuse victims, so as to improve sleep quality, and promote their physical and mental health.

Research update on emotion ability development of hearing-impaired children

MA Xie, DENG Ting, TAO Yun

2021, 42(12): 1912-1916. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.12.037

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Abstract:
Emotion ability has substantial influence on individual's survival and development as well as mental health. Emotion ability development disorder has become a prominent performance of hearing-impaired children, which has attracted the attention of researchers at home and abroad. From the four aspects of emotion recognition, emotion understanding, emotion expression and emotion regulation, this paper sorts out and comments on the previous studies, puts forward the intervention measures in the light of the concrete problems existing in the development, and proposes some suggestions for the curtent study limitations, in order to provide fundamental evidance for promotion of emotion ability of hearing-impaired children.

Research update on the co-occurrence and clustering model of obesity-related health risky behaviors in children and adolescents

ZHUANG Xuxiu, LIU Yang, WANG Yinuo, MA Yanan, WEN Deliang

2021, 42(12): 1917-1920. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.12.038

Abstract(675) HTML (271) PDF(107)

Abstract:
Overweight and obesity among children is not only harmful to physical and mental health, but also associated with an increased risk of chronic diseases such as hypertension and diabetes in adulthood. Health-related behavioral factors are one of the most important causes of child overweight and obesity, which commonly co-occur and show a synergistic negative influence on health. The synergistic effects suggest that interventions are likely to be more cost-effective and to maximize impact by targeting health risk behaviors in combination with the improvement of a variety of modificable behaviors. The present review aims to describe the update of co-occurrence and clustering patterns of obesity-related health risk behaviors, and proposes the future direction for prevention and control of overweight and obesity in children.

2021 Vol. 42, No. 12