中国学校卫生

Strengthening research on behavioral risk factors with myopia, bridge the gap between research and practice

WU Xiaoyan, TAO Fangbiao

2022, 43(3): 321-324. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.03.001

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Myopia is becoming a global public health problem, the prevalence of myopia among Chinese children and adolescents is high. The nature and nurture etiologies of myopia have been debated for a long time, and current evidence suggests that behavioral and environmental factors are the main causes of myopia in children and adolescents. Challenges in research on behavioral risk factors include cross-sectional design, as well as limited longitudinal and intervention. Therefore, future studies need to highlight cohorts study and intervention study, and bring in implementation research to evaluate the significance of application, so as to bridge gaps between research evidence and practice for prevention and control of myopia.

Three hot topics in the prevention and control of myopia among children and adolescents

WANG Zhiyong, YU Mingcheng

2022, 43(3): 325-327. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.03.002

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In order to improve the prevention and control of myopia, this paper examines the significance of hyperopia reserves and its correct application, identifies problems requiring further attention and sums up past experiences. It puts forward a prevention and control system of myopia after introduction of the physiotherapy instruments, especially those based on the principle of red light. This paper discusses some mechanisms of low concentration atropine eye drops in preventing and controlling myopia. Finally, future research directions are proposed.

Correlation between children and adolescents' behavioral habits and the occurrence of myopia in Qamdo

XIA Jiuyi, YANG Xin, ZHENG Shijie, YI Shenglan, SHI Kai, ZHANG Qi, JI Yan, DU Fang, SUN Kexin, XIANG Yongguo, ZHANG Tong, WAN Wenjuan, HU Ke

2022, 43(3): 328-332. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.03.003

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Objective To investigate the current status of myopia in children and adolescents in Qamdo, Tibet, and analyze related influencing factors, so as to provide a basis for the prevention and control of adolescents in plateau areas. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted among 959 children and adolescents randomly selected from one district and two counties in Qamdo (from the fourth grade of elementary school to the second grade of high school) for visual acuity and refraction tests and filled out a vision-related behavior questionnaire to analyze the incidence of myopia among adolescents in the region and its associated factors. Results The myopia rate of adolescents in grades 4-11 was 54.43%, the rate of undercorrection of refractive errors was 85.25%, and the percentage of students wearing eyeglasses was 34.67%, fully vision correction rate was 42.54%. The myopia rate of students in grades 4-6 was 35.14%, 64.71% in grades 7-9, and 73.48% in grades 10-11. The myopia rate increased with grades(χ²=101.18, P < 0.01). The myopia rate (70.40%) of urban students (grades 4-9) was higher than that of county level(41.45%), and the myopia rate of students with myopia from either parent (68.24%) was higher than that of students without myopia (51.91%), the myopia rate of girls (59.96%) was higher than that of boys (48.36%)(χ²=53.19, 13.46, 12.98, P < 0.01). Use electronic products for more than 2.5 hours per day, electronic devices usage after bedtime, the light low indoor brightness when studying on a sunny day, and only use one of the table lamps or roof lights when studying at night, preference for fried food, poor sleep quality, in the morning the students who still feel tired are at higher risk of myopia(χ²=10.35, 10.91, 6.87, 4.25, 4.97, 5.71, 12.11, P < 0.05). Multivariate regression analysis showed that the occurrence of myopia was related to region, grade, gender, parental myopia, time spent on electronic products every day in the past 5 months, and sleep quality(P < 0.05). Conclusion The high rate of myopia in children and adolescents in Qamdo may be related to the quality of sleep, the length of time electronic products are used, the eye environment, and the frequency of eating fried foods. Outdoor activities do not show significant differences.

Relationship between screen time and myopia in children aged 11-14 years in China

YUAN Xiaolin, LIU Kaiqi, WANG Yuying, XU Tao, ZHENG Xiaoguo, YANG Zhenyu, ZHANG Qian, ZHAO Wenhua

2022, 43(3): 333-337. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.03.004

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Objective To explore relationship between screen time and myopia in children aged 11-14 years in China. Methods The data were extracted from "National Nutrition and Health Systematic Survey and Application for 0-18 Years Old Children". A total of 12 397 children aged 11-14 years old from 14 provinces and 28 districts/counties in seven regions of China were surveyed by using multi-stage stratified random sampling method. Daily screen time and visual acuity information were collected through a questionnaire. Results The myopia rate of 11-14 years old children in China was 45.0%, among which the rate of girls was higher than that of boys, and the rate of urban was higher than that of rural, and it increased with age (χ²=178.82, 79.25, 495.96, P < 0.01). The daily screen time median of 12 397 children was 40.0 minutes, with boys(40.0 min) longer than girls(35.0 min) and urban children(40 min) longer than rural children(33.0 min) (χ²=20.86, 102.68, P < 0.01). The myopia rate of boys (42.5%) with daily screen time greater than or equal to 60 minutes was higher than that of boys (36.4%) with daily screen time less than 60 minutes, and the myopia rate of girls (55.6%) with daily screen time greater than or equal to 60 minutes was higher than that of girls (48.0%)(χ²=23.62, 34.15, P < 0.01). After adjusting for age, gender, region, time of medium and high-intensity physical activity, intake of sugary food and sugary beverages, daily sleep time, multivariable Logistic regression model showed that girls with daily screen time greater than or equal to 60 minutes (OR=1.14, 95%CI=1.03-1.27) had a higher risk of myopia than those with less than 60 minutes. After adjusting for confounding factors, there was no correlation between daily screen time and the degree of myopia in boys or girls(P>0.05). Conclusion Daily screen time greater than or equal to 60 minutes may be a risk factor for myopia in girls aged 11 to 14 years old. Given the complexity of the factors that affect vision, researches are needed to examine the relationship between screen time and myopia.

Effects of sunlike spectrum LED illumination on retinal blood perfusion in children and adolescents: a randomized controlled trial

CHEN Jun, CHEN Yousan, WANG Jingjing, YANG Jinliuxing, XIE Hui, DU Linlin, ZHANG Bo, WU Xiaoyan, HE Xiangui, XU Jianxing

2022, 43(3): 338-340. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.03.005

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Objective To analyze the effect of sunlike spectrum LED illumination on retinal blood flow perfusion, and to explore the the correlation between sunlike spectrum LED illumination and eye health indicators in children and adolescents. Methods A randomized control double-blind trial was conducted. The ordinary LED table lamp in the control group(11) and the sunlike spectrum LED table lamp in the experimental group(12) had a fitting degree of 87% and 95% with the daylighting spectrum, respectively. Two-sample independent t test and multivariable linear regression model were applied to compare the changes of retinal blood perfusion before and after the trial. Results After near reading for 1 hour, the retinal capillary density in the superficial and deep layers of the subjects in the ordinary LED illumination group decreased (superficial layer: -3.05±2.04, P < 0.01; deep layer: -4.03±4.94, P=0.02), no significant decrease was found in the sunlike spectrum LED illumination group (superficial layer: -0.59±1.44, P=0.18; deep layer: -0.49±4.27, P=0.70). Multivariable regression analysis found that compared with ordinary LED illumination, sunlike spectrum LED illumination could significantly alleviate the decrease in capillary density in the superficial and deep retinal layers, respectively (β=2.83, 95%CI=1.54-4.12, P < 0.01;β=4.21, 95%CI=0.58-7.84, P=0.02). Conclusion Sunlike spectrum LED illumination can alleviate the decrease in retinal blood perfusion caused by near work among children and adolescents, suggesting that it may delay the onset and development of myopia. Prevention and control of myopia needs to pay attention to the spectral power distribution of artificial illumination.

Online learning-related screen use and associated factors in school-aged children in Shanghai during the COVID-19 epidemic

XIE Hui, WANG Jingjing, YANG Jinliuxing, CHEN Jun, DU Linlin, PAN Chenwei, HE Xiangui

2022, 43(3): 341-344. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.03.006

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Objective To understand the online learning-related screen use duration and screen types in school-aged children in Shanghai during the COVID-19 epidemic. Methods Random clustering sampling was used to select 5 591 parents of students from 8 primary and junior schools that are in the sampling pool of the national myopia survey in districts of Jiading, Pudong and Baoshan in Shanghai in April 2020. Electronic questionnaire was administered to parents regarding their child's online learning-related screen use. Results On average, the median weekly duration of online learning-related screen use was 13.33 hours, the curricular and extracurricular parts of which were 10(8.75, 16.67) and 0(0, 3.33) hours, respectively. About 29.44% of investigated school-aged children only used small-size screen for online learning. Children in higher grades, being myopic and parents neither being myopic were associated with reporting higher weekly duration(P < 0.05); children in higher grades of primary school and parents neither being myopic were associated with a higher likelihood of using small-size screen for online learning(P < 0.05). Conclusion At the early stage of the COVID-19 epidemic, the burden associated with online-learning-related screen use was high in school-aged children in Shanghai. Health education regarding online learning-related screen use should be addressed in parents to guide their children to use screen appropriately.

Electric screen time of urban preschoolers during and before COVID-19

SHI Jiaojiao, SHI Huijing, WANG Yujie, YIN Cancan, LYU Pingping, YAN Yujie, WANG Ling

2022, 43(3): 345-349. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.03.007

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Objective To determine the influencing factors of electronic screen time of urban preschoolers before and after the COVID-19 outbreak, so as to provide a scientific basis for the control of digital screen use and early prevention of myopia among preschoolers. Methods Using multi-stage cluster random sampling method, a cross-sectional survey of 8 244 kindergarten students in a district of Shanghai was implemented, through parent questionnaire collecting the time child spent on various electronic screens before and after the COVID-19 outbreak, estimated the weighting screen time, and emphatically analyzed the relationship between family electronic screen supervision behavior and preschoolers' weighting screen time. Results The proportion of daily over-use time on average of mobile phones, computers and TV/projection screens among the surveyed preschool children during COVID-19 was 30.52%, 51.40% and 56.82%, respectively. On school days before the epidemic, the proportion was 21.94%, 41.80% and 47.51% respectively. After controlling for primary covariates, parents' frequent control of children's electronic screen use, parents' guidance for electronic screen use were significantly associated with lower weighted screen refractive time (OR=0.60-0.77, P < 0.05). The use of electronic screen when parents accompanied their children, the use of electronic screen time by parents but not strictly implemented were significantly associated with higher weighted screen refractive time and increased screen refractive time (OR=1.18-1.80, P < 0.05). Conclusion Urban preschoolers' electronic screen time was high during and before COVID-19. In the control measures of preschool children's electronic screen time, attention should be paid to the management of electronic screen use within the family and parents' role model.

Effects of cumulative ecological risk on healthy lifestyle among college students

JIN Ming, WANG Jing

2022, 43(3): 350-354. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.03.008

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Objective To investigate the effects and patterns of cumulative ecological risk on currrent and 6-month follow-up healthy lifestyle among college students. Methods A total of 1 156 freshmen and sophomores students randomly selected from 3 universities in Hebei Province were administered with College Students Health Lifestyle Scale and the Cumulative Ecological Risk Scale in November 2020 and May 2021 respectively. SPSS 24.0 statistical software was used for hierarchical regression analysis. Results Cumulative ecological risk was both negatively associated with current healthy lifestyle (β=-0.29, P < 0.01), and healthy lifestyle 6-month after (β=-0.11, P < 0.01). The effects of cumulative ecological risks on current healthy lifestyle showed non-linear pattern, with healthy lifestyle rapidly decline after accumulated more than 4 factors. The effects of umulative ecological risks on 6-month follow-up healthy lifestyle showed a linear pattern. No moderating effect of gender was observed in the linear relationship between the cumulative ecological risk and 6-month follow-up healthy lifestyle(β=-0.02, P>0.05), however, significant moderating effects of gender was found in the nonlinear relationship between cumulative ecological risk and current healthy lifestyle(β=0.12, P < 0.01). Conclusion Cumulative ecological risk is negatively associated with healthy lifestyle of college students cross-sectionally and longitudinally, in a non-linear and linear association pattern, respectively. Gender plays a moderating effect on the cross-sectional asscociation between cumulative ecological risk and healthy lifestyle.

Association between parental feeding behavior and child anemia of Kazak preschool children in agricultural and pastoral areas of Xinjiang

ZHANG Xin, YANG Jing, AINUR

2022, 43(3): 355-358. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.03.009

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Objective To understand parental feeding behavior and cognitive development among Kazak preschool children in agricultural and pastoral areas in Xinjiang, and to provide reference for anemia prevention in preschool children in this area. Methods In May 2019, a total of 1 846 Kazak preschool children were selected from the agricultural and pastoral areas of Xinjiang by stratified cluster sampling method, and parental feeding behavior and child anemia status were assessed. Results The detection rate of anemia in Kazak preschool children in agricultural and pastoral areas in Xinjiang was 49.19%, and the detection rates of mild and moderate anemia were 29.52% and 19.66%, respectively. There were statistically significant differences in the detection rate of anemia in preschool children in terms of age, father's education, mother's education, and family per capita income (χ²=162.06, 8.17, 16.86, 11.14, P < 0.05); There were statistically significant differences in the types of complementary food, nutritional anemia, breastfeeding time, and whether or not to force feeding (χ²=6.33, 8.91, 4.06, 21.55, P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that parents unclear about the type of complementary food (OR=1.36, 95%CI=1.09-1.68), nutritional anemia (OR=1.38, 95%CI=1.08-1.77), feeding time less than 24 months or unawareness (OR=1.46, 95%CI=1.01-2.11) and forced feeding (OR=1.42, 95%CI=1.13-1.78) were positively correlated with the detection rate of anemia in preschool children (P < 0.05). Conclusion Kazak preschool children in agricultural and pastoral areas in Xinjiang have severe anemia. There is a relationship between parental feeding behavior and children's anemia, which warrants further efforts to improve preschool children's anemia.

Evaluation of school lunch recipes based on digital platform

GAO Chunhai, LUO Sha, ZHAO Shuai, JI Yan, MA Jie

2022, 43(3): 359-362. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.03.010

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Objective To understand levels of various foods and nutrients in school lunch based on digital platform and to provide reference for food preparation and serving. Methods A total of 13 018 school lunch recipes in Binhai New Area of 96 schools in Tianjin from November 2020 to April 2021 were collected by using digital management platform for food safety and nutritional health.Food types including cereals and tubers, vegetables, fruits, livestock and poultry meat, fish and shrimp, eggs, milk and dairy products, legumes and their products/nuts and others energy, and nutrients including protein, fat, carbohydrate, calcium, iron, zinc, selenium, vitamin A, vitamin B₁, vitamin B₂, vitamin C and dietary fiber were evaluated. Results The qualified rate of all kinds of food for students' lunch from high to low were 96.8% (116.4 g) of livestock and poultry meat, 92.3% (179.5 g) of cereal and potato, 65.0% (170.6 g) of vegetables, 47.7% (21.4 g) of soybeans and their products/nuts, 33.4% (18.0 g) of eggs, 14.4% (8.5 g) of fish and shrimp, 14.1% (19.6 g) of fruits, 0.3% (35.4 g) of milk and dairy products. There were significant differences in the qualified rate of various food intake among different grades(P < 0.05). The qualified rate of students' lunch energy was 76.9%(932.6 kcal). The qualified rates of various nutrients from high to low were iron 96.9%(9.7 mg), zinc 96.8%(5.9 mg), protein 96.4%(43.8 g), carbohydrate 87.6%(130.8 g) and selenium 82.9%(23.5 μg), vitamin C 78.5%(48.8 mg), vitamin B₁ 75.9%(0.5 mg), fat 74.3%(28.5 g), vitamin A 74.1%(327.1 μ g) vitamin B₂ 49.9%(0.5 mg), dietary fiber 19.5%(5.9 g) and calcium 13.4%(246.1 mg). There were significant differences in the qualified rates of energy and nutrients among different grades(P < 0.05). Conclusion The digital platform basically meets school lunch requirments on food types and nutrients, but still with problems regarding insufficient fish and shrimp, fruits, milk and dairy products, vitamin B₂, dietary fiber and calcium. It is suggested to optimize school lunch recipes or increase corresponding nutrients content in other meals.

Negative emotions and influencing factors among college students men who have sex with men

DENG Li, WEI Zebei, ZHU Huaxue, ZHU Xiaoyang

2022, 43(3): 363-366. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.03.011

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Objective To analyze the negative emotions of college students men who have sex with men (MSM) and associated factors, so as to provide reference for alleviating MSM anxiety and depression. Methods A total of 198 young MSM who had homosexual sex in recent 6 months during June 2019 to June 2020 were selected. Negative emotions were assessed by using Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA) and Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD). Logistic regression analysis was used to explore the related factors of negative emotion of young MSM in school. Results The proportion of young MSM with anxiety or depression was 42.93% (n=85). In the negative emotion group, score of specialty and social support rating scale (SSRS) < 20 points, no publicity intervention, high number of anal sex (>2), occasional or non-condom use in recent anal intercourse were 50.59%, 41.18%, 54.12%, 69.14%, 77.64%, respectively, which were significantly higher than in the non negative emotion group (32.74%, 18.58%, 30.09%, 47.79%, 57.52%) (χ²=6.15, 12.21, 5.20, 9.26, 10.11, P < 0.05). Junior college, SSRS score < 20, no publicity intervention, high number of anal intercourse (>2), occasional or non-condom use in recent anal intercourse were positively correlated with negative emotions of young MSM in school (OR values were 1.65, 1.14, 1.90, 2.15, 1.21, P < 0.05). Conclusion Anxiety and depression are prevalent among young MSM in schools, which are closely related to educational background, SSRS score, the number of anal sex and condom use during anal intercourse.

Haze weather health protection behavior and associated factors in adolescents

TAO Lingwei, GAO Yana, DOU Hongzhe, WU Xuekun, YAN Lu, LIU Danyang, ZHAO Yuejia, ZHAO Qingchun, WANG Peiyu, ZHANG Yumei

2022, 43(3): 367-371. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.03.012

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Objective To investigate adolescent haze weather health protection behavior, and to provide scientific basis for behavioral intervention and health guidance for adolescents in haze weather. Methods From June 2015 to April 2016, 1 025 adolescents were selected from 22 classes in two middle schools of Baoding City, Hebei Province, by stratified cluster sampling method. General information questionnaire and the Brief Haze Weather Health Protection Behavior Assessment Scale-Adolescent Version (BHWHPBAS-AV) were used. Multiple linear regressions were conducted to explore factors affecting adolescent haze weather health protection behavior. Different models were used to confirm associations between influencing factors and BHWHPBAS-AV scores. Results Adolescents had a low overall score of BHWHPBAS-AV (45.81±13.16). The score rate of self-adjustment after haze weather was the highest (64.54%). The score rate of obtaining relevant knowledge before haze weather was the lowest (50.28%). Compared with adolescents in urban area, rural adolescents had a lower BHWHPBAS-AV score (β=-3.20, P < 0.01). Compared with students (living with parents), those living without parents had a lower BHWHPBAS-AV score (β=-4.16, P=0.01). Compared with students never receive physical examination, those had received physical examination during the past years had a higher BHWHPBAS-AV score (β=4.44, 5.66, 9.04, P < 0.01). Compared with students with no knowledge of respiratory system diseases, those with moderate to sufficient knowledge had a higher BHWHPBAS-AV score (β=9.34, 12.19, P < 0.01). These associations were stable and consistent.Multiple linear regression analysis showed that residence, residence with parents, physical examination and knowledge of respiratory diseases were the relevant factors of BHWHPBAS-AV score (P < 0.05). Conclusion Adolescent haze weather health protection behavior level is low and is affected by many factors. Cooperation should be strengthened to conduct behavioral interventions and health guidance on haze health protection for adolescents, so as to promote healthy growth of adolescents.

Effectiveness of exercise on body composition for overweight and obese children and adolescents: a network Meta-analysis

FEI Xi, LI Chao, LI Hongjuan

2022, 43(3): 372-377. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.03.013

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Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of aerobic exercise, resistance exercise, and aerobic combined resistance exercise on body composition among overweight and obese children and adolescents, to provide more comprehensive and effective evidences for overweight/obesity intervention research and practice in children and adolescents. Methods Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) regarding exercises on body composition among children and adolescents with overweight and obesity published before December 31th, 2020 were searched in databases of CNKI, Wanfang, PubMed, Web of Science. Two reviewers independently screened literature, extracted data and assessed risk of bias of included studies. Stata 15.1 and RevMan 5.0 were used for statistical analysis. Results A total of 38 RCTs were included. The effectiveness of exercise on BMI reduction among overweight/obese children and adolescents were in the following rankings: combined exercise [MD=-1.25(-1.76--0.74), P < 0.05], aerobic exercise [MD=-0.87(-1.23--0.52), P < 0.05], resistance exercise [MD=-0.58(-1.06--0.10), P < 0.05]. The effectiveness of exercise on body fat percentage reduction among overweight/obese children and adolescents were in the following rankings: combined exercise [MD=-4.02(-5.60--2.44), P < 0.05], resistance exercise [MD=-2.89(-4.62--1.16), P < 0.05], aerobic exercise [MD=-1.88(-3.14--0.62), P < 0.05]. Conclusion Aerobic training combined with resistance training is the most effective exercise to improve body composition for children and adolescents with overweight and obesity. When formulating exercise prescription, atrobic combined with resistance exercise can be used as the first choice for overweight and obese children and adolescents.

Experimental study on PE sport load evaluation of primary school students based on heart rate interval and training impulse

HE Yumin, LIU Jun, XI Yuhao, GOU Bo

2022, 43(3): 378-381. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.03.014

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Objective To explore the PE sport load and its influencing factors of primary school students and to provide the basis for scientific and reasonable arrangement of PE sport load and increase its exercise effect. Methods A total of 208 students from grade 5 and grade 6 of Small Wild Goose Pagoda Primary School in Xi'an were selected. Stopwatch and PolarOH1 photosensitive heart rate sensor were used to record the time of each PE lesson, the students' practice time and the continuous heart rate of the students during PE lesson. The exercise intensity and sport load of PE lesson were calculated by heart rate interval and training impulse (TRIMP) to evaluate the scientific nature and effectiveness of physical education. Results The average continuous heart rate was (132.5±15.2)time per min. The primary school students' PE classes were mainly of low-moderate intensity, and moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) accounted for 36.7% of the total class time.The average TRIMP of PE was (76.62±26.69). The average exercise density was 53.6%, and the average time of preparation, basic and end parts was 13.32, 25.57 and 0.50 min, respectively. Conclusion The PE intensity and TRIMP of primary school students are too small, the cumulative time of MVPA is insufficient, the PE exercise density is appropriate, the preparation part is too long, and the end part is too short. Therefore, the PE exercise load should be strengthened to improve the sports quality of PE students.

Effect of sexuality education for parents of preschoolers

WANG Zhennan, ZHAO Jun, JIANG Hangyu, TIAN Haiyan, YANG Jianhan, LU Shiya, YE Yunli

2022, 43(3): 382-385. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.03.015

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Objective To evaluate the effect of sexuality education for parents of preschoolers, to provide a basis for sexuality educational programs in rural settings. Methods This community intervention trial chose four kindergartens in Jiangyang District of Luzhou City as the intervention group and other four kindergartens in Jiangyou City of Mianyang City of Sichuan Province as the control group. Sexuality education for parents was carried out in the intervention group, and the control group received routine arrangement. The baseline survey was conducted from March to May 2019, and the final survey was conducted in December 2019. The investigators conducted a face-to-face or self-filled questionnaires among each parent who agreed to participate in the survey by using the self-designed questionnaire "Research on Current Situation and Countermeasures of Early Childhood Sexuality Education in Rural Areas (Parent)". Results Before the intervention, there was no significant difference in the basic information of parents and their children, and the situation of early childhood sexuality education between the intervention group and the control group(P>0.05). After intervention, parents of the intervention group and the control group showed differences in correct rate of the knowledge regarding early childhood sexuality education (41.5%, 32.1%), proportion of recognition of parental responsibility (90.7%, 81.3%), sexuality education in the family (55.7%, 45.9%), sexuality education in schools (70.2%, 39.1%) and attitude-behavior consistency (28.9%, 16.3%) (χ²=4.05, 8.05, 4.17, 42.48, 9.59, P < 0.05). Conclusion Sexuality education towards parents is effective through improving knowledge, responsibility, the implementation of sexuality education in the family, and attitude-behavior consistency among parents.

Effect of empowerment educational program on AIDS prevention and treatment in one university

TAN Meichun, WANG Chunmiao, LIU Huan, YUAN Zhaokang

2022, 43(3): 386-389. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.03.016

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Objective To apply and evaluate the effect of empowerment educational program on AIDS prevention and treatment among freshmen in one university. Methods The method of two-stage stratified sampling was used to select the experimental and control group. The traditional health education was implemented among the control group, and the empowerment education was implemented for the experimental group. The effect of the two groups was compared before and after intervention. Results For experimental group, the awareness rate of AIDS(65.02%) (χ²=61.02, P < 0.01) and the overall score of attitude and behavior(16.71±2.53)(t=-2.66, P < 0.05) were significantly improved after intervention(82.96%, 18.58±1.95). For the control group, there was significant difference in awareness rate of AIDS after intervention(67.70% vs 96.02%, χ²=18.64, P < 0.05), while there was no statistical difference in overall score of attitude and behavior after intervention(16.52±1.50 vs 17.16±1.57, t=-1.51, P=0.14). There was no significant difference in awareness rate between the two groups before intervention (χ²=0.36, P=0.55), but there was a statistical difference after intervention (χ²=20.42, P < 0.01). There was statistical difference in attitude and behavior scores between the two groups after intervention (P < 0.05). Conclusion Empowerment educational program can improve the awareness rate of AIDS among college students, help to establish an objective attitude towards AIDS and infected patients, and to reduce high-risk sexual behavior, also it is more effective compared to traditional education method.

Influence of sports application on health literacy, physical exercise behavior and physical quality among college students

WU Fengbin, JIANG Haichao

2022, 43(3): 390-394. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.03.017

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Objective To explore the effect of sports application (APP) based on goal-oriented management physical exercise among college students. Methods A total of 172 college students without sports APP experience were selected from Changzhou College of Information Technology during July to December in 2019. All the participants were divided into intervention group and control group by random number table method (both 86 cases). The control group was given routine management of college students' sports APP, while the intervention group was given goal-oriented sports APP management. After 16 weeks of intervention, health literacy, physical exercise and physical quality of the two groups were compared. Results After intervention, the total score of health literacy among students in the intervention group was (55.52±7.21) points, and that in the control group was (50.99±7.13) points, and the difference was statistically significant(t=4.14, P < 0.05). After intervention, the total score of physical exercise behavior of students in the intervention group (126.89±17.45) was significantly higher that in the control group (117.39±16.32)(t=3.69, P < 0.05). After intervention, the 50 m running, standing long jump, pull-up, 1 000 m running and sitting forward bend of male students in the intervention group were (7.52±0.71)s, (227.46±7.15)cm, (6.56±1.02)times, (262.20±13.24)s, (8.34±1.02)cm, and (7.93±0.75)s, (223.74±8.24)cm, (5.94±0.93)times, (268.15±11.45)s, (7.56±1.15)cm for the control group, the differences were statistically significant(t values were -2.76, 2.36, 3.13, -2.37, 3.76, all P < 0.05). The 50 m running, standing long jump, sit-ups, 800 m running, and sitting forward bending among female students of the intervention group were (9.38±1.12)s, (170.23±8.24)cm, (28.50±2.25)times, (252.13±15.34)s, (11.35±2.13)cm, and (10.07±1.10)s, (165.47±8.52)cm, (27.15±3.12)times, (264.35±14.56)s, (10.41±1.36) cm for the control group, all with statistical significance(t values were -2.68, 2.46, 2.17, -3.52, 2.24, P < 0.05). Conclusion The sports APP based on goal-oriented management could help promote health literacy, physical exercise, and physical quality among college students.

Evaluation of the correlation between the fractional amplitude of low frequency fluctuation and sleep belief in adolescents with drug-naive first-episode insomnia disorder

HUANG Yiyang, LYU Chuang, LYU Lanlan, ZHOU Yang, XIE Shiping

2022, 43(3): 395-398. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.03.018

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Objective To investigate the brain function and their correlation with sleep beliefs and attitudes in adolescents with drug-naive insomnia by using fractional amplitude of low frequency fluctuation, so as to provide a reference for the mechanism and treatment of insomnia. Methods An insomnia group (n=21) recruited first-episode, drug-naive, adolescents with insomnia who met the diagnostic criteria of the American Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(DSM-V). Healthy subjects matched with age, gender, and educational background were selected as the control group (n=20). Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index Scale (PSQI), Brief Version of Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep (DBAS-16), 24 Items-Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD-24), 14 Items-Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA-14) were evaluated. Fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation was used for analysis, and Pearson correlation analysis was employed to quantify the correlation between peak values of brain regions with significant differences and the clinical scale scores of the two groups. Results Compared with the control group, ractional amplitude of low frequency fluctuation(fALFF) values in the insomnia group were significantly decreased (P < 0.01, Alphaism corrected) in the left dorsolateral prefrontal lobe (L-DLPFC, MNI coordinates: -12, 60, 21, t=-3.85, K=495) and the left precuneus (MNI coordinates: -3, -54, 51, t=-4.29, K=417). The fALFF value of L-DLPFC in the insomnia group was positively correlated with DBAS-16 score (r=0.47, P=0.04). Conclusion Abnormalities in the L-DLPFC region suggest that adolescents with insomnia may suffer from impaired regulation of emotional and cognitive activities related to sleep.

The cross-lagged study between cyberbully and suicidal ideation among college students

FU Wenxiao, ZHAO Wenlong, YIN Jinghui, DENG Fei

2022, 43(3): 399-402. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.03.019

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Objective To provide longitudinal evidence for interventions in suicidal behavior among college students, this study explored the mechanisms underlying the relationship between cyberbully. Methods Based on the general strain theory, 558 college students from Beijing and Xi'an were followed up 2 times(T1 and T2) by using the Cyberbullying Questionnaire, Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation and Center for Epidemiological Survey-Depression Scale(CES-D). Results T1 cyberbully could positively predict depression and suicidal ideation among college students at T2(β=0.06, 0.15, P < 0.01), and depression at T1 could positively predict suicidal ideation among college students at T2(β=0.29, P < 0.01). The mediation effect revealed that depression at T1 could mediate the relationship between cyberbully and suicidal ideation. Compared to boys, girls were likely to be affected by cyberbully and resulted in depression and suicidal ideation. Conclusion Findings contribute to the prespective causal relation between cyberbullying and suicidal ideation among college students and provide the longitudinal evidence for intervention of suicidal ideation.

Relationship between different roles of school bullying and self-consciousness among adolescents

ZHANG Xi, CHENG Junhan, DING Hongli, WANG Yan, YU Yizhen

2022, 43(3): 403-406. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.03.020

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Objective To explore the relationship between different roles of school bullying and self-consciousness among adolescents, and to provide a reference for school bullying prevention and control. Methods In Ezhou and Xiaogan, two cities selected randomly from Hubei Province, 4 336 middle school students randomly selected from Ezhou and Xiaogan City in Hubei Province by stratified cluster sampling method during March to October in 2017, were investigated for an anonymous questionnaire survey. The Chinese version of adolescent school violence questionnaire was used to evaluate the different roles in school bullying, and the Self Consciousness Scale(SCS) was used to assess the level of self-awareness. Results About 18.9% of the respondents (819) were involved in bullying, among 86(2.0%) were pure perpetrators, 369 (8.5%) were pure victims, 364 (8.4%) were perpetrator-victims. There were significant differences in public and private self-awareness among different roles of campus bullying (F=4.05, 2.90, P < 0.05). The public self-awareness score of perpetrator-victims was higher than that of the uninvolved. The private self-consciousness score of perpetrator-victims was lower than that of the uninvolved (P < 0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression showed a negative correlation between private self-awareness and perpetrator-victims. Private self-awareness might reduce the risk of teenagers becoming perpetrator-victims (OR=0.93, 95%CI=0.91-0.96). A positive correlation between public self-awareness and perpetrator-victims and public self-awareness might increase the risk of adolescents becoming perpetrator-victims (OR=1.08, 95%CI=1.06-1.11). Conclusion Self-awareness is related to different roles of school bullying, and higher public self-awareness and lower private self-awareness are important predictors of perpetrator-victims of school bullying.

Relative weights analysis on the impacts of childhood maltreatment forms on adolescent anxiety and depression

ZHANG Yuhan, LI Jieyang, YIN Xueqin, WANG Jinliang

2022, 43(3): 407-410. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.03.021

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Objective To explore the relative effects of various forms of childhood maltreatment on adolescent anxiety and depression and to explore possible sex difference. Methods By using convenient sampling method, 6 228 middle school students were selected from 2 middle schools in Chongqing. Self-reported questionnaires were used to collect demographic characteristics, childhood maltreatment experiences, anxiety and depression symptoms. The relative weights analysis was conducted to analyze the relationship between childhood maltreatment forms and adolescent anxiety and depression and possible sex differences. Results The prevalence of physical neglect, emotional abuse, physical abuse, emotional neglect and sexual abuse was 28.2%, 23.7%, 16.0%, 12.4% and 10.3%, respectively. Among them, emotional abuse had the greatest impact on anxiety and depression (R²=0.12/0.15), followed by emotional neglect(R²=0.08/0.11), physical abuse (R²=0.02/0.03), sexual abuse (R²=0.02/0.01) and physical neglect (R²=0.01/0.01). Compared with boys (R²=0.09/0.12, R²=0.06/0.09), emotional abuse (R²=0.13/0.16) and emotional neglect (R²=0.10/0.13) had greater impacts on anxiety and depression among girls. Conclusion Psychological maltreatment (including emotional abuse and emotional neglect) in childhood has the greatest influence on anxiety and depression, especially for girls.

Anxiety of hearing impaired students in special schools during COVID-19

SHAO Yiping, WANG Yang, ZHAO Shi, XIE Hongyan

2022, 43(3): 411-412. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.03.022

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Objective To understand anxiety status among students with hearing loss under the epidemic of novel coronarirus pneumonia, and to provide evidence for promoting mental health of hearing impaired students. Methods On March 10, 2020, 612 hearing impaired students in special schools in 6 provinces, including Guizhou, Sichuan, Hunan, Zhejiang, Chongqing and Xinjiang were investigated online with anxiety scale. Results The detection rate of anxiety in hearing impaired students was 52.8%. There was significant difference in the detection rate of anxiety among hearing impaired students by different economic status(from very good, good, mederate, poor and very poor: 54.1%, 63.9%, 51.4%, 40.7% and 38.8%) and relationship with their parents(from very good, good, mederate, poor and very poor: 45.1%, 55.7%, 60.0%, 84.6%, 87.5%) (χ²=16.59, 62.46, P < 0.05). Conclusion The anxiety level of hearing impaired students was high under the epidemic of novel coronavirus pneumonia. Hearing impaired students from families with good economic conditions and poor parent-child relations are prone to anxiety. It is particularly important to establish a good parent-child relationship.

Social anxiety and associated factors among graduate students under the normalization of epidemic prevention and control

DENG Xuyang, LIU Xiaogang, ZHANG Shuo, LIU Quzhi, WANG Zhilin, WANG Jing, XIANG Lili, ZHOU Ping

2022, 43(3): 413-416. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.03.023

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Objective To understand social anxiety and relevant factors among graduate students under the normalization stage of COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control. Methods Using convenience sampling method, an online questionnaire survey on graduate students from 5 universities in Jiangsu Province was conducted. Measurements used in the survey includes General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES), General Alienation Scale (GAS), Interaction Anxiousness Scale (IAS) and self-made survey for basic information and household living conditions. Results The overall score of graduate students' self-efficacy was (2.58±0.50). Average score was (30.68±6.22) for alienation, and (47.55±8.77) for interaction anxiety, with detection rate of social anxiety being 43.96%. Increased dependence on smartphones and electronic devices (OR=1.86, 95%CI=1.32-2.61) and high alienation score (medium level: OR=2.06, 95%CI=1.45-2.92; high level: OR=5.19, 95%CI=1.00-27.00) were positively correlated with social anxiety. Increased communication with friends (OR=0.65, 95%CI=0.47-0.90 and high self-efficacy (medium level: OR=0.37, 95%CI=0.21-0.66; high level: OR=0.15, 95%CI=0.08-0.30) were negatively correlated with social anxiety. Conclusion At the normalization stage of COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control, social anxiety of graduate students is one of the mental health issues which need further attention. Participation in peer support helps prevent social anxiety through developing self-efficacy, alleviating individual alienation, and reducing dependence on electronic devices among graduate students.

Association of psychological and behavioral development with stunting of Tibetan children aged 0-5 years in Tibet

LI Jianbo, LI Yajie, NIMA Qucuo

2022, 43(3): 417-420. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.03.024

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Objective To understand the current situation of psychological and behavioral development of Tibetan children aged 0-5 years in Tibet, and to provide basic data for analyzing the relationship between stunning and children's psychological and behavioral development. Methods A total of 2 788 Tibetan children aged 0-71 months were randomly selected from seven districts and counties in Tibet from September to November 2020 by stratified PPS method and cluster sampling method for questionnaire survey and physical examination. Multivariate Logistic model was used to analyze the effect of stunting on psychological and behavioral development. Results The detection rate of psychological and behavioral development deviation of Tibetan children aged 0-5 years in Tibet was 24.68%, among which the detection rates of development deviation in language, gross motor skill, fine motor skill, and social-emotional were 8.07%, 9.15%, 12.02% and 12.73%, respectively. After adjusting for potential mixed factors, the OR value (95%CI) of the risk of psychological and behavioral development deviation of stunted children was 1.34(1.05-1.70). There was positive association with the three dimensions of language, fine motor skill, and social, respectively. Subgroup analysis showed significant differences in age (0-35 months old: OR=1.16, 95%CI=0.88-1.53; 36-71 months old: OR=2.28, 95%CI=1.44-3.62) and gender (boys: OR=1.69, 95%CI=1.23-2.32; girls: OR=0.98, 95%CI=0.67-1.42) in the association between stunting and psychological and behavioral development. Conclusion The detection rate of psychological and behavioral development deviation of 0-5-year-old Tibetan children is high. Stunting is associated with the risk of psychological and behavioral development. Early screening and comprehensive intervention of children's nutritional and neurodevelopmental should be carried out, especially among older age boys.

Physical fitness and early-life influencing factors among preschoolers in Guangzhou

WU Huiyu, TANG Lu, LIN Haiqi

2022, 43(3): 421-424. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.03.025

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Objective To understand physical health of pre-school children aged 3-6, so as to analyze the early-life influencing factors, and to provide a reference for physical health promotion of preschool children. Methods The method of random sampling was used to select 1 580 preschoolers aged from 3-6 in Guangzhou. National physical health test and questionnaire survey were conducted to assess physical health. Results The physical fitness pass rate of preschool children was 87.2%, among which the excellent rate was 30.8%. With the increase of age, the rate of good physique of both boys and girls increased. There were statistical differences in body shape indexes (except dermal fold thickness) between male and female children at all ages (P < 0.01). The rate of overweight and obesity was 14.7%, which was higher in boys (17.2%) than in girls (12.0%). There were significant differences between overweight and non-overweight obese people(χ²=4.84, 3.96, 5.73, 4.85, P < 0.05). Logistic regression showed that preterm birth was negatively correlated with the rate of good physique of preschool children (OR=0.81, P < 0.05). There was a positive correlation between birth weight greater than gestational age and the rate of physical fitness of preschool children (OR=1.37, P < 0.05). Conclusion Preschool children aged 3-6 years old in Guangzhou have poor physical health overall, and the rate of good physical health is related to factors such as preterm gestational week in early life delivery and birth weight greater than the gestational age.

Near infrared spectroscopy assessed oxygenated hemoglobin with sleep quality among college students

REN Honglin, BIAN Yueran, ZHANG Yan, QIU Min, XIANG Nian, WU Huifen, XIAO Qiang, LI Xiaonan

2022, 43(3): 425-428. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.03.026

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Objective Functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) was used to assess brain oxygenated hemoglobin (Oxy-Hb) activation in college students with different sleep quality under the verbal fluency task (VFT), so as to better provide a theoretical basis for the neural mechanism for sleep quality improvement of college students. Methods A simple random sampling method was used to investigate 96 college students from one university during 2020 and 2021. According to the results of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index(PSQI), participants were divided into 3 groups: good sleep quality group(n=45), moderate group(n=33), and poor group(n=18). The 53-channel near-infrared spectroscopy to collect cerebral blood oxygen signals under the VFT task. Association between oxygenated hemoglobin with sleep quality was analyzed. Results About 18.75% of college students reported sleep quality problems, including long sleep latency (0.97±0.97) and poor subjective sleep quality (0.96±0.72). There was a significant negative correlation between PSQI score and average oxygenated hemoglobin (Avg-HbO) index of dorsolateral prefrontal lobe (r=-0.23, P=0.03). The Avg-HbO index differed significantly between good and poor sleep quality groups on dorsolateral prefrontal lobe(P=0.05). Conclusion This study verified that there is a positive correlation between sleep quality and cognitive ability among college students. The fNIRS technique could accurately collect blood oxygen signals from dorsolateral prefrontal lobe during cognitive tasks, which proves to be an effective tool for identifying sleep quality of college students.

Association between physical activity and cardiopulmonary endurance of Chinese children and adolescents

CHEN Zegang, DING Ji, WAN Qin, YIN Xiaojian, WU Huipan, DENG Ting, LI Jiawei, WANG Jinxian

2022, 43(3): 429-432. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.03.027

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Objective To understand physical activity status and its relation with cardiopulmonary endurance among Chinese children and adolescents, so as to provide reference for cardiopulmonary endurance improvement and intervention of Chinese children and adolescents. Methods During September to November 2018, a stratified cluster sampling method was used to select 4 269 children and adolescents aged 7-18 years in six major regions of China, 20 m shuttle run test and physical activity were assessed. Results Average duration for daily low-intensity physical activity among boys was (31.49±30.01) min, for moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (68.37±46.50) min. Average duration for low-intensity physical activity among girls was (34.02±31.58) min, for moderate-to-vigorous physical activity was (63.02±44.91) min. The number of 20 m shuttle run test for boys reached (36.17±21.94) times, and the maximal oxygen uptake per minute was (44.51±5.05) mL/kg; the number of 20 m shuttle run test for girls reached (26.59±12.56) times, and the maximal oxygen uptake per minute was (41.99±5.29) mL/kg. There were statistically significant differences in the number of 20 m shuttle run test and maximal oxygen uptake across age groups in boys (F=589.37, 152.79, P < 0.01), as well as that in girls (F=305.21, 1 032.46, P < 0.01). The proportion of boys and girls who met moderate-to-vigorous physical activity standard was 49.24% and 42.92%, respectively. Linear regression analysis showed that there was a significant positive correlation between the duration of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity and maximal oxygen uptake (β=0.11, P < 0.01). Conclusion There is a significant correlation between moderate-to-vigorous physical activity with cardiorespiratory endurance among Chinese children and adolescents. Higher level of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity is important to help improve cardiopulmonary endurance among children and adolescents.

Analysis of intestinal flora in Mongolian female students under anxiety in a medical university

LI Lian, CHEN Wenting, PANG Hui, BAO Lili, LIU Jia, REN Xiangyu, XU Haixia, BA Teer

2022, 43(3): 433-436. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.03.028

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Objective To investigate the change in intestinal flora in Mongolian students with anxiety, so as to provide basis for exploring the relationship between flora and secretion expression in vivo. Methods The Self-rating Anxiety Scale(SAS)was used to assess anxiety in medical college students; then a semi-structured interview was administered. Fecal samples that met the inclusion criteria were collected and divided into anxiety (SAS score≥50) and control groups (no anxiety, SAS score < 50) according to the standard score of SAS. Samples provided by Mongolian female students were selected from each group. The total bacterial DNA was extracted from the fecal samples for PCR amplification and NovaSeq 2x250bp high-throughput sequencing was performed for the V3-V4 region of 16S rDNA gene to obtain the biological information of the intestinal flora. The intergroup OTU, structural diversity, significant difference, and LEfSe analyses were performed with information mining of the literature think tanks. Results Anxiety existed in 23.86% of the Mongolian students, and 16.96% of the Han people. A Chi-square test showed no significant difference in detection of anxiety between Mongolian and Han college students (P=0.07). Analysis of the alpha diversity index showed that the Shannon index, Simpson index, Chao1 index, and Observed species did not differed significantly between the two groups(t=8.0, 9.0, 6.0, 6.5). The difference in abundance of some bacteria was significant at the Class, Order, Family, and Genus levels between the two groups(t=-2.26-2.57, -5.08-3.58, -2.65-2.09, P < 0.05). Conclusion The alpha diversity index showed that there was no significant difference in the abundance and diversity of intestinal flora between the two groups. While there were significant differences at different classification levels, the results suggest that the structure of intestinal flora can change in students with anxiety.

Effects of proprioception training combined with core stability training on balance ability of college students

ZHANG Wei, GOU Qifeng, LI Sunnan, REN Gui, ZHAO Mengnan, LI Lingyun, BA Teer

2022, 43(3): 437-441. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.03.029

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Objective To explore the effect of proprioception combined with core stability training on the static balance ability and dynamic balance ability of college students, and to provide an experimental basis for studying body balance ability and preventing sports injuries. Methods In August 2019, 112 non-sports students from Shandong Institute of Physical Education were recruited, and 52 subjects were selected as the intervention group and 60 as the control group by random number table method. The intervention group was given proprioceptive training combined with core stability training, while the control group was given core stability training. The static and dynamic balance abilities of the two groups of subjects before and after training were compared. Results The static balance ability of the intervention group was higher than that before the intervention (F=2.17, P < 0.05) at the 5th and 11th weeks, which were 18.31% and 47.37% higher, respectively. The ability to stand on one foot with eyes closed at the 11th week in the intervention group was higher than that in the control group at the 11th week(t=2.25, P < 0.05). After training, the equilibrioception of the intervention group was improved, increasingly improved in the 11th week. And compared with that in intervention group in the 5th and 11th week, the ability was also higher than the balance ability of the intervention group before the intervention(F=2.37, P < 0.01), 12.01% and 12.99% higher, respectively. Conclusion Proprioception and core stability training can effectively improve the static and dynamic balance ability of college students, and the training effect of proprioceptive training combined with core stability training is better than that of core stability training.

Relationship between the muscle mass index and the aggregation of cardiovascular risk factors in children and adolescents aged 12-17 years in Yinchuan City

BAI Ling, CAI Rongrong, ZHOU Jinyu, DONG Yangyang, DING Wenqing

2022, 43(3): 442-446. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.03.030

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Objective To explore the relationship between the muscle mass index (MMI) and the aggregation of cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs) in children and adolescents, and to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases in children and adolescents. Methods The current situation study design was adopted, and 1 622 children and adolescents aged 12-17 years old in Yinchuan City were selected by a cluster random sampling method. All subjects were subjected to questionnaire survey, physical examination, body composition determination and laboratory index testing. Results When other variables were not adjusted, MMI was a risk factor for the aggregation of cardiovascular risk factors (P < 0.01). After adjusting for age, gender and BMI, MMI became a protective factor for CVRFs≥1 (OR=0.74, 95%CI=0.62-0.89), compared with insufficient MMI, the risk of developing CVRFs≥1 with good MMI and sufficient MMI was 0.60(95%CI=0.46-0.79), 0.56(95%CI=0.37-0.85) times. The risk of CVRFs≥2 was 0.54(95%CI=0.37-0.79), 0.51(95%CI=0.30-0.87) times, and similar results were found in boys (P < 0.05). Conclusion Under the same BMI level, muscle mass index is a protective factor for cardiovascular risk factor aggregation in children and adolescents. Physical exercise of children and adolescents should be emphasized to maintain the best muscle mass and weight.

Analysis of tuberculosis screening for newly enrolled students in Hunan Province from 2018 to 2020

ZHANG Chuanfang, TANG Yi

2022, 43(3): 447-451. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.03.031

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Objective To understand tuberculosis screening for newly enrolled students in Hunan Province and to provide reference for scholl-based tuberculosis (TB) prevention and control. Methods During 2018 to 2020, TB screening was carried out for newly enrolled students in Hunan Province, and the screening results were statistically analyzed by descriptive analysis and χ² test. Results In 2018-2020, the average incidence rate of TB among students in Hunan Province was 20.90/100 000, with a decreasing trend by year (χ_trend²=89.45, P < 0.01), the screening rate of TB in schools was 87.30%, and the screening rate for newly enrolled students was 86.81%, with downward trend by year (χ_trend²=2 843.34, 83 443.77, P < 0.01). The proportion of suspicious symptoms, close contact, and active pulmonary TB patients among students were 0.53%, 0.21%, and 1.73/10 000, respectively, with decreasing trends by year(χ_trend²=8 624.05, 2 215.48, 99.14, P < 0.01). The proportion of strong positive PPD/ IGRA positive, changes in imaging examination and culture-positive of mycobacterium tuberculosis were 1.52%, 0.20% and 12.40%, with increasing trends by year (χ_trend²=529.18, 147.65, 25.89, P < 0.01). There were statistically significant differences in the proportion of suspicious symptoms, close contact, strong positive PPD/positive IGRA, changes in imaging examination and the proportion of patients with tuberculosis in the regional classification and school classification (χ²=529.18, 8 823.13, 705.63, 2 068.03, 1 299.00, 4 318.73, 33.12, 2 329.07, 35.80, 1 781.65, P < 0.01). There was no statistically significant difference in the proportion of culture-positive of mycobacterium tuberculosis in the regional classification and school classification (P>0.05). Conclusion The screening rate of newly enrolled student showed an upward trend, and the incidence rate of tuberculosis among students showed downward trend. Newly enrolled students among fresh students in high school have the highest PPD positive/IGRA positive rate and the proportion of pulmonary tuberculosis in the student population. It is necessary to increase the screening among fresh students in high school. In areas with conditions, tuberculosis screening of senior two students can be considered.

Epidemiological characteristics of facial trauma in preschool children in Fuyang City of Anhui Province

YU Xiaofeng, LI Xinyi, MA Jie, FANG Jianqiang, SUN Shiwen, CHENG Qiyuan

2022, 43(3): 452-455. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.03.032

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Objective To investigate the current situation and related factors of facial trauma in school-age children in urban areas of Fuyang, and to provide basis for child facial trauma prevention. Methods By cluster stratified random sampling method, a questionnaire survey was conducted among parents of school-age children aged 3-6 in four kindergartens in Fuyang City. A total of 1 062 valid questionnaires were included. Results A total of 146 (13.7%) children with facial trauma were included. The ratio of boys to girls was 1.84∶1.In primary and secondary classes in kindergarten, the reporting rate of boys (24.5%, 16.4%) was higher than that of girls (13.4%, 9.0%), and the difference was statistically significant (χ²=6.66, 4.25, P < 0.05).The incidence of facial trauma was highest (19.4%) in junior kindergarten class children, which decreased with age. Falls injury(61.6%) was the leading cause of facial trauma. Most of facial trauma occurred in family (55.5%) and kindergarten (26.0%). Forehead (26.0%) and mandible (21.2%) were the main injured body sites. Skin laceration (81.5%) was the main type of injury. Facial trauma mostly occurred at 11:00-13:00(19.9%) and 17:00-19:00(27.4%), during June to August (39.7%). The results of univariate analysis showed that the facial trauma of preschool children was associated with gender, class, parent-rated child temperament, parental education and family type(χ²=14.51, 18.84, 39.66, 6.56, 12.31, P < 0.05). Conclusion Facial trauma in preschool children in Fuyang is common, which varies in gender, class, temperament and family type.

Analysis of typical parameters of air quality in Chinese colleges

XU Guiqin, WANG Tao

2022, 43(3): 455-458. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.03.033

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Objective To analyze the current situation and research update on campus air quality in China, and to provide reference for effective campus environment improvement. Methods The documents of China national knowledge internet (CNKI) from 1980 to 2020 were extracted and the key words related to campus air quality were analyzed by CiteSpace software. Microorganisms, formaldehyde and benzene were selected, data of 200 literatures were classified and sorted out in different functional areas. Results Studies on campus air quality in China has been increasing gradually since 2004, especially focusing on indoor air, PM_2.5 and benzene series. The primary microorganism in the air environment of Chinese campuses was bacteria with the concentration of 2 309.31 cfu/m³. The ranking of the overall load of bacteria in air of different functional areas was consistent with that of microorganisms: living service area > landscape leisure area > public transport area > scientific research and teaching area > administrative office area > sports activity area. The average value of microbial indicators in indoor air of computer room, office area and campus living areas were more likely exceed the standard. The formaldehyde concentration in the computer room and reading room was high. The health of students exposed to formaldehyde and benzene on campus evaluated by using the evaluation model of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency proved out to be in the safe range. Conclusion The concentrations of microorganisms, formaldehyde and benzene in campus environment mostly meet the requirements. Further measures need to be taken to reduce microbial concentration and strengthen formaldehyde monitoring and pollution source management in computer room and reading room.

Path of social organizations' participation in management of mental health in primary and middle schools

GUO Yi, YIN Xia, SHAO Hongan, LIU Jingjing

2022, 43(3): 459-462. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.03.034

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Abstract:
As an important part of the social psychological service system, social organizations provide collaborative support for the management of mental health in primary and middle schools. Based on a case of Wuhan psychological service center, the significant contributions were made by social organizations, including system building, technique provides, field supervision and resource aggregation. Social organizations' efforts include improving school psychology service system, exploring school-based curriculum in respond to needs, seeking solutions of the crisis, and collaborating with social resources to guide multilateral support. The path of social organizations in participating in the mental health management, the limitations and needed support would be explored.

Study on the association between sleep deficiency and myopia in children and adolescents

LIU Jia, TAO Fangbiao

2022, 43(3): 463-467. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.03.035

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Abstract:
In recent years, the overall prevalence of myopia has been increasing in China, towards younger age at onset and greater severity. Studies have shown that the occurrence and progression of myopia are affected by environmental and behavioral factors, e.g. prolonged near concentration and lack of outdoor activities. In recent years, studies on the association between insufficient sleep and myopia have increased. Domestic and foreign studies have found that there is a positive correlation between insufficient sleep and the occurrence of myopia in children and adolescents, but the results are not uniform. Therefore, this paper reviews the epidemiology and possible mechanism of sleep deprivation and myopia in children and adolescents, in order to provide theoretical basis for sleep improvement and myopia prevention in children and adolescents.

Light exposure and myopia in children and adolescents

ZHOU Panfeng, TAO Fangbiao, WU Xiaoyan

2022, 43(3): 467-471. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.03.036

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Abstract:
Myopia is the most common vision disorder in children and adolescents, and the incidence of myopia among children and adolescents in China ranks among the highest in the world. Existing research results show that lack of outdoor activities is a risk factor for myopia in children and adolescents. The underlying mechanism is closely related to the difference in duration, intensity and spectrum between outdoor and indoor lighting. Illumination is an important environmental factor affecting the occurrence and development of myopia in children and adolescents. Different illumination parameters, such as the intensity, time and spectrum composition of illumination, can affect the occurrence and development of myopia. In this paper, we reviewed the epidemiological studies and animal experiments on the relationship between exposure duration, intensity and spectrum of daylight and night light and myopia in children and adolescents, in an attempt to provide new clues for the prevention and control of myopia in children and adolescents.

Researches advances on the mechanism of the effect of adverse childhood experiences on allostatic load

HE Yunling, WANG Dongxue, REN Kai, LI Yang, ZHANG Hui

2022, 43(3): 472-475. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.03.037

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Abstract:
Allostatic load (AL) is related to stress. Adverse childhood experiences(ACEs), as a common stress in childhood, can make a serious and lasting impact on it. Allostatic load can reflect the wear and tear of an individual's physiological system. This article mainly reviews the functional changes of several systems of AL who have experienced ACEs, including neuroendocrine, metabolism, immune, and cardiovascular systems, as well as the different effects of the occurrence time and subtypes of ACES on AL, providing some theoretical basis for the development of early intervention plans in the future and reducing the occurrence and development of deleterious outcomes.

Research progress in understanding peer victimization of children and adolescents

GU Chunhong, WANG Lingfeng

2022, 43(3): 476-480. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.03.038

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Abstract:
Peer victimization is a negative peer relationship in peer communication. Research has shown that peer victimization has an important influence on physical and mental development in children and adolescents. Quantitative research methods combined with longitudinal tracking have been used to investigate children and adolescents, with a focus on special population and young Internet users. Personality characteristics, peer relationships, teacher-student relationships and other factors are the main factors affecting peer victimization, which are accompanied by behavioral and emotional problems, and the construction of self-concept. The negative influence has been studied in China and abroad to facilitate interventions preventing peer infringement. Research methodology should be enriched, and more in-depth interventions and network peer infringement should be conducted.

2022 Vol. 43, No. 3