中国学校卫生

Research on the puberty needs to establish a multi-index evaluation and prediction system

CHENG Guo, TAO Fangbiao

2022, 43(7): 961-964. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.07.001

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The onset and progression of puberty development is affected by interaction of genes and environments, and is linked to lifelong health. A comprehensive understanding of pubertal development in Chinese children and its influence on health outcomes becomes an important public health concern. Therefore, building an evaluation index system for Chinese children to assess the puberty onset and the temporal sequences throughout the puberty stage, and establishing a multi-dimensional predictive model for puberty trajectory lay down the foundation for this issue. This article reviews the currently available evidence referring to the assessment system and the prediction model for puberty timing, and outlines directions for future research in this area.

Current status and considerations of sexuality education in primary and secondary school

LI Hailan, YANG Huijie, LUO Yuyi, WU Jingyi, LIU Zelin, CAI Yingyue, SHAO Yiming, XIE Lian, GAO Yulin

2022, 43(7): 965-969. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.07.002

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Comprehensive sexuality education is an important part of quality education, primary and secondary schools are the most suitable places for sex education. This paper sorts out the current status of sexuality education for primary and secondary school students in developed countries after presenting the overall significance of school-based sexuality education, and further points out the problems and urgency of sexuality education for primary and secondary school students in China. It also put forward the way to new directions for advocacy, including the comphrehensive sexuality education curriculum system, training of sexuality education teachers, the positive and active role of families, as well as social and community support for sexuality education in schools.

Correlation analysis between different nutritional status and age at first spermatorrhea of boys aged 11 to 18 in Ningxia in 2019

ZHANG Shujing, ZHAO Haiping, ZHANG Hui, PAN Tingting, HUANG Zirui

2022, 43(7): 970-973. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.07.003

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Objective To explore the correlation between obesity and first ejaculation in boys aged 11-18 years old in Ningxia in 2019, and to provide the theoretical reference for puberty development among obese boys. Methods Using the method of stratified random cluster sampling, 5 240 boys aged 11- 18 were selected from Yinchuan, Zhongwei, Wuzhong and Guyuan in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region. Height, weight, and first ejaculation were obtained.Body mass index (BMI) was calculated to determine nutritional status, and the χ² test was used to compare the differences between groups of nutritional status; the probability unit regression method was used to calculater the soth percentile age at ejaculation, and the U test was applied to compare the differences in age at ejaculation between groups. Results The rates of overweight and obesity among boys aged 11 to 18 years in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region in 2019 were 15.5% and 8.8%. The detection rate of overweight and obesity among urban boys was 17.8% and 10.5% and the detection rate of overweight and obesity among rural boys was 12.9% and 6.9%, respectively. The 50 th percentile age at half ejaculation among urban boys aged 11 to 18 years was 14.94 years; the 50 th percentile age at ejaculation among rural boys was 15.33 years(P < 0.01). The 50 th percentile age at ejaculation was 15.61, 15.10, 15.05 and 15.05 years for boys in the wasted, normal weight, overweight and obese groups, respectively. Conclusion Nutritional status was not associated with age at first ejaculation in the present study, but warrants farther investigation.

Effects of environmental factors on refractive development of children and adolescents in different pubertal stages

YANG Jinliuxing, WANG Jingjing, HE Xiangui, ZHANG Bo, CHENG Tianyu, WANG Yue, PAN Chenwei

2022, 43(7): 974-977. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.07.004

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Objective To explore the effect of puberty on refractive development of children and adolescents and its interaction with outdoor activities, near work and the use of electronic products, so as to provide a reference for strategies for intervening myopia. Methods Cluster sampling method was used to select 776 students aged 7-13 from a nine-year consistent school in Shanghai to participate and were followed up for 2 years. All participants underwent cycloplegic refraction and ocular axial length measurement once a year, as well as pubertal development, average daily outdoor time, near work time and time of electronic products usage. The influencing factors and interaction effects of refractive parameters in different puberty stages were analyzed by generalized estimation equation. Results At baseline, 634 children participated in cycloplegic refraction, of which 350 were myopic (55.2%). There were significant differences in axial length, average daily outdoor time, near work time and time of using electronic products at different stages of puberty (F=4.10, 4.24, 5.54, 9.20, P < 0.05). There was interaction between puberty and outdoor time on axial length development (β=0.133, P < 0.05), and the interaction between puberty and the time of near work or using electronic products was not statistically significant (P>0.05). Conclusion Puberty may play a regulatory role in the relationship between outdoor time and refractive development among Chinese children and adolescents.

Peer victimization on early onset of breast development: mediation effects of morning cortisol and body fat

LI Jing, FANG Jiao, ZHOU Yi, SUN Ying

2022, 43(7): 978-981. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.07.005

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Objective To explore the relationship and potential mechanism between peer victimization and early onset of breast development in girls, and to provide new strategies for precocious puberty prevention. Methods A total of 950 girls aged (9.0±1.2) years participated in this survey in Ma'anshan City in China. Revised Bully/Victim Questionnaire (BVQ) was used. Each girl was assessed on breast Tanner stage by one female pediatric endocrinologist. All the girls collected morning awakening saliva sample with Salivette^® at home. Body fat percentage (%BF) was derived from Bioelectrical Impedance Analyzer (BIA) measurements.The association between peer bullying and early breast development was analyzed by stepwise Logistic regression.The mediation coefficient was estimated using the Logistic regression. Results Totally 23.2% (220/950) of all the girls reported being victimized at school. More girls reported peer victimization had early breast onset (24.1%, 53) compared with girls with no victimization experience (13.7%, 100). Logistic regression analyses indicated that peer victimization was associated with early onset of breast development (OR=1.74, 95%CI=1.16-2.59) after body fat and awakening cortisol adjusted. Mediation analysis showed that high cortisol and high fat both had indirect effects in the association between peer victimization and early onset of breast development.Mediating analysis showed that both high cortisol level and high body fat rate had indirect effects between peer bullying and early breast development, and the mediating effect values were 0.37 and 0.45, respectively. Conclusion Peer victimization significantly correlated with early onset of breast development among girls, which might be mediated through HPA axis hyperactivity and high adiposity.

Sedentary behavior among children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities in Jinan City

YUAN Yaqing, LIU Yang, WANG Meijuan, LIU Lujun, FANG Qiqi, LIU Jingmin

2022, 43(7): 982-985. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.07.006

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Objective To understand the sedentary behavior level of children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities in Jinan City, and to provide a reference basis for developing health behavior intervention strategies. Methods By used the method of cluster random sampling, the Children's Leisure Activities Study Survey was used to investigate the sedentary behavior level of 285 children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities aged 6-18 years from 7 special education schools in Jinan City. Results The sedentary behavior time during the whole week among children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities in Jinan City was 394.46 min/d, including 378.00 min/d on weekdays(Monday to Friday) and 388.80 min/d on weekends (Saturday and Sunday), the difference was statistically significant (Z=-2.19, P < 0.05). 80.4%(229) of children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities had sedentary behavior time of more than 2 h/d. The sedentary behavior time per day during the whole week among children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities was negatively correlated with the amount of time spent in moderate-vigorous physical activity among them (r=-0.16, P < 0.05). Conclusion Excessive sedentary behavior has become a growing public health concern among children and adolescents with intellectual disabilities, which warrants targeted healthy behavior intervention.

Relationship between physical exercise and smoking behavior of adolescents aged 16-18

SHI Peng, TANG Yan, SUN Jinyue

2022, 43(7): 986-989. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.07.007

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Objective To explore the relationship between physical exercise and smoking behavior in adolescents aged 16-18, and to provide reference for promoting tobacco control among teenagers. Methods A total of 1 057 adolescents who took part in the 2018 China Family Panel Studies (CFPS 2018) were investigated for smoking and physical exercise. The Chi-square test, Mann-Whitney U test, Pearson correlation analysis and Logistic regression analysis were performed to explore the relationship between adolescent physical exercise and smoking behavior. Results There were 104 (9.8%) smokers among the adolescents. The age at starting smoking was (14.21±2.68) years old and the age of quitting smoking was (14.41±2.72) years old. Age (χ²=7.23), gender (χ²=83.01), school status (χ²=107.12), physical exercise (Z=-2.20), subjective well-being (Z=-2.20) and life satisfaction (Z=-2.93) were associated with adolescent smoking(P < 0.05). Physical exercise was negatively correlated with adolescent smoking (OR=0.92, P=0.03). After controlling demographic and psychosocial and cognitive variables, the negative correlation was not statistically significant (OR=0.93, P=0.08). Further analysis showed that physical exercise was negatively correlated with boys smoking (OR=0.91, P=0.04), but it was not statistically correlated with girls smoking (OR=1.12, P=0.20). Conclusion Physical exercise is associated with lower rate of smoking among adolescents aged 16-18, but no similar association is found in girls.The findings warrants further longitudinal study.

Correlation between eHealth literacy and physical fitness of college students

JIANG Linhui, GUO Xiyao, LU Biyan, DENG Guojin, WU Zhihong, LYU Gaoan

2022, 43(7): 990-994. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.07.008

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Objective To understand the current situation and association of eHealth literacy with physical health of college students, so as to provide a basis for physical health improvement. Methods By using stratified random clustering sampling method, a total of 1 446 students from first to third year of college in four colleges and universities in Dongguan were selected for the eHealth literacy questionnaire and physical fitness test. Results The average eHealth literacy score of college students was(29.72±6.19), with a pass rate of 48.8%. The scores for each dimension were application ability (18.57±4.10), judgment ability (7.48±1.67), and decision-making ability (3.67±0.91). The differences in eHealth literacy scores among college students with different birthplaces, family upbringing and frequency of participation in outdoor sports were statistically significant(t/F=-2.44, 3.51, 10.19, P < 0.05). The mean score of physical fitness was (73.20±7.86), with a failure rate of 5.0%, a passing rate of 77.0%, a success rate of 17.1%, and an excellent rate of 0.8%. The differences in scores of physical fitness test varied significantly by gender, grade, and frequency of participation in outdoor sports(Z=-2.27, 8.75, 39.90, P < 0.05). Pearson correlation analysis showed that eHealth literacy and the three dimensions of application ability, judgment ability, and decision-making ability were positively correlated with total physical fitness test scores(r=0.17, 0.18, 0.16, 0.19, P < 0.01). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that after adjusted for gender, grade, and frequency of participation in outdoor sports, eHealth literacy application ability, judgment ability, and decision-making ability could significantly and positively affect physical fitness test score(β=0.13, 0.12, 0.12, P < 0.05). Conclusion Physical fitness of college students is associated with eHealth literacy, promotion of eHealth literacy among college students help improve physical health status.

Comprehensive sexuality education knowledge and associated factors among middle school students

ZHU Fan, WANG Pei, GUO Xueer, LIU Sichen, LI Yuanchi, JIA Bibo, ZHU Guiyin, MA Yinghua

2022, 43(7): 995-998. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.07.009

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Objective To understand comprehensive sexuality education knowledge among junior high school students in China, and to analyze relevant influencing factors to provide scientific basis for the implementation of school-based sexuality education or comprehensive sexuality education in the future. Methods By using convenient sampling method, a cross-sectional survey was conducted among 4 545 students at grade 1 to grade 3 from junior middle schools in Beijing, Liaoning, Sichuan, Chongqing, Yunnan, Henan, using an online electronic questionnaire during September to October 2021. The questionnaire included general demographic information, subjective social status, sex education received at home and school, bullying, as well as knowledge, attitude, practice and needs towards comprehensive sexuality education. Results The average score of the comprehensive sexuality education knowledge was (12.21±3.10) points, which was converted to (71.82±18.21) points based on the percentage-based system. The scores varied by grade, sex and sexuality education setting, significantly higher in grade 3 students (12.69±2.99), girls (12.28±3.01)(P < 0.01), and students who have received sex education at home (12.67±2.88) and students who received sex education at school (12.63±2.91), as well as those who had actively searched for sex information online had a higher score (12.71±2.94) (t=35.10, 28.78, 10.55, P < 0.01).Further analysis using multiple linear regression and Logistic regression, "whether you have received sex education at home" "whether you have received sex education at school" "whether you have searched the Internet actively" and "whether it is necessary to carry out comprehensive sex education" are still correlated with the score of comprehensive sex education knowledge; "self-reported bullying" was still associated with "subjective social status" score, correct rate of question 2, and "shyness and inferiority toward the development of secondary sexual characteristics" (P < 0.01). Conclusion The current comprehensive sexuality education knowledge among junior high school students needs to be improved. The level of implementation of sexuality education in different settings varies, but the implementation of sexuality education in schools can help improve students' comprehensive sexuality education knowledge level.

Sexual orientation and characteristics of sexual behaviors among 200 HIV-positive male college students in Beijing

SHAO Ying, HE Shufang, WANG Juan, CHEN Jing, ZHANG Ziyu, HUANG Haijing, YUAN Hong, SUN Lijun, HUANG Huihuang, LU Hongyan, ZHOU Feng

2022, 43(7): 999-1002. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.07.010

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Objective To understand sexual orientation and characteristics of sexual behaviors related with HIV infection among HIV-positive male college students in Beijing and to provide suggestions for development of sexual health education and HIV prevention strategy for student population. Methods HIV-positive male college students diagnosed from 2016 to June 30, 2019 in Beijing were recruited. Questionnaire was used to retrospectively investigate sexual orientation and characteristics of sexual behaviors before HIV infection. Behaviors related to HIV infection were compared between absolutely homosexual and others sexual orientation. Results The average age of male students firstly identified to be HIV positive was (22.18±2.70) years old, 61.5%(123) of them were undergraduate, 69.5%(139) were not registered permanent residency in Beijing, 38.5%(77) of their interviewed sexual partners were from online chat and 83.0%(166) had homosexual behaviors. Sexual orientation score analysis showed that 50.0% of the participants self-identified as exclusively homosexual. Compared with other sexual oriental group, exclusively homosexual group had lower mean age of their HIV infection firstly identified(t=2.77, P=0.01), higher rate of Rush use, firstly insertive sexual behavior with male, firstly insertive sexual behavior before 18 years old, sexual partners more than three persons, having regular partners, nonpersistent use of condom, being diagnosed of sexual transmitted disease and the frequency of homosexual behaviors more than 1 time per month (χ²=5.15, 28.06, 4.16, 5.34, 5.89, 7.39, 6.68, P < 0.05). Rush users had higher rate of STD diagnosis than non-users in exclusively homosexual group (χ²=6.26, P=0.01). Conclusion Risky sexual behaviors associated with HIV infection were higher in exclusively homosexual group then other sexual orientation groups among HIV-positive male college students. Family and school should concern with sexual health education byreinforcing health education via network media to improve college students' awarenees on HIV/AIDS.

Trends of smoking and drinking behaviors among adolescents in Shanghai from 2004 to 2019

QI Yue, YAN Qiong, SUN Lijing, YANG Dongling, LUO Chunyan

2022, 43(7): 1003-1006. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.07.011

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Objective To analyze the trends of smoking and drinking behaviors among adolescents in Shanghai from 2004 to 2019, and to provide theoretical evidence for effective tobacco and alcohol interventions among adolescents. Methods Data regarding smoking and drinking behaviors from adolescent health risk behavior surveillance program in Shanghai from 2004 to 2019 were collected, and the prevalence of ever smoking, current smoking, ever drinking and current drinking were comparatively analyzed. Results The prevalence of ever smoking, current smoking, ever drinking and current drinking among boys were significantly higher than those among girls in 2004 to 2019(χ²=58.20-347.44, P < 0.01). Except the prevalence of ever drinking in 2012, the prevalence of ever smoking, current smoking, ever drinking and current drinking in vocational school students were the highest in each survey(χ²=111.19-1 196.61, P < 0.01). From 2004 to 2019, the standardized rates of smoking and drinking of boys and girls showed a downward trend (APC=-6.20--1.80, P < 0.05). The standardized ever smoking rate and the standardized ever drinking rate of both boys and girls declined significantly from 2004 to 2019(APC=-5.00, -1.80, P < 0.05). The overall standardized rate of ever smoking decreased from 21.02% in 2004 to 12.23% in 2019, and that of ever drinking decreased from 60.52% in 2004 to 47.17% in 2019). However, the overall standardized rates of current smoking and current drinking did not reach statistically significance(P>0.05). Conclusion From 2014 to 2019, the prevalence of ever smoking and ever drinking among adolescents in Shanghai over the observed period showed a declining trend by years, but there was no significant change in current smoking and current drinking among adolescents. Specific interventions targeting on smoking and drinking behaviors among adolescents need to be strengthened.

Associated factors of fitness APP usage among college students

CHENG Yafei, PENG Yulin, LI Yanan

2022, 43(7): 1007-1010. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.07.012

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Objective To analyze the current situation and associated factors of fitness APP usage among college students. Methods By using three-stage compound sampling method, 2 171 college students were selected, and a binary Logistic regression model was established to analyze the influencing factors fitness APP usage. Results The rate of fitness APP usage among college students was 61.9%, with significant differences by grade, physical health perception, fitness awareness, fitness purpose and exercise frequency(χ²=28.01, 37.15, 214.12, 32.23, 316.21, P < 0.01). The Logistic regression analysis showed that, grade(β=-0.31), fitness awareness(β=0.46), fitness purpose (improving health, β=0.52, weight loss, β=0.65), APP user-friendliness (β=0.34) and specific type of sports (running, β=1.24, racket movement, β=0.80) were associated with fitness APP usage(P < 0.05). Gender(β=0.30), major (β=0.01) and exercise frequency (β=-0.29) have less effect on fitness APP usage among college students(P>0.05). Conclusion College students have a high level of acceptance and usage of fitness APP. Grade, fitness awareness and purpose, sports type and fitness APP design are prominent factors affecting fitness APP usage among college students. The personalized custom design of fitness APP could be improved for college students.

Association between outdoor activity, screen time and the performance of 20-meter shuttle run test among children and adolescents

ZONG Qiao, XU Shaojun, ZHU Yi, ZHAO Mengya, ZHANG Yi, WANG Xi, SUN Jian, WU Xiaoyan, WAN Yuhui, TAO Fangbiao

2022, 43(7): 1011-1014. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.07.013

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Objective To analyze the relationship between outdoor activity, screen time and 20-meter shuttle run test (20 m SRT) score among children and adolescents in Baoan District, Shenzhen, so as to provide scientific basis for the management and promotion of physical health of children and adolescents. Methods Stratified cluster sampling was used to select students from 14 schools in 6 communities in Baoan District of Shenzhen, from April to May 2019. A self-designed questionnaire was used to investigate demographic characteristics, outdoor activity duration and screen time of primary and middle school students. A total of 3 192 primary and secondary school students in grade 1-12 were selected from each school. Weight, height and 20 m SRT were measured. Results About 985(30.9%) out of 3 192 primary and middle school students were estimated excellent on 20 m SRT test, with boys being higher than that of girls (34.7% vs 26.3%) (χ²=26.43, P < 0.01). Logistic regression analysis showed that compared with the group with outdoor activity < 2 h/d, the excellent and good performers on 20 m SRT with outdoor activity time ≥2 h/d was higher(OR=1.38, 95%CI=1.12-1.70). Compared with students with screen time ≥2 h/d, the excellent and good performers on 20 m SRT with screen time < 2 h/d was higher(OR=1.42, 95%CI=1.17-1.71). Compared with students with outdoor activity time < 2 h/d and screen time ≥ 2 h/d, students with outdoor activity time ≥2 h/d and video time < 2 h/d had a higher proportion of excellent score on 20 m SRT(OR=1.97, 95%CI=1.46-2.67). Conclusion Increasing outdoor activity and reducing screen time are helpful to improve the performance score of 20 m SRT among primary and secondary school students.

Relationship between screen time, sleep duration and depressive symptoms among middle school students

YE Sheng, YANG Yue, LIU Hui, LIU Li

2022, 43(7): 1015-1018. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.07.014

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Objective To explore the prevalence of depressive symptoms among middle school students in Nanjing and the relationship between screen time, sleep duration and depressive symptoms, and to provide a scientific reference for depression prevention in adolescents. Methods Using stratified cluster random sampling method, a total of 2 010 students from 5 middle schools in urban areas and 3 middle schools in suburban counties were selected. Screen time and sleep duration were evaluated through questionnaires, and depressive symptom was assessed by the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). Results The prevalence of depressive symptoms (CES-D≥16) was 27.71%(557). Logistic regression analysis showed that students with screen time >2 h/d(OR=1.90, 95%CI=1.53-2.37), sleep duration < 7 h/d (OR=2.54, 95%CI=1.88-3.42) were statistically associated with depressive symptoms. stratified analysis showed that, sleep duration of < 7 h/d was associated with increased odds of depressive symptoms, the magnitude among students with screen time >2 h/d(OR=2.46, 95%CI=1.64-3.71) was higher than those with screen time ≤2 h/d(OR=2.35, 95%CI=1.51-3.65). Conclusion High prevalence of depressive symptoms was observed among middle school students in Nanjing. Prolonged screen time and insufficient sleep duration are associated with increased odds of depressive symptoms. Attention should be paid to the mental health of adolescents with the combined exposure of screen-based activities and lack of sleep.

Association between alcohol-related knowledge, attitude, practice and alcohol use disorder among high school students

QIAN Lei, TANG Chuanxi, WU Jingui, LI Xia, XIA Qinghua

2022, 43(7): 1019-1022. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.07.015

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Objective To analyze the relationship between alcohol-related knowledge, attitude, practice and alcohol use disorder among high school students, and to provide reference for alcohol abuse intervention. Methods The study adopted stratified cluster sampling. A total of 811 high school students from 4 high schools in Changning District were selected to conduct a questionnaire survey on alcohol-related knowledge, attitude, practice and alcohol dependence. The software SPSS 20.0 was used for statistical analysis. Results There were 279 (34.4%) high school students with mild alcohol use disorder and 29 (3.6%) with severe alcohol use disorder. The average score of high school students' alcohol-related knowledge, attitude, practice scores were (9.56±3.55) (4.96±2.36) and (2.81±1.29), respectively. High school students' alcohol-related knowledge, attitude, practice were negatively correlated with alcohol use disorder score (r=-0.10, -0.39, -0.71, P < 0.01). Multivariate Logistic regression indicated that the total score of alcohol-related KAP (OR=0.86, 95%CI=0.83-0.89) and the family economic level (high level: OR=2.05, 95%CI=1.26-3.32) were positively associated with mild alcohol use disorder. The total score of alcohol-related KAP (OR=0.76, 95%CI=0.70-0.83) and school type (OR=3.72, 95%CI=1.51-9.18) were positively associated with severe alcohol use disorder (P < 0.05). Conclusion There is a correlation between low alcohol-related KAP and alcohol use disorder, alcohol-related health education should be strengthened, especially among vocational school students and students from high family economic level.

Relation of eating behavior and family health and personality traits in adolescents

MIN Hewei, WU Yibo, SUN Xinying

2022, 43(7): 1023-1027. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.07.016

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Objective To explore the relation of eating behavior to family health and personality traits in adolescents, and to provide empirical support for personality-based prediction of adolescents' susceptibility to poor eating behavior and family intervention. Methods A total of 563 adolescents aged 12 to 17 years old from nuclear families, who were selected from "Survey of Chinese Family Health Index(2021)". A general characteristic questionnaire, Short-form of Family Health Scale, 10-item Big Five Inventory, and Short-form of Sakata Eating Behavior Scale were used to collect information. The relationships of eating behavior to family health and personality traits were analyzed by structural equation modeling. Results Group comparison indicated that there was a significant difference in scores of the big five personalities and eating behaviors among adolescents from diverse family health statuses(P < 0.01). Additionally, there were significant correlations among family health, personality traits, and eating behavior(P < 0.01). Structural equation modeling showed that family health resources (-0.34), conscientiousness (-0.17), extraversion (0.14), agreeableness (-0.13) directly affected eating behavior(P < 0.05). Meanwhile, family external social support associated with eating behavior by affecting extraversion (0.22), and family health resources associated with eating behavior by affecting agreeableness(0.12)(P < 0.05). Conclusion Not only could family health directly affect eating behavior, but it could indirectly associate with eating behavior by affecting personality traits among adolescents in nuclear families. The role of the family in improving adolescent poor eating behavior should be emphasized.

Effects of parental involvement on children's eye-use behavior

WANG Yanhui, LIN Yaoyao, HE Juan, SUN Bing, CHEN Xiaojun, ZHANG Chunhua, JIANG Dandan, CHEN Yanyan

2022, 43(7): 1028-1032. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.07.017

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Objective To analyze the correlation between parental involvement and the formation of good eye-use behavior in children, and to provide theoretical basis for more accurate prevention and control of myopia. Methods A total of 2 726 children and their parents from 3 primary schools were selected from April to May 2021 by clustering sampling method. Children's ocular parameters, eye-use behavior, general characteristics of parents, and parental involvement were collected through ocular measurements and questionnaires, respectively. Results Parental involvement was associated with family economic, parental education level, and parental myopic status(P < 0.05). Children's myopia risk was associated with parental involvement: lower myopia risk was associated with frequent parental involvement in behavioral management of child sleep and child outdoor activities(P < 0.01). Parents who always/frequently participate in the management of children's eye behavior have an average daily screen time of < 2 h (OR=1.95, 95%CI=1.31-2.90), and daily outdoor activity time>2 h (OR=0.78, 95%CI=0.65-0.93), daily sleep time >8 h (OR=0.52, 95%CI=0.40-0.68), daily continuous reading and writing time < 1 h (OR=1.33, 95%CI=1.30-1.56), reading and writing The distance from the desktop > 30 cm (OR=0.57, 95%CI=0.34-0.95) had a statistically significant effect (P < 0.05)。 Conclusion High parental involvement may help school-age children develop good eye habits and reduce the risk of childhood myopia. Parental involvement is higher among those who had myopia themselves, and parental involvement is positively associated with total household income and parental literacy.

Analysis of Internet addiction and influencing factors of college students in Hebei Province

ZHANG Zhiming, FANG Yan, XU Zehua, TIAN Xiang, ZHAO Zhanjuan

2022, 43(7): 1033-1036. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.07.018

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Objective To understand the current situation of Internet addiction among college students in Hebei Province, and to provide evidence-based support to Internet addiction prevention. Methods By adopting stratified cluster random sampling method, a total of 874 college students from some universities in Hebei Province were selected, and the status of Internet addiction was investigated through self-made questionnaires and Young Internet Addiction Scale. Results The detection rate of Internet addiction among college students was 62.0%, the rate of Internet addiction among male university students was 59.1%, lower than that of female college students, which was 63.9%; mild addiction accounted for 82.5%, moderate addiction accounted for 17.0%, while severe addiction accounted for 0.5%. The Logistic regression analysis results showed that urban students and liberal arts students had higher rates of Internet addiction [OR(95%CI)=2.58(1.84-3.62), 1.47(1.02-2.11)]; maternal education level being undergraduate or above was associated with lower rate of Internet addiction(OR=0.49, 95%CI=0.24-0.98); In contrast, rate of Internet addiction was higher among those with paternal higher education (for junior high school, OR=1.52, 95%CI=1.01-2.29; for undergraduate and above, OR=2.30, 95%CI=1.16-4.56) (P < 0.05). Conclusion Internet addiction rate of college students was relatively high. Therefore, it required joint efforts of schools, families, and society to strengthen the intervention and guidance mechanism for college students.

Neglect and associated factors among children aged 3-6 years in multi-child families in Ningbo

WU Fan

2022, 43(7): 1037-1040. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.07.019

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Objective To investigate neglect among children aged 3-6 years in multi-child families in Ningbo, and to provide reference is for parenting quality improvement in multiple-child families. Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted among 2 200 parents of multi-child family and 1 200 parents of single-child family from 12 kindergartens in Ningbo. Results The total neglect rate was 21.5%, and the total neglect degree was (37.98±5.49). The prevalence and severity of neglect varied by age gap between siblings and number of child in the family (P < 0.05), the age difference of 3- < 6 years group had the highest neglect rate at all levels. There were significant differences in total neglect, physical neglect, emotional neglect and educational neglect rate in families with different number of children (χ²=31.42, 4.65, 28.12, 0.75, P < 0.05). There were significant differences in emotional neglect and educational neglect (t=19.57, 2.67, P < 0.05). The neglect rates in families with more than two children were significantly higher than those of families with two children. The prevalence of general neglect, emotional neglect, educational neglect, and severity of general neglect, emotional neglect, educational neglect in multi-child families were higher than those of single-child families, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Factors associated with child negle in multi-child families included child personality, age gap between siblings, number of children in the family, family income and maternal educational level (OR=1.55, 1.59, 1.92, 0.74, 0.58, P < 0.05). Conclusion The prevalence of neglect among preschool children in multi-child families in Ningbo is higher than that in single-child families, especially in emotional and educational neglect. Equal treatment of every child, strengthening policy support and improving family income and mother's educational level could help prevent child neglect in multi-child families.

Correlation between intuitive eating and self-rated health among college students

DU Yatan, GAO Qin, HAO Liping

2022, 43(7): 1041-1045. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.07.020

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Objective To investigate average score and correlation of IES-2 and Self-rated Health Measurement Scales V1.0 (SRHMS V1.0) among Chinese college students, so as to provide a scientific reference for health promotion of college students. Methods A random cluster sampling method was applied to conduct an online questionnaire survey from July to December 2019 among 542 college students from 8 universities. Multiple linear regression was used to analyze the association of intuitive diet level on self-reported health status after adjusting for confounding factors. Results The average scores of SRHMS V1.0 was (69.84±10.28), and the mean scores of physical self-rated health (PSH), mental self-rated health (MSH) and social self-rated health (SSH) sub-scale were(78.50±10.39)(61.86±14.53)(67.54±14.71), respectively. After adjusting for confounders, the β coefficient of IES-2 and SRHMS V1.0, PSH, MSH and SSH were 6.46, 5.00, 10.15 and 3.90 (P < 0.05). Higher level of EPR had positive effects on SRHMS V1.0, PSH and MSH (β=2.47, 2.30, 4.71, P < 0.05). Higher level of RHSC had positive effects on SRHMS V1.0, PSH, MSH and SSH(β=2.44, 1.69, 2.71, 3.16, P < 0.05).Higher level of B-FCC had positive effects on SRHMS V1.0, PSH, MSH and SSH(β=3.71, 2.53, 4.68, 4.17, P < 0.05). Conclusion The intuitive eating has a positive effect on overall health, especially on mental health. College students should avoid emotional eating, and eat in response to hunger and satiety signals as well as eat healthy food to meet physical needs when facing physical, mental and social problems.

Association between Internet gaming disorder and sleep quality among junior middle school student of Xi'an City

WANG Lina, LEI Hui, JIANG Hong, YAN Ni, WANG Jiaqi, LIU Sijiao, SHI Xin, CHENG Guo, MA Le

2022, 43(7): 1046-1050. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.07.021

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Objective To investigate the association of Internet gaming disorder (IGD) and sleep quality in adolescents of Xi'an, thereby providing theoretical evidence for prevention of IGD and improvement of sleep quality of adolescents. Methods A total of 1 181 adolescents from 3 middle schools of Xi'an were randomly selected between August, 2019 and February, 2020. These adolescents were assessed by a series of questionnaires, including basic information questionnaire, IGD and Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). Univariate analysis and multivariate Logistic regression model were used to evaluate the association between IGD and insomnia. Results Among 929 junior middle school students who participated in online games and the IGD Diagnostic Questionnaire was filled out in the past 12 months, the prevalence of IGD was 20.0%(186). Univariate analyses indicated that gender, whether single family, whether they living with their parents, whether they were addicted to online games, whether they could control the time of online games, and the severity of insomnia influenced IGD (χ²=17.11, 8.33, 202.92, 91.23, 29.06, P < 0.05). The multivariate Logistic regression of the total population showed that participating in online games was not associated with the severity of insomnia (OR=1.62, 95%CI=0.92-0.85, P>0.05). The people who participated in online games in the past 12 monthsthe severity of insomnia was positively correlated with the risk of IGD (OR=3.56, 95%CI=1.92-6.61, P < 0.01). Conclusion Internet gaming disorder become a severe situation in the middle school students. The severity of insomnia might become the risk factor of IGD, so social should pay more attention to the prevention of internet addiction.

Prevalence and associated factors of campus bullying of primary and secondary school students in Haidian District of Beijing

LI Hanqiu, HUA Weiyu, HUANG Na, XU Hao, WU Chunying

2022, 43(7): 1051-1054. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.07.022

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Objective To understand the prevalence and associated factors of school bullying among primary and secondary school students in Haidian District, and to provide scientific basis for intervention plan. Methods From September to October 2021, 1 906 primary and secondary school students in Haidian District were selected by stratified cluster random sampling for electronic questionnaire survey, an electronic questionnaire survey was conducted on students by using the questionnaire of the Student Health Status and Influencing Factors Questionnaire. Results The prevalence of campus bullying among primary and secondary school students in Haidian District was 4.3%, of which primary school (7.6%) > junior middle school (4.1%) > vocational high school (2.5%) > senior high school (1.9%) (χ²=23.49, P < 0.01), boys (5.5%) were more than girls (3.0%) (χ²=7.44, P < 0.01), students from abnormal families (6.9%) were higher than students from normal families (3.9%) (χ²=4.24, P=0.04). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that students in primary school had a higher risk of being bullied in school (OR=2.13). Abnormal family (OR=1.07), smoking experience (OR=2.28), experience of being beaten and scolded by parents(OR=2.49) and fighting behavior (OR=1.84) were positively correlated with school bullying (P < 0.05). Conclusion Campus bullying is prevalent in primary and secondary schools in Haidian District, which warrents further attention of schools and education departments. Family-school partnership and targeted prevention and intervention measures for key populations are expected.

Meta-analysis of prevalence and associated factors of depressive symptoms in Chinese college students before and after the COVID-19 epidemic

ZHAI Wenhai, ZHANG Qiong, YAN Jun

2022, 43(7): 1055-1060. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.07.023

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Objective To explore the prevalence and related factors of depressive symptoms in Chinese college students before and after the COVID-19 epidemic and to provide a reference for mental health education and management. Methods Database of PubMed, Cochrane, CBM, WanFang, CNKI and CIP were searched for the studies on depressive symptoms in Chinese college students using the Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS) or the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D). All the literatures were classified according to the publication time before and after the epidemic around January 2020. Meta-analysis was performed by using Stata15.1. Results There were 26 articles before the epidemic, with a total sample size of 76 816 participants, and 18 articles after the epidemic, with a total sample size of 102 653 participants. The detection rate of depressive symptoms in college students after the epidemic was higher than that before the epidemic (35.7%, 30.9%). Fifteen factors were included in the Meta-analysis. There was a positive correlation between being third year in college and college students before the epidemic (OR=1.27). Before and after the epidemic, being fourth year in college, introvert personality, breakfast skipping, physically unhealthy, poor family economy, single parent, staying up late and poor sleep quality were all positively correlated with depression of college students (OR=1.44, 1.35;1.68, 2.01;3.33, 3.03;2.21, 4.99;1.80, 1.89;2.33, 1.92;1.53, 3.08;2.23, 2.97), while high social support and physical exercise were negatively correlated with depression for depressive symptoms in college students(OR=0.57, 0.55;0.78, 0.60)(P < 0.05). Conclusion The detection rate of depressive symptoms among college students after the epidemic is higher. The effect of introversion, physical exercise, physically unhealthy, poor sleep quality and staying up late are higher after pandemic compared than before the epidemic. The targeted mental intervention and health education should be strengthened.

Mental health and its associated factors in college students during COVID-19 confinement in campus

YAN Chunmei, MAO Ting, LI Richeng, WANG Jiankai, CHEN Yarong

2022, 43(7): 1061-1065. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.07.024

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Objective To investigate mental health and its associated factors in college students during COVID-19 confinement in campus, and to provide a scientific basis for mental health education. Methods A general questionnaire, the Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9) and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder- 7 (GAD-7) were administered. A total of 1 816 college students under COVID-19 confinement in campus in Lanzhou City were surveyed from October 18 to November 18, 2021. Data were analyzed by using the ordinal Logistic regression method. Results The overall incidence of depressive emotions was 38.76%, and the incidences of mild, moderate to severe depression emotions were 31.33% and 7.43%, respectively. About 16.36% of students showed anxiety, with mild, moderate to severe anxiety being 13.33% and 3.03%, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that poverty(OR=1.29), daily schedule (basically normal OR=0.33, normal OR=0.18), adaptability of online learning (moderate adaptation OR=0.45, high level of adaptation OR=0.25), concerns about the infection of oneself and family members (some concerns OR=1.73, considerable concerns OR=2.09), male(OR=0.78), and the isolation mode(OR=1.70). The music listening (sometimes OR=0.44, often OR=0.41), daily schedule (basically normal OR=0.36, normal OR=0.19), adaptability of online learning (moderate adaptation OR=0.42, high level of adaptation OR=0.28), and concerns about the infection of oneself and family members (some concerns OR=1.87, considerable concerns OR=3.27) were primary factors associated with high level of anxiety among college students(P < 0.05). Conclusion The incidence of depression and anxiety among college students increased following COVID-19 confinement and centralized isolation for medical observation in campus. Universities and relevant departments should take timely and precise measures for psychological counseling.

Epidemiology of overweight and obesity among high school seniors in Beijing

ZHAO Mengxi, TAO Lixin, LIU Xiangtong, KANG Xiaoping, ZHANG Jingbo, GUO Xiuhua

2022, 43(7): 1066-1069. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.07.025

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Objective To analyze the prevalence and changing trend of overweight and obesity among high school seniors in Beijing from 2009 to 2018, and to provide scientific basis for health and education departments to work out effective measures to prevent and control overweight and obesity among adolescents. Methods The physical examination data of 700 588 high school seniors in Beijing from 2009 to 2018 were selected to describe the distribution characteristics of the detection rate of overweight and obesity, and to analyze whether there are differences in the prevalence of overweight and obesity among different genders and regions. Results From 2009 to 2018, the prevalence rate of total overweight and obesity of high school seniors in Beijing showed an increasing trend by year (χ²=3.58, P < 0.01). After 2016, the rising trend was more stable, and it declined for the first time in 2018. The prevalence of overweight (χ²=6 681.34, P < 0.01) and obesity (χ²=15 663.08, P < 0.01) were higher in male than in female. The prevalence of overweight and obesity in urban students was higher than that in suburban students (29.55%, 27.95%;χ²=211.43, P < 0.01), the prevalence of obesity in urban students was higher than that in suburban students from 2009 to 2013, and the prevalence of obesity in suburban students was higher than that in urban students from 2014 to 2018. The districts and counties with the highest detection rates of overweight and obesity are Shijingshan District (overweight: 19.06%, obesity: 13.99%), and the districts and counties with the lowest detection rates of overweight and obesity are Yanqing District (overweight: 13.48%, obesity: 7.18%). Conclusion From 2009 to 2018, the prevalence of overweight and obesity among high school seniors in Beijing has been increasing by year, and tends to be stable after 2016. Significant upward trend in obesity prevalence in suburban areas of Beijing has been observed.

Longitudinal association of cumulative ecological risk on psychosexual health in left-behind adolescents

YIN Fei, JIANG Wenlong, SHAO Tianmiao, JIA Huizan

2022, 43(7): 1070-1074. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.07.026

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Objective To explore the mediating effect of sensation seeking and the moderating effect of parenting style at cumulative ecological risk on psychosexual health in left-behind adolescents. Methods Using convenience cluster sampling, 509 left-behind adolescents in 12 middle and primary schools were selected from May to July 2020. Cumulative ecological risk, psychosexual health, sensation seeking and parenting style were evaluated at baseline (T1) and 1-year follow-up (T2). Results T1 accumulative ecological risk predicted T2 psychosexual health after sensation seeking at T1 was controlled (β=0.37, P < 0.01). T1 sensation seeking predicted T2 psychosexual health after controlled for psychosexual health at T1 (β=-0.26, P < 0.01), sensation seeking played a mediating role, indirect effect accounted for 35.85% of the total effect; T1 cumulative ecological risk ×T2 parenting style had predictive effects on T2 sensation seeking and psychosexual health (β=0.17, -0.24, P < 0.01). Conclusion The cumulative ecological risk influences psychosexual health through sensation seeking, parenting style moderates the associations between cumulative ecological risk, sensation seeking and psychosexual health. Left-behind teenagers with high cumulative ecological risk can cultivate good sexual psychological level by reducing high seeking traits and optimizing parental rearing styles.

Association between hyperuricemia and hypertriglyceridemic-waist phenotype in children and adolescents in Inner Mongolia

CAO Ning, LI Lehui, ZHANG Nan, NIU Liwei, LYU Haiming, ZHANG Xingguang

2022, 43(7): 1075-1078. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.07.027

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Objective To investigate the prevalence and association of hyperuricemia (HUA) and hypertriglyceridemic-Waist (HTW) phenotype in children and adolescents aged 6-17 years in Inner Mongolia, providing a basis for the prevention and treatment of hyperuricemia in adolescents in Inner Mongolia. Methods A total of 2 175 students of primary, junior high, and senior high school students from eight counties (districts) in Inner Mongolia were chosen and received a questionnaire survey, physical examination, and laboratory test by used a multi-stage stratified random sampling approach. The association between the HTW phenotype and HUA was analyzed using binary Logistic regression. Results The prevalence of the HTW phenotype was 2.1%, with boys(2.5%) higher than that of girls(1.6%) (χ²=14.50, P < 0.05). The average SUA level of the participants was 308.00 (259.00, 371.00) mmol/L, with a statistically significant sex difference(Z=-9.87, P < 0.05). The prevalence of HUA was 21.1%. The frequency of HUA in the HTW phenotype(44.4%) was higher than in other phenotypes, followed by enlarged waist (EW) phenotype. After controlling for associated variables, the EW phenotypes (OR=1.76, 95%CI=1.26-2.47) and HTW phenotypes (OR=2.25, 95%CI=1.12-4.52) were associated with higher risk for HUA(P < 0.05). Conclusion In Inner Mongolia, the prevalence of HUA in children and adolescents aged 6-17 years is high, and there shows a positive association between the HTW phenotype and hyperuricemia. For the prevention of hyperuricemia, more attention should be paid to children and adolescents with HTW phenotype.

Relationship between BMI nutritional status and physical fitness of children and adolescents aged 6-18 in Ningxia in 2019

PAN Tingting, ZHAO Haiping, ZHANG Hui, ZHANG Shujing, HUANG Zirui

2022, 43(7): 1079-1082. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.07.028

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Objective To understand the nutritional status and physical quality of children and adolescents aged 6-18 in Ningxia in 2019, so as to provide scientific basis for health promotion children and adolescents. Methods A total of 16 076 children and adolescents aged 6-18 years old from Ningxia were selected by multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling. Weight, height and physical fitness indexes (50 m running, standing long jump, sitting forward flexion) were measured and analyzed. The Chi-square test was carried out to compare differences between groups, and the relationship between nutritional status and physical fitness was assessed by Logistic regression models. Results In 2019, detection rate of stunting loss rate, overweight and obesity rate of children and adolescents aged 6-18 in Ningxia were 6.9%, 12.6% and 8.7%, respectively. The below-average rates of sitting forward flexion, 50 m running and standing long jump were 10.0%, 8.6% and 26.7%, respectively, while the passing rates were 63.5%, 63.7% and 55.5%, respectively. The good rates were 14.7%, 11.7% and 12.3%, and the excellent rates were 11.8%, 16.0% and 5.5%, respectively. The passing rates of sitting forward flexion, 50 m running and standing long jump in stunting group were lower than those in the normal weight group (OR=0.75, 0.72, 0.77, P < 0.05); the passing rates of 50 m run and standing long jump in the overweight group was lower than that of normal weight group (OR=0.79, 0.52, P < 0.05); the passing rates of sitting forward flexion, 50 m running and standing long jump in the obese group were lower than those in the normal weight group (OR=0.73, 0.52, 0.32, P < 0.05). Conclusion In 2019, children and adolescents in Ningxia have the doublel burden of stunting, overweight and obesity. Physical fitness is associated with nutritional status, suggesting weight control might be helpful to keep fitness among children and adolescents.

Analysis of factors associated with hyperuricemia in college students

GUO Li, ZHANG Xiuhua, ZHU Min

2022, 43(7): 1083-1085. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.07.029

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Objective To understand the prevalence of hyperuricemia in university students and examine associated factors, and to provide evidence for the prevention and treatment of hyperuricemia. Methods Health examination data of 11 858 students for admission in October 2021 were used to compare the detection rates between groups with different characteristics. Multivariable Logistic regression was performed to identify potential factors associated with hyperuricemia. Results A total of 3 372 cases of hyperuricemia were found, with a detection rate of 28.4%. The detection rate of male students was significantly higher than that of female students (42.4%, 14.6%). The rate increased with higher BMI. Moreover, the detection rate was higher among undergraduates and those with hypertension(χ²=1 126.2, 180.7, 138.2, 107.9, P < 0.01). Multivariable Logistic regression analysis showed that male sex, younger age, higher BMI, hypertension and higher hemoglobin level were positively associated with hyperuricemia, whereas higher glomerular filtration rate was negatively associated among the students(P < 0.01). Conclusion Greater attention should be given to hyperuricemia in university students, and targeted health education should be strengthened for them, especially undergraduates, boys, overweight and obese students, and those with hypertension or high hemoglobin levels.

Development of Index System for Assessing Parent's Ability on Child Injury Prevention by Delphi consultation

YIN Xiaoya, CHEN Bohao, ZHU Ying, LI Yiyang, TANG Biaoqian, YAO Shuxian, LIU Hanqing, WANG Shumei

2022, 43(7): 1086-1089. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.07.030

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Objective To construct and determine the weight of Index System for Assessing Parent's Ability on Child Injury Prevention, and to provide the basis for childhood injury intervention in family. Methods Twenty-four experts majored in related fields were invited to participate in Delphi consultation. The final index system was constructed according to the consulting results and the weight of primary and secondary indicators were calculated. Results The final index system consisted of 5 subscales corresponding to 5 age groups: 0, 1-2, 3-5, 6-11 and 12-17 years old. Each scale included 4 primary indicators and 11 secondary indicators. The weight of primary indicators obtained by analytic hierarchy process is 0.28 for "environment", 0.16 for "product", 0.31 for "behaviors and skills", and 0.25 for "psychology". The highest weight of secondary indicators for "environment", "product" and "behaviors and skills" was "water area", while the top secondary indicators for "psychology" included "parental style""emotional control" "family atmosphere", with all indicators weighted higher than 0.2. Conclusion The Index System for Assessing Parent's Ability on Child Injury Prevention by Delphi consultation is comprehensive in content, and with the focus on parental behaviors and skills on injury prevention.

Relationship between prepregnancy body mass index weight gain during pregnancy and offspring body composition during preschool age

CHEN Yiren, WANG Jing, WANG Peng, LIU Junting, HOU Dongqing, HUANG Guimin, LIU Gongshu, CHEN Fangfang

2022, 43(7): 1090-1094. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.07.031

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Objective To explore the relationship between prepregnancy body mass index, weight gain during pregnancy with preschool obesity and body composition in offspring, so as to provide evidence for gestational weight gain and childhood obesity prevention. Methods A total of 1 333 preschool children were recruited from 3 kindergartens in Tianjin from September to December 2020. Structured questionnaire was used to collect children's lifestyle information. Height, weight and body fat mass of children were assessed, and body fat percentage (FM%), fat mass index (FMI) and non-fat mass index (FFMI) were calculated. Maternal medical records were collected and the mothers were grouped according to their prepregnancy weight status and weight gain during pregnancy. χ² test, t test, linear regression model and Logistic regression were used to analyze the differences of obesity and body composition among different groups. Results The prevalence of overweight and obesity in preschoolers was 12.7% and 7.7%. After adjusting maternal age and delivery, gestational age, gender, age and lifestyle of children, the correlation between maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, gestational weight gain with obesity and body composition indexes of children in preschool age was statistically significant (P < 0.05). For mothers with normal weight before pregnancy, excessive weight gain during pregnancy increased risk of high FM% and high FMI in offspring (OR=1.81, 1.68, P < 0.05). There was no significant correlation between maternal weight gain during pregnancy with offspring obesity and body composition among mothers with prepregnant overweight or obesity. Conclusion Maternal weight status before pregnancy and weight gain during pregnancy are correlated with obesity and body composition in the preschool age of offspring. It is suggested that mothers should maintain appropriate weight status before and during pregnancy.

Association of physical activity and screen time with overweight and obesity in preschool children

SHI Hongbo, YUE Zhihan, LIANG Bin, LYU Jinlang, WANG Haijun

2022, 43(7): 1095-1099. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.07.032

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Objective To analyze the association between physical activity and screen time with overweight and obesity in preschool children, and to provide evidence for childhood obesity prevention and control. Methods Using a case-control study design, 109 overweight or obese children (the case group) were recruited from four kindergartens from a community of Chaoyang District, Beijing, and 117 children with normal weight in the same kindergarten (the control group) were recruited as control. Gender and age were matched between the case and the control group. Univariate analysis was used to compare the demographics, physical activity time, screen time, sleep and diet characteristics between the two groups. Logistic regression was used to analyze the association of physical activity and screen time with overweight and obesity in preschool children with adjustment for covariates. Results After adjusting for age, gender, average daily sleep time, the total score of Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ), Chinese diet balance index for preschool children (DBI-C), children with < 3 h of daily physical activity had an increased risk of overweight and obesity compared with those with ≥3 h of physical activity (OR=2.55, 95%CI=1.16-5.64, P=0.02), and the risk of overweight and obesity increased with each additional quartile of daily screen time in children (OR=2.44, 95%CI=1.69-3.52, P < 0.01). Conclusion Insufficient physical activity and excessive screen time are independent risk factors of overweight and obesity in preschool children. Comprehensive intervention measures should be taken to effectively increase physical activity and reduce screen time for overweight and obesity prevention and control in preschool children.

Associated factors of environmental health in primary and secondary schools in Beijing from 2017 to 2020

ZHAO Jinhui, QIN Ran, GUO Xin, ZHAO Hai

2022, 43(7): 1100-1103. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.07.033

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Objective To understand the current situation of teaching and living environment in primary and secondary schools in Beijing and to provide basis for further intervention. Methods According to the national plan, an annual average of 92 schools in 16 districts of Beijing were investigated from 2017 to 2020, including school drinking water, canteen, toilet, dormitory management and equipment allocation. Classroom environment of some schools were tested, including the per capita area of classrooms, the agreement rate of desks and chairs distribution, blackboard reflectance, the average illumination and uniformity of desks, the average illumination and uniformity of blackboards, and noise. Results From 2017 to 2020, most of schools provided water purifiers and direct drinking water, accounting for 85.1% of all investigated schools. The proportion of students' canteens in urban schools was increasing, accounting for 90.5% of all schools in 2020. And there was little change in suburban schools, reaching 85.1% in 2020. The proportion of school toilets equipped with soap increased significantly, 92.0% of school toilets were equipped with soap in 2020. The proportion of student dormitories with a per capita area of less than 3 m² decreased by year, and all reached the standard in 2020. The qualified rates of various classroom testing indicators, including per capita area in classroom, desk illumination uniformity, and noises, were higher than 80%, while the qualified rates of the blackboard illumination uniformity, desk allotment were lower than 80%. Conclusion The teaching and living environment in Beijing has improved in recent years, but there are still some problems need to be solved.

Overweight and obesity status among children in Beijing and Tokyo and its relationship with lifestyle

CHEN Hongmiao, CAI Huakang, XUE Ting, ZHANG Nan, CHEN Likun, WU Yulin

2022, 43(7): 1104-1107. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.07.034

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Objective To describe the status quo of overweight and obesity among children aged 3 to 5 in Beijing and Tokyo, and to explore its relationship with lifestyle. Methods Using the method of cluster stratified random sampling, a sample of 444 children aged 3-5 years from Beijing and Tokyo were selected in Oct. and Nov. of 2019. Height, weight and lifestyle were measured. Overweight and obesity among children in the two cities and its relationship with lifestyle were compared and analyzed. Results Average level of BMI, rate of overweight and obesity of children in Beijing(25.28%) were higher than those in Tokyo(18.44%). There were significant differences in overweight and obesity rates between children in Beijing and Tokyo with physical activity before breakfast(χ²=29.14, 31.18, P < 0.05). There were significant differences in overweight and obesity rates between children in Beijing and Tokyo with different snack frequency after dinner(χ²=24.72, 21.93, P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis further showed that children's lack of physical activity before breakfast in Beijing is positively related to overweight and obesity(OR=1.45, 95%CI=1.10-2.68). Beijing children who often eat snacks after supper (OR=2.56, 95%CI=1.44-3.57, ) and sometimes eat snacks were positively correlated with the occurrence of overweight or obesity (OR=1.72, 95%CI=1.21-2.72). Conclusion The prevalence of overweight and obesity among preschool children in Beijing is higher than that in Tokyo. Potential risk factors for overweight and obesity among infants in Beijing include lack of physical activity before breakfast and frequent snacking after dinner.

Effect of post-traumatic stress disorder on deviant behaviors in adolescents

XU Yufei, XU Fan

2022, 43(7): 1108-1111. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.07.035

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Deviant behaviors among adolescents is widespread and have substantial impacts on family and society. Increasing evidence has shown that adolescents who experienced traumatic stress events and suffered from post-traumatic stress disorder are at significantly higher risk of deviant behaviors than their healthy peers and have their personal lives negatively affected. In this review, the effect of PTSD on deviant behaviors in adolescents is summarized, in which adolescent deviant behaviors are mainly classified into extroverted, introverted, and academic deviant behavior, as well as deviant habits. Meanwhile, aims to explore the neural mechanism linking PTSD and adolescent deviant behaviors, and to provide suggestions for intervention of deviant behaviors.

Application of low-level red light in myopia and amblyopia in children and adolescents

ZHANG Xinzi, HUANG Jiannan, XU Xun, HE Xiangui

2022, 43(7): 1112-1115. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.07.036

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Low-level light therapy utilizes the photochemical effect of red light to induce reactions in the irradiated body tissue to achieve the therapeutic effect. Myopia and amblyopia are diseases which threaten the eye health of children and adolescents. Red light has been used to treat amblyopia for decades. Recently, its application in myopia prevention and control has become a new hotspot. This review summarizes the application of low-level red light in children and adolescents with myopia and amblyopia from the aspects of intervention mode, effect, factors, mechanism and safety to provide reference for future researches.

Physical activity, sedentary behavior and associations with built environment for children and adolescents

JIANG Xiaohui, ZHAO Hanhua, WANG Jian, GAO Ying

2022, 43(7): 1116-1120. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.07.037

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Physical inactivity and prolonged sedentary time are currently important health issues for children and adolescents. More evidences are required in the field of physical activity and sedentary behavior among children and adolescents. Therefore, it is necessary to summarize and review the relevant research progress regarding health implications of physical inactivity and sedentary behavior, and possible role of built environment. With the ultimate goal of health promotion for children and adolescents, the priority strategy might focus on increasing physical activity and reducing sedentary behavior through modifying the built environment.

2022 Vol. 43, No. 7