2022 Vol. 43, No. 8

Display Method:
Concern for the intergenerational effects of adverse childhood experiences: promote a better understanding of children's health
WAN Yuhui, TAO Fangbiao
2022, 43(8): 1121-1125. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.08.001
Abstract(540) HTML (202) PDF(104)
Abstract:
The impact of parental adverse childhood experiences on offspring health has become a heated issue after evaluating the role of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) in individual's physical and mental health. The current study reviews the impact of parental ACEs on children's health from the perspective of intergenerational effects, and explores their potential psychosocial and biological mechanisms. Future research topics are proposed and early interventions are encouraged to interrupt the intergenerational cycle of victimization and health problems.
Curriculum content and approaches for integrating health education into physical education in college settings
SUN Qin, WANG Yanying, WANG Keping
2022, 43(8): 1126-1129. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.08.002
Abstract(444) HTML (163) PDF(67)
Abstract:
The integration of health education into physical education in colleges is an important carrier to achieve the goal of school health education, and an inevitable requirement for improving health literacy of college students. Exploration and construction of one curriculum content system integrating health knowledge and sports skills, mental health and sports spirit, basic theory of physiology, sports injury and disease prevention. The integration of health education into physical education includes curriculum and material design, classroom-based teaching process, as well as teaching assessment inside and outside the classroom, developing a multi-faceted, multi-level and multi-angle optimized implementation approach, aiming to explore the joint connection of health education and physical education, the implementation of Lide Shuren can better achieve the cultivation of students' health awareness and healthy lifestyle, and lay a solid foundation for lifelong health.
Relationship between maternal adverse childhood experiences and preschool children's emotional and behavioral problems
YU Weiqiang, LI Ruoyu, HUANG Yongling, HE Haiyan, PENG Chunyan, WANG Xinzhu, WAN Yuhui
2022, 43(8): 1130-1133. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.08.003
Abstract(575) HTML (223) PDF(86)
Abstract:
  Objective  To explore the relationship and gender difference between maternal adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) with emotional and behavioral problems (EBPs) in preschool children, and to provide a reference to promote emotional and behavioral problems among preschool children.  Methods  Using the method of stratified cluster sampling, 9 647 children from kindergartens in three cities of Anhui Province were selected in June 2021. Maternal adverse childhood experiences were investigated with the WHO Adverse Childhood Experiences International Questionnaire(ACEs-IQ), preschool children's emotional and behavioral problems were investigated with Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire.  Results  The detection rate of abnormal emotional behavior was 17.4%, emotional symptoms 16.3%, conduct problems 18.3%, hyperactivity 22.7%, peer problems 34.2%, prosocial behaviors 18.5%. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that maternal adverse childhood experiences were positively associated with the risk of emotional and behavioral problems (OR=1.51-2.97, P < 0.01). Maternal cumulative adverse childhood experiences were also positively associated with the risk of emotional and behavioral problems(OR=3.13-9.61, P < 0.01). The association of maternal emotional abuse, physical abuse and community violence with peer problems were stronger in boys than that of girls (ROR=1.25, 1.26, 1.41, P < 0.05).  Conclusion  The findings suggest maternal adverse childhood experiences were associated with emotional behavior problems among preschool children. Focusing on the maternal adverse childhood experiences is crucial for the prevention and control of childhood emotional and behavioral problems.
Association of maternal adverse childhood experiences and parenting styles with emotional behavior problems in preschool children
RONG Fan, LI Ruoyu, GAO Chang, HUANG Yongling, HE Haiyan, PENG Chunyan, WANG Xinzhu, WAN Yuhui
2022, 43(8): 1134-1138. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.08.004
Abstract(614) HTML (264) PDF(91)
Abstract:
  Objective  To explore the role of parenting style in the association of maternal adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and emotional behavior problems (EBPs) in preschool children, so as to provide a reference for the prevention and control of EBPs in children.  Methods  A total of 6 111 children aged 3-6 years old from 36 kindergartens in 3 areas of Anhui Province in June 2021, follow-up data were collected in December 2021. Maternal ACEs, mother-child relationship and children EBPs were respectively assessed using the Adverse Childhood Experiences International Questionnaire(ACEs-IQ), Parental Rearing Style Scale and the difficulty score factor in the Chinese Strength and Difficulty Questionnaire(SDQ). The Bootstrap was used to examine the mediation effect of maternal parenting styles.  Results  Maternal ACEs were positively associated with child SDQ difficulty scores(r=0.28, P < 0.01). Negative parenting (indulgent, permissive, authoritarian and inconsistent) were positively correlated with maternal ACEs scores(r=0.28, 0.30, 0.21, 0.31) and child SDQ difficulty scores(r=0.25, 0.20, 0.20, 0.28)(P < 0.01). Positive parenting (democracy) was negatively correlated with maternal ACEs and SDQ difficulty scores(r=-0.09, -0.29, P < 0.01). After adjusting for confounding factors, the results of the mediation effect test of Bootstraping procedure showed that maternal parenting styles (indulgent, democracy, permissive, authoritarian and inconsistent) played a mediation role in maternal ACEs and EBPs of preschool children, and the mediation effects were respectively 19.13%, 7.34%, 24.88%, 12.05% and 26.83%.  Conclusion  Parenting styles play a mediating role in the association of maternal ACEs and EBPs in preschool children, and improving mothers' negative parenting styles is of great significance to reduce EBPs in the offspring of maternal ACEs.
Association of maternal adverse childhood experiences and parent-child relationship in preschool children
HUANG Yongling, LI Ruoyu, FANG Liang, WU Shudong, HE Haiyan, PENG Chunyan, WANG Xinzhu, WAN Yuhui
2022, 43(8): 1139-1142. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.08.005
Abstract(417) HTML (175) PDF(39)
Abstract:
  Objective  To explore the relationship of maternal adverse childhood experiences(ACEs) with mother-child relationship, so as to provide reference for parent-child relationship and child health promotion.  Methods  In June 2021, children aged 3-6 years old of 36 kindergartens in three areas in Anhui Province were selected by stratified cluster sampling method, follow-up data were collected in December 2021, and a total of 6 111 children were included in the study. Maternal ACEs and mother-child relationship were respectively assessed using the Adverse Childhood Experiences International Questionnaire(ACEs-IQ)and the Child-Parent Relationship Scale (CPRS). A multiple linear regression model was established to analyze the association of maternal ACEs and mother-child relationship in preschool children.  Results  History of maternal childhood sexual abuse, physical neglect and peer bullying were negatively associated with mother-child intimacy (r=-0.03, -0.03, -0.03, P < 0.05). Maternal emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional neglect, physical neglect, peer bullying, community violence, and total family dysfunction were positively associated with mother-child dependence and mother-child conflict (r=0.09, 0.08, 0.05, 0.14, 0.06, 0.11, 0.08, 0.04; 0.18, 0.17, 0.07, 0.20, 0.11, 0.16, 0.12, 0.10, P < 0.01). There was no statistically significant between all types of maternal ACEs and mother-child intimacy in boys(P>0.05). Mothers with a history of physical abuse, sexual abuse and peer bullying had a statistically significant relationship between mother-child intimacy in girls(β=-0.17, -0.62, -0.19, P < 0.05). All types of maternal ACEs were positive predictors of mother-child conflict between boys and girls(β=0.37-1.96, P < 0.05). There was statistical significance between maternal childhood sexual abuse and mother-child dependence of boys(β=0.53, P < 0.05), but no statistical significance between maternal childhood sexual abuse and mother-child dependence of girls(P>0.05). All other types of maternal ACEs were positive predictors of mother-child dependence(β=0.09-0.41, P < 0.05).  Conclusion  Maternal ACEs are associated with poor mother-child relationship among preschool children, and maternal ACEs should be actively followed, which is of great significance for improving the parent-child relationship and promoting child healthy development.
Relationships between maternal adverse childhood experiences and autistic behaviors in preschool children
GUO Feng, WANG Xiaoyan, YIN Gangzhu, SUN Yu
2022, 43(8): 1143-1147. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.08.006
Abstract(475) HTML (246) PDF(44)
Abstract:
  Objective  To explore the prevalence of maternal adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and the association with autistic behavior of preschool children, to provide a basis for the effective prevention of autism occurrence in preschool children.  Methods  Through stratified cluster sampling, 3 655 preschool children in Hefei City were selected and surveyed regarding general information. Maternal ACEs and childhood autistic behaviors were assessed using the Adverse Childhood Experiences International Questionnaire and the Clancy Autism Behaviour Scale, respectively. Multiple Logistic regression model was used to analyze the correlation between maternal ACEs and child autistic behaviors.  Results  The prevalence of autistic behavior was 6.10%, with significantly higher in boys (7.22%) than girls(4.86%)(χ2=8.85, P < 0.01). After adjustment for the confounding factors, the detection rate of autistic behaviors was higher in children of mother with ACEs than those of mother without(OR=2.77, 95%CI=1.92-3.99, P < 0.05). Maternal ACEs were associated with an increased risk of autistic behaviors both in preschool boys and girls (boys: OR=2.90, 95%CI=1.81-4.64; girls: OR=2.56, 95%CI=1.43-4.61, all P < 0.05).  Conclusion  Maternal ACEs are associated with increased risk of autistic behaviors among preschool children. More attention should be paid to the intergenerational effects of maternal ACEs to reduce risk of autism among preschool children.
Characteristics and trends of adolescents health risk behaviors in Shanghai from 2004 to 2019
YANG Yanting, YAN Qiong, ZHANG Zhe, QI Yue, LUO Chunyan
2022, 43(8): 1148-1151. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.08.007
Abstract(449) HTML (193) PDF(74)
Abstract:
  Objective  To analyze the trend of adolescent health risk behaviors in Shanghai, and to provide reference for the comprehensive intervention of middle school students' health risk behaviors.  Methods  Based on the health risk behavior questionnaire of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, the questionnaire was adapted according to the actual monitoring needs. It was divided into junior high school version and senior high school version. From 2004 to 2019, using the method of multistage stratified cluster random sampling, 59 209 middle school students who completed the questionnaire in 6 surveys were selected for analysis.  Results  From 2004 to 2019, in the 7 days prior to the survey, 9.2%-50.6% of middle school students drank a glass of soda more than or equal to once a day and 54.2%-76.1% of middle school students reported eating dessert twice or more. Within 7 days, 48.3%-60.7% of middle school students had≥60 min of exercise per day for less than or equal to 3 days, and 16.1%-35.2% of middle school students reported too much extracurricular activities, and the reporting rate increased year by year with the annual percent change (APC) of 5.15%(t=9.28, P < 0.01). The reporting rate of long-time online learning was 6.0%-13.6%, which showed an upward trend among high school students, with the APC of 5.35%(t=3.14, P < 0.05). The reporting rate of middle school students' pedestrian safety problems decreased from 69.1% in 2004 to 27.6% in 2019, with the APC of -6.28%(t=-8.18, P < 0.01), but the reporting rate of cycling safety problems have increased in recent years. The reporting rate of intentional injury behaviors decreased by year such as fighting, bullying, etc. The reporting rate of initial smoking age ≤13 years old decreased, but attempted drinking behavior increased in junior middle school students, and the APC was 1.61%(t=3.48, P < 0.05). A total of 1.6%-3.4% of middle school students had an Internet addiction behavior tendency. The detection rate of Internet addiction tendency was increasing in high school students and girls, and APC was 6.59% and 10.29% respectively(t=6.37, 8.62, P < 0.01).  Conclusion  From 2004 to 2019, unintentional injury behavior, intentional injury behavior and substance addiction behavior of middle school students in Shanghai have improved. However, unhealthy diet and physical inactivity are still high. In the follow-up. It need to focus on adverse diet and lack of physical activity behavior and take comprehensive intervention measures to control them.
Analysis of health literacy and associated factors among middle school students in Shenzhen in 2019
CAI Zemin, WU Xiaobing, LU Wenlong, LIU Xin, LI Yanyan, XIONG Jingfan
2022, 43(8): 1152-1155. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.08.008
Abstract(517) HTML (202) PDF(71)
Abstract:
  Objective  To understand health literacy and its associated factors among middle school students in Shenzhen, to provide scientific basis for further formulating targeted intervention measures.  Methods  From October to December, 2019, 7 423 middle school students in 10 districts of Shenzhen were selected by multistage stratified random cluster sampling. Multivariate linear regression was used to analyze factors affecting health literacy and scores in each dimensions.  Results  The total score for health literacy was(107.39±22.31), including physical activity(16.81±5.28), interpersonal relationship(20.69±4.10), stress management(21.64±5.53), spiritual growth(14.93±3.96), health awareness (15.61±4.96) and nutrition(17.71±4.65). According to the multivariate linear regression analysis, girls, general and vocational high schools, educational level of parents and boarding in school were significantly associated with health literacy of middle school students(B=-3.04, -7.72, -9.99, 1.56, 2.78, -3.85, P < 0.05).  Conclusion  Middle school students in Shenzhen have a high level of health literacy, which is related to school type and parental educational background. It is suggested that measures should be taken to improve the health literacy of middle school students.
Exposure to second-hand smoking among middle school students in Beijing in 2019
SHI Jianhui, DU Shichang, XU Luting, QI Li, LIU Xiurong
2022, 43(8): 1156-1160. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.08.009
Abstract(390) HTML (159) PDF(27)
Abstract:
  Objective  To understand the exposure to second-hand smoking (SHS) and associated factors among middle school students in Beijing, and to provide data support for tobacco control.  Methods  The two-stage stratified cluster random sampling method were used to select 10 532 students from 370 classes in 48 junior middle schools, 34 senior high schools and 14 vocational high schools in 16 districts of Beijing. The national unified paper questionnaire was used to collect the information.  Results  During the past 7 days, 71.5% (95%CI=70.2%-72.7%) of students reported exposure to SHS. The proportion of exposure was highest (60.3%) in outdoor public places, followed by indoor public places (48.9%), at home (34.1%), and public transport (19.1%). About 31.6% of students reported people smoking in the campus in the past 30 days. Risk factors of SHS exposure included one or more parents was smoker(OR=2.62), friends who smoked(OR=2.13), received education on tobacco hazards in school(OR=0.74), and senior high school(OR=0.68-0.73)(P < 0.05).  Conclusion  High exposure to second-hand smoking among middle school students in Beijing is common. Implementation of the regulations and the publicity of tobacco hazards and tobacco control in schools should be strengthened. Smoke-free household should be advocated, and middle school students, especially junior middle school students, should be protected from the harm of SHS.
Effect of functional sports on children's spatial awareness aged 6-8 years
LI Chuang, XU Peng, PAN Yanyan, HAN Beining, ZHANG Yunlong, CHEN Zhi
2022, 43(8): 1161-1165. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.08.010
Abstract(472) HTML (234) PDF(45)
Abstract:
  Objective  To examine the effect of functional sports training on the development of spatial awareness in children aged 6-8 years old, to provide a reference to improve children's ability of spatial sense.  Methods  A class of 125 children aged 6-8 years from first, second, and third grades of an elementary school in Zhengzhou City were conveniently selected by stratified random sampling, who were divided into the experimental group (n=62) and the control group (n=63) by random number tables. The experimental group received functional sports intervention for 8 weeks, 3 times a week, 20 min each time, and the control group received traditional sports game program.  Results  After the intervention, the error values of depth perception, orientation perception, and space perception in the experimertal group of 6 and 7-year-old children reduced by 1.98 cm, 2.88°, and 22.00 cm (6-year-old children) and 1.61 cm, 2.34°, and 17.99 cm (7-year-old children) compared with the control group, respectively. Compared with those in the control group of 8-year-old after the intervention, and the differences were of statistical signifiance(t=-3.07, -2.94, -3.07; -3.25, -3.29, -3.15, P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in the error values of depth perception, orientation perception and space perception between the experimental group and the control group after intervention (P>0.05). In the experimental group, the error values of depth perception, orientation perception and space perception reduced by 2.30 cm, 3.88°, 28.05 cm (6-year-old children), 2.16 cm, 2.15°, 17.45 cm (7-year-old children) and 1.16 cm, 1.81°, 9.10 cm (8-year-old children) in children aged 6-8 years after intervention, significant improvement were observed compared with before intervention (t=8.50, 9.04, 7.35; 7.39, 10.30, 11.05; 4.67, 4.46, 14.14, P < 0.01). Compared with before the intervention, children aged 6-8 in the control group only had significant differences in space perception(t=4.13, 6.71, 8.93, P < 0.01).  Conclusion  Functional sports games can improve depth perception, orientation perception and spatial perception for children aged 6-8 years. It can be integrated into children's daily activities to play a positive role in promoting the healthy growth of children.
Analysis of poor oral habits and related factors among preschool children
XIAO Chenchang, GESANG Quzhen, GUO Menglan, ZHAI Mengxi, YIN Xiaohong, YU Bin, YAN Hong
2022, 43(8): 1166-1169. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.08.011
Abstract(485) HTML (207) PDF(41)
Abstract:
  Objective  To understand poor oral habits of preschool children and related factors, so as to provide evidence for child oral health promotion.  Methods  A total of 3 094 preschool children from 12 kindergartens in Wuhan and Ezhou were selected by cluster sampling method. Basic demographic information and child poor oral habits were evaluated through questionnaire survey. Chi-square test was used for univariate analysis and binary Logistic regression was performed for multivariate analysis.  Results  About 33.5% of preschoolers were found to have poor oral habits. Among them, biting nails and toys (4.4%), sucking fingers (3.8%), mouth breathing (3.7%) ranked the highest. Multivariate analysis showed that only child(OR=1.26), picky eaters(OR=1.30), and exposure to second-hand smoke (OR=1.69) were associated with poor oral habits, while living in cities(OR=0.58), high family economic status (OR=0.66), and good health (OR=0.37), balanced diet (OR=0.71), maternal high school education (OR=0.72) were associated with better oral habits(P < 0.05).  Conclusion  Preschool children's oral habits are affected by variable factors, attention should be paid to children who are the only child of the family, picky eaters, living in rural areas, and those exposed to second-hand smoke.
Effect of 6-week neck eccentric training on neck function of college students
JIA Xueshu, WANG Anli, ZOU Zhikang, LI Bo, LUO Hao, ZHANG Enming
2022, 43(8): 1170-1173. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.08.012
Abstract(545) HTML (292) PDF(30)
Abstract:
  Objective  To investigate the effect of cervical eccentric training on neck function of college students, and to provide basis for cervical spondylosis prevention.  Methods  Fifty-two students from a medical college in Shanxi Province were recruited. Participants were divided into the neck eccentric training intervention group and the control group according to the random number table method, after stratified by sex. The intervention group received training for 25 min each time, 3 times a week for 6 weeks, and the control group received neck health education. Neck circumference, strength, range of motion, endurance and head and neck posture were measured before and after intervention.  Results  The interaction of strength anterior flexion, extension left fiexion and right flexion was significant(F=34.25, 55.96, 56.49, 37.13, P < 0.05). After 6 weeks, the strength of the intervention group was anterior flexion(65.37±18.64)N, extension(87.61±21.38)N, left flexion(55.80±12.04)N, right flexion(55.87±11.83)N. After 6 weeks, the strength of the control group were (45.69±9.25), (53.34±9.45), (41.60±6.96) and(42.20±9.92)N, which were significantly lower compared to the intervention group(t=4.82, 7.48, 5.21, 4.52, P < 0.01). The interaction of motion of anterior flexion, extension, left flexion and right flexion were significant(F=11.62, 8.83, 8.29, 6.57, P < 0.05). After 6 weeks, the motion of intervention group had anterior flexion(53.54±7.28)°, extension(57.42±7.37)°, left flexion(40.77±4.14)°, right flexion(85.12±6.35)°. The corresponding motion levels of the control group were(45.35±9.55)°, (50.85±7.56)°, (37.19±5.86)°, (76.15±7.86)°. The intervention group was significantly higher than the control group(t=3.48, 3.18, 2.54, 4.52, P < 0.05). Main effects on time were observed in neck circumference, right flexion and left rotation motion, neck endurance and head extension angle(F=15.79, 13.94, 35.90, 10.17, 8.61, P < 0.05).  Conclusion  Six-week neck eccentric training can significantly improve neck strength and range of motion, as well as neck circumference, neck endurance and head forward posture.
Correlation analysis of Traditional Chinese Medicine physical fitness and cardiovascular health behaviors among college students
DONG Shuqi, ZHENG Xian, LI Xue
2022, 43(8): 1174-1178. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.08.013
Abstract(312) HTML (163) PDF(26)
Abstract:
  Objective  To analyze the correlation between Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) physical fitness and cardiovascular health behaviors among college students and to provide a reference for physical fitness management and primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases for college population.  Methods  From August to November 2021, 1 621 college students from three universities in Liaoning Province were selected by clustering random sampling method, and questionnaire survey was conducted using the TCM Physical Fitness Determination Scale and the cardiovascular health behavior index proposed by the American Heart Association to analyze the correlation between TCM physical fitness and cardiovascular health behavior among college students.  Results  Cigarette smoking was higher among male students (20.7%) and students majoring arts and sports(27.3%)(χ2=184.99, 79.43, P < 0.05). Body mass index (BMI) was higher among male students (4.7%) and students majoring medicine(3.6%)(χ2=64.11, 15.38, P < 0.05). Physical inactivity was more common among female students(39.6%), medical majors(45.2%), and students with a family history of cardiovascular disease(CVD)(33.4%)(χ2=145.40, 189.91, 15.89, P < 0.05). Unhealthy diet was more common among students with medical majors and no family history of CVD(45.8%, 43.1%)(χ2=33.13, 15.57, P < 0.05). Significant differences in TCM body composition were found among college students by gender, major, and family history of CVD(χ2=101.22, 82.38, 90.42, P < 0.01). Healthy diet (ideal) and physical exercise (ideal, average) were negatively associated with Qi deficiency (OR=0.48, 0.19, 0.63), physical exercise (ideal, average) was negatively associated with Yang deficiency(OR=0.43, 0.68), BMI (ideal) and physical exercise (ideal) were negatively associated with Phlegm-dampness(OR=0.21, 0.37), physical exercise (ideal) was negatively correlated with Damp-heat and Blood-stasis qualities (OR=0.34, 0.20), and physical exercise (ideal, general) was negatively correlated with Qi-yu qualities(OR=0.34, 0.51)(P < 0.05).  Conclusion  TCM physical fitness is associated with cardiovascular health behavior, with varying effects of each indicator of cardiovascular health behavior on TCM physical fitness. Personalized cardiovascular interventions should be taken according to differential constitutions to provide reference for constitution regulation and cardiovascular disease prevention.
Cellphone usage and addiction among Chinese children and adolescents and related factors
ZHOU Nan, WANG Shaofan, ZHU Xichun, WANG Yi, CHEN Ling, CAO Hongjian, LIANG Yue, ZHANG Jintao
2022, 43(8): 1179-1184. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.08.014
Abstract(1002) HTML (277) PDF(161)
Abstract:
  Objective  To understand the current situation and associated factors of cellphone usage and addiction among Chinese children and adolescents, to provide reference for effective prevention and intervention of cellphone addiction.  Methods  Using a stratified random sampling approach, 11 213 children and adolescents and their parents from 31 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions in China were recruited and surveyed.  Results  The median of daily mobile phone use time among Chinese children and adolescents were 120.00 minutes, as reported by either children or parents. Child's age(β=0.12), hedonic(β=0.11) and social(β=0.09) cellphone use motivations positively related to time spent on cellphone(P < 0.01). Cellphone-related parental communication(β=-0.06) and knowledge(β=-0.03), as well as cellphone usage on instrumental(β=-0.04) or self-representation(β=-0.16) motivation negatively related to time spent on cellphone(P < 0.05). Child's age(β=-0.04), cellphone-related parental communication(β=-0.09) and awareness(β=-0.14), cellphone use on instrumental motivation(β=-0.22) were negatively associated with cellphone addiction among children and adolescents(P < 0.05). Cellphone-related parental monitoring(β=0.07), as well as cellphone usage on self-representation motivation(β=0.03) or hedonic motivation(β=0.29) positively related to cellphone addiction in children and adolescents(P < 0.05).  Conclusion  Time spent on mobile phone and mobile phone addiction of Chinese children and adolescents are influenced by various internal and external factors, such as the mobile phone use motivation and parenting style.Future school education should help children develop scientific motivation for mobile phone use. Family education should help parents develop positive parenting behaviors such as communication and awareness, so as to reduce the possibility of improper mobile phone use.
Relationship between physical activity, sleep and anxiety among junior high school students in Yangzhou
LU Xiaopeng, TAN Changqing, TAN Yeqi
2022, 43(8): 1185-1188. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.08.015
Abstract(430) HTML (180) PDF(43)
Abstract:
  Objective  To explore physical activity of junior high school students and its relationship with sleep and anxiety.  Methods  A stratified random sampling method was adopted. From March to July, 2021, 11 436 junior high school students from 12 junior high schools in four counties and districts of Yangzhou City were selected as the survey objects to conduct an on-site questionnaire survey. The Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Physical Activity Rating Scale-3 (PARS-3) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) were used to collect data regarding physical activity, sleep and anxiety symptoms. One-way analysis of variance and Chi-square test were performed to analyze the differences and correlations of parameters among junior high school students, and linear regression analysis was used to analyze the relationship between physical activity, sleep quality and anxiety.  Results  A total of 34.30% of junior high school students did not meet the physical activity recommendation. Physical activity score of boys in junior high school (32.01±13.02) was significantly higher than that of girls(24.73±12.30)(t=30.73, P < 0.01). Physical activity score was significantly related to anxiety(F=260.20), sleep quality(F=1 570.20), gender(χ2=918.11), parental exercise support(χ2=100.04), sleep quality(χ2=2 903.64), and anxiety(χ2=521.38)(P < 0.01). The results of linear regression showed that moderate physical activity had a significant negative correlation with sleep quality (B=-3.61), and moderate, vigorus physical activity had significant negative correlation with sleep quality and anxiety(B=-0.98, -0.91)(P < 0.05).  Conclusion  Physical inactivity is common among junior high school students in Yangzhou City, together with sleep disorders and anxiety. Sufficient physical activity can effectively improve sleep disorders and anxiety problems.
Dynamics of parenting styles of adolescent students from the perspective of intergenerational conflict
XIN Yuqi, ZHOU Jianqiu, WANG Limin, ZHANG Yafeng, ZHOU Quan, DONG Junhong, WANG Yingying, LI Yongshun, ZHANG Xu
2022, 43(8): 1189-1192. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.08.016
Abstract(326) HTML (122) PDF(18)
Abstract:
  Objective  To explore dynamics of parenting styles of adolescents from 1999 to 2019 from the perspective of intergenerational conflict, to provide support for family education and adolescent healthy development.  Methods  Using a multistage stratified cluster random sampling method, the unified questionnaire was administered to 2 590 students in the same sampling junior and senior high schools in 1999, 2009, and 2019 using the Egna Minnen av Barndoms Uppfostran-own memories of parental rearing practices in childhood(EMBU).  Results  Overall there were differences in the nine factors of parenting styles across generations (F=12.07-72.52, P < 0.01), with decreasing ratings of warmth and understanding of father and mother (F1, M1), over-interference of father (F3) over generations(F1:46.72±9.41, 45.87±11.33, 43.61±11.27; M1:51.56±9.38, 51.03±11.59, 46.23±12.27; F3:19.03±4.00, 18.29±4.32, 17.95±4.51), and all other parenting styles rated higher in 2019 than in 2009 and 1999(except for the over-protection and over-interference of mother, and punishment, firm control of mother). Parenting styles across generations (except for the rejection and denial of father among girls) showed gender difference.The overall gender trend coincided with the total population trend. Parenting styles across generations varied significantly among middle and high school students(F=3.92-47.27, P < 0.05), changes in F1 and F3 factors coincided with the overall decreasing trend. Factor analysis showed that parenting styles could be classified into two dimensions, with varied factor loading across generation.  Conclusion  Intergenerational decreases in parental emotional warmth and paternal interfering are observed in a sex- and grade-specific manner. Based on the diversity of needs and population differentiation, optimal intervention for comprehensive health development of adolescents are in great need to keep pace with the times and promoting the high-quality development of adolescents
Trends in the prevalence of Internet addiction among adolescents from 2004 to 2019 in Shanghai
YAN Qiong, YANG Yanting, QI Yue, QI Wenjuan, YANG Dongling, LUO Chunyan
2022, 43(8): 1193-1197. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.08.017
Abstract(413) HTML (162) PDF(63)
Abstract:
  Objective  To analyze the trends of Internet addiction among adolescents in Shanghai, so as to provide theoretical evidence for the prevention and control of Internet addiction in adolescents.  Methods  A multistage stratified cluster random sampling method was conducted, and 92 171 junior and senior high school students in Shanghai were selected for questionnaire survey in 2004-2019. Evaluation of Internet addiction, loneliness, academic pressure and depression among middle school students.  Results  In 2004-2019, the rate of Internet addiction among middle school students in Shanghai was 4.3%, which without significant differences by year(t=1.8, P>0.05). The detection rate of Internet addiction in boys (5.3%) was higher than that in girls (3.4%) (χ2=186.8, P < 0.01), and was highest in secondary vocational school (7.7%), followed by senior high school (4.6%) and junior middle school students (2.8%) (χ2=746.5, P < 0.01). The prevalence of Internet addiction in girls, senior high school students, secondary vocational school students, students aged 16-20, students with loneliness or high academic pressure showed an increasing trend in 2004-2019, with the average annual increase rate (APC) of 6.62%, 5.45%, 2.13%, 3.36%, 4.09% and 3.60% respectively (P < 0.05).  Conclusion  Internet addiction among adolescents in Shanghai showed an increasing trend in some groups from 2004-2019, but without significant differences by year in the overall groups. Comprehensive prevention and control programs are needed for adolescent Internet addiction, especially for those with mental health problems.
Interaction between peer attachment, peer trust and loneliness in the first-year senior high school students
PENG Xiaofan, LI Yanhui, DU Kunzhu
2022, 43(8): 1198-1201. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.08.018
Abstract(543) HTML (187) PDF(61)
Abstract:
  Objective  To explore the longitudinal relationship between peer attachment, peer trust and loneliness, and to provide reference for the effective adolescent mental health promotion.  Methods  A convenient sampling method was used to select 1 013 first-year senior high school students from 2 high schools in Guizhou Province and Shandong Province. A longitudinal design was adopted. The Revised Experiences in Close Relationships-relationship Structures Scale(ECR-RS), Trust Scale and University of California at Los Angels Loneliness Scale were administered in Nov. 2020, Dec. 2021(T1), as well as in Jan. 2021 and Jan. 2022(T2).  Results  Peer trust at two time points was negatively correlated with attachment anxiety, attachment avoidance and loneliness(r=-0.50--0.17, P < 0.01), while attachment anxiety, avoidance and loneliness were positively correlated(r=0.11-0.41, P < 0.01). T1 attachment anxiety significantly predicted T2 loneliness(β=0.16, P < 0.01), and T1 loneliness significantly predicted T2 attachment anxiety and avoidance(β=0.19, 0.15, P < 0.01). Correlation between stability of loneliness was higher than attachment anxiety(CR=7.12, P < 0.01). Correlation between stability of peer trust was higher than attachment avoidance(CR=2.40, P < 0.01).  Conclusion  Loneliness affects attachment avoidance and peer trust unidirectionally. There is mutual influence between loneliness and attachment anxiety, with larger impact from loneliness. Intervention aiming for attachment promotion might consider loneliness reduction.
Correlation between eating behaviors with body composition among medical students
YAN Xin, XIE Ruining, QIAO Yi, JIANG Shunli, CHENG Xiaoyu, YU Jie, DENG Yiting, LIN Li
2022, 43(8): 1202-1206. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.08.019
Abstract(326) HTML (113) PDF(32)
Abstract:
  Objective  To investigate the correlation between body composition and eating habits among medical students, and to provide evidence for health promotion.  Methods  In December 2021, stratified cluster random sampling method was used to conduct a questionnaire survey and body composition assessment among 445 students in grade one to grade four in Jining Medical University.  Results  There were 152 girls (53.3%) and 45 boys (28.1%) with low skeletal muscle mass. Totally 167 students (37.5%) had lower muscle mass, including 115 females (40.4%) and 49 males (30.6%). High body fat percentage was found in 259 (58.2%) students, including 179 females (62.8%) and 80 males (50.0%). There were 192 students (43.1%) with abnormal waist-to-hip ratio, with 139 females (48.8%) and 53 males (33.1%). In addition, emotional eating score of female students was significantly higher than that of male students(6.85±2.24, 6.11±2.69, t=2.96, P < 0.05). Cognitive restricted eating was positively correlated with skeletal muscle mass and musde mass(r=0.13, 0.13, P < 0.05). Emotional eating was positively correlated with body fat percentage, body fat and waist hip ratio(r=0.20, 0.20, 0.16, P < 0.05). Unrestricted eating was positively correlated with body fat percentage, body fat and waist hip ratio(r=0.15, 0.18, 0.15, P < 0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that gender, family residence, physical activity and cognitive eating were associated with skeletal muscle mass and muscle mass of medical students(P < 0.05).  Conclusion  With low skeletal muscle mass, low muscle mass, body fat percentage and waist and hip high ratio, reasonable eating habits combined with resistance exercise should be adopted to improve their physical health.
Correlation between sensory characteristics and behavioral problems in children with autism spectrum disorder
XU Zhanbin, NI Yufei, XU Xiaojing, WANG Feiying, GU Qiuyan, JIANG Chengcheng, WANG Jia
2022, 43(8): 1207-1209. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.08.020
Abstract(393) HTML (151) PDF(51)
Abstract:
  Objective  To understand sensory characteristics and its correlation with behavioral problems among children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), so as to provide reference basis for early diagnosis and comprehensive intervention of ASD children.  Methods  Using cross-sectional survey, 193 ASD children trained by Nantong rehabilitation institutions were recruited from September 2021 to February 2022. All children were investigated with the Short Sensory Profile (SSP) and Parent Symptom Questionnaire (PSQ).  Results  Among the 193 ASD children, 106 (54.9%) children had abnormal sensory characteristics, including 45 (23.3%) with possible abnormalities and 61 (31.6%) with obvious abnormalities. The abnormal rate of auditory filtering was the highest in the seven dimensions, reaching 85.0%, followed by low strength/weakness, motor sensitivity, taste/smell sensitivity, low response/seeking sensation, vision/hearing sensitivity and tactile sensitivity. The total incidence of sensory abnormalities was 93.3%. There were significant differences in six dimensions of PSQ scale scores of ASD children with different degrees of sensory abnormalities, including conduct problems, learning problems, psychosomatic disorders, impulsive hyperactivity, anxiety and hyperactivity index (H=38.89, 38.90, 19.53, 46.34, 34.54, 54.90, P < 0.01). With the aggravation of sensory abnormalities in children with ASD, the scores of all dimensions of the PSQ scale increased significantly. The total score of SSP was negatively correlated with the six dimensions of conduct problems, learning problems, psychosomatic disorders, impulsive hyperactivity, anxiety and hyperactivity index in PSQ (r=-0.53, -0.50, -0.32, -0.55, -0.43, -0.61, P < 0.01).  Conclusion  ASD children generally have sensory abnormalities, which coincide with severity of behavioral problems. There is a positive correlation between sensory abnormalities and behavioral problems in ASD children. More attention should be paid to the abnormal sensory characteristics of children with ASD in the future diagnosis and treatment process.
Epidemiological characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis among students in Wuhan from 2011 to 2020
ZHANG Zhengbin, HU Jing, WANG Lina, WANG Xiaojun, ZHOU Meilan, WANG Tiantian, DUAN Qionghong, WU Gang, LI Yuehua
2022, 43(8): 1210-1214. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.08.021
Abstract(467) HTML (188) PDF(42)
Abstract:
  Objective  To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of pulmonary tuberculosis among students in Wuhan from 2011 to 2020, and to provide a basis for the scientific development of interventions and strategies.  Methods  Epidemiological distribution, time of onset and treatment, as well as treatment outcomes of student tuberculosis in Wuhan from 2011 to 2020 registered in the national tuberculosis information management system were described.  Results  During 2011-2020, 4 337 student tuberculosis patients in Wuhan were registered. The average annual incidence rate was 22.44/10 million, and the annual decreasing rate of 7.86%. The incidence of male and female patients was 1.76:1, and the incidence rate of male was higher than that of female(χ2=184.18, P < 0.01). Most of patients aged 19-22 years old, accounting for 47.89%; Tuberculosis reports were highest during March to May, and September to November, and lowest during January to February, and July to August. Student patients were mainly concentrated in Hongshan District, Jiangxia District and Wuchang District, where schools were more distributed in Hongshan District, Dongxihu District, Wuchang District and Xinzhou District. The median duration from tuberculosis onset to treatment was 9(3, 21) days, which varied significantly by region, age, nationality, and patient residence (Z=-9.25, 47.14, 9.88, 43.96, P < 0.01). The treatment and outcome of student tuberculosis patients were varied significantly by year and nationality(P < 0.05).  Conclusion  The incidence of student tuberculosis in Wuhan City showed a slow downward trend. Most of student tuberculosis are college and high school students. Time and place of case detection are relatively fixed. The time of treatment and the outcome of treatment vary significantly. Tuberculosis prevention and control strategies should be formulated according to the local conditions according to the tuberculosis distribution characteristics, as well as enhancing surveillance, health promotion, active discovery and supervision management of tuberculosis in school settings.
Correlations between physical activity, sedentary behavior and physical posture disorders in primary school students
ZHAO Xiufa, LI Chao, LIU Yang, ZENG Yan, YI Guofeng
2022, 43(8): 1215-1219. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.08.022
Abstract(550) HTML (214) PDF(54)
Abstract:
  Objective  To explore correlations between physical activity (PA), sedentary behavior (SB) and physical posture disorders in primary school students, and to provide reference for the prevention and correction of adverse body posture in this group.  Methods  From September to December 2020, 206 children from 4 primary schools in Chaoyang District of Beijing were selected by multistage stratified cluster random sampling method. Body posture and PA were assessed using a body posture tester and a triaxial accelerometer. Children's Leisure Activity Questionnaire was used to investigate SB.  Results  The detection rate of abnormal body posture in primary school students was 76.70%. PA showed positive assocation with high and low shoulder, X/O leg, pelvis forward, spine curvature and comprehensive evaluation (β=0.17, 0.21, 0.19, 0.24, 0.19, P < 0.05). SB had significant negative linear correlation with high and low shoulder, X/O leg, pelvis forward, spine curvature and comprehensive evaluation (β=-0.24, -0.22, -0.36, -0.24, -0.27, P < 0.05). In the combination analysis, children with high PA plus low SB (OR=2.12, 95%CI=1.46-3.37, P < 0.05) and children with low PA plus high SB had the highest and lowest advantages of qualified rate of body posture assessment, respectively. Compare with low SB and low PA(OR=1.71, 95%CI=1.41-2.74, P < 0.05), high PA and high SB (OR=1.85, 95%CI=1.38-2.86, P < 0.05) had higher qualified rate of body posture assessment.  Conclusion  Physical activity shows positive effects on physical posture while sedentary behavior shows negative effects on physical posture. The combination of PA and SB has a counteracting or synergistic interaction effect.
Anemia in preschool children in China and its association with neuropsychological development
WANG Lihong, YANG Huimin, LI Ruili, ZHENG Xiaoguo, ZHAO Wenhua, YANG Zhenyu, ZHANG Qian, XU Tao, WANG Yuying, CHEN Bowen
2022, 43(8): 1220-1223. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.08.023
Abstract(397) HTML (160) PDF(28)
Abstract:
  Objective  To explore the relationship between anemia and neuropsychological development in various domains among preschool children in China.  Methods  Data came from the National Nutrition and Health Systematic Survey for children in China, and 3 261 preschool children aged 2-6 years and their parents from 28 sites across 14 provinces were recruited in this study. Parental and child characteristics were obtained by interview-administrated questionnaires. Blood hemoglobin(Hb) concentration was determined by Hemocue method. Neuropsychological development quotients were assessed using the Development Scale for Children Aged 0-6 Years(WS/T 580-2017).  Results  The average Hb level was (125.23±11.49)g/L and the overall anemia prevalence was 10.30% among preschool children. After adjusting the confounding factors(sex, age, ethnicity, region, feeding mode, maternal status during pregnancy, etc), developmental quotients of gross motor(β=-2.15, 95%CI=-3.89--0.41), fine motor(β=-2.46, 95%CI=-4.12--0.79), adaptive behavior(β=-2.59, 95%CI=-4.42--0.76), language(β=-3.65, 95%CI=-5.53--1.78), personal-social behavior(β=-3.11, 95%CI=-4.94--1.28) and full-scale(β=-2.79, 95%CI=-4.10--1.49) among children with anemia were significantly lower than non-anemic infants(P < 0.05).  Conclusion  Anemia was negatively associated with developmental quotient, as well as five domains of gross motor, fine motor, adaptive behavior, language, and personal-social behavior in preschool children aged 2-6 years. It is suggested to carry out the work of anemia monitoring and intervention in preschool children to further improve their neuropsychological development.
Changes in liver function of Tibetans with different BMI during the early stage of migration to plain
CHEN Ting, WANG Yeqiu, YANG Wei, SHI Zhanyu, SHEN Yan, ZHAO Xin
2022, 43(8): 1224-1228. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.08.024
Abstract(337) HTML (120) PDF(14)
Abstract:
  Objective  To explore the changes in liver function of Tibetan youth living in plateau with different body mass index (BMI) during the early stage of migration to the plain, and to provide scientific basis for high attitude de-adaptation.  Methods  A total of 3 035 Tibetan youth who firstly migrated to the plain (Shaanxi) from the plateau (Tibet) were selected as the research subjects, and were screened for symptoms of plateau de-adaptation. Participants were divided into four groups: underweight, normal weight, overweight and obese, and received liver function test on the 3rd, 6th, 9th dayafter migration, respectively. Chi-square test was used to detect the abnormal rate of liver function indicators among each group, and binary Logistic regression analysis was used to explore the relationship between BMI and abnormal liver function indicators.  Results  The alanine aminotransferase(ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase(AST), γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) of overweight Tibetan male and obese Tibetan male and female adolescents, the total bile acid (TBA) of overweight Tibetan male and obese Tibetan female were higher than those of the normal weight group at the early stage of de-adaptation(P < 0.05). With the de-adaptation for 3, 6, 9 days, the indexes showed an overall upward trend, including: direct bilirubin (DBIL) in overweight male and female adolescents, total protein (TP) and globulose (GLOB) in obese female adolescents(P < 0.05). The abnormal rate of overweight group (male ALT: 13.9%), obesity group (male and female ALT, GGT: 34.3%, 26.7%, 11.4%, 13.3%; female AST: 10.0%) was significantly higher than that in underweight (2.8%, 3.5%, 0, 1.0%, 1.5%) and normal group(3.5%, 3.4%, 0.9%, 3.6%, 4.1%)(χ2=48.07, 20.55, 20.55, 17.93, 10.23, P < 0.05). Binary Logistic regression analysis showed that after adjusting for age and gender, overweight was positively correlated with abnormal ALT(OR=2.10, 95%CI=1.20-3.62). Obesity was positively correlated with abnormal ALT(OR=5.50, 95%CI=4.23-7.40) and GGT(OR=4.10, 95%CI=2.03-6.74)(P < 0.05).  Conclusion  During the early stage of migration to the plain among Tibetan youth living on the plateau, changes in liver function indicators are related to BMI. Overweight and obese Tibetans have a higher abnormal rate of liver damage indicators. It is suggested that individuals with high risk of obesity should undergo health examination and medical supervision when migrates from plateau to plain.
Research progress on assessment of parental ability to prevent child injury
YIN Xiaoya, WANG Shumei
2022, 43(8): 1229-1234. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.08.025
Abstract(386) HTML (148) PDF(29)
Abstract:
  Objective  To review the articles evaluating parental ability on child injury prevention and to provide suggestions for developing assessment index for parental ability on child injury prevention.  Methods  Relevant studies were retrieved from the Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (CBM), Wanfang, CNKI, VIP, PubMed, Medline, Springer, and Web of Science, and were reviewed based on instruments, contents, as well as reliability and validity of instruments.  Results  A total of 47 articles were included for analysis. The methods for assessment mainly include quantitative and qualitative investigation, mainly quantitative surveys through scales or questionnaires. Assessment contents mainly included parental knowledge, attitudes and practice on child injury prevention(44 papers), as well as home safety(3 papers).The evaluation object mainly concentrated on parents of preschool children. A small part of studies tested the reliability and validity of the instruments in quantitative investigations.The reliability test indexes included retest reliability and Kronbach coefficient, and the validity test indexes included content validity, structure validity and scale validity.  Conclusion  There is a lack of assessment tools for evaluating parents' ability on child injury prevention in Chinese background. The development of corresponding assessment tools should consider the characteristics of children in different age groups, injury types, as well as its reliability and validity.
Routine blood test results of Tibetan children and adolescents in plateau areas
XIE Shenwei, XU Ke, DONG Ming, SHI Junyi, CAO Jiujian, DONG Huaping, WU Yu, LI Peng, XIE Jiaxin
2022, 43(8): 1235-1240. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.08.026
Abstract(346) HTML (141) PDF(21)
Abstract:
  Objective  To investigate routine blood test results and secular changes among Tibetan children and adolescents aged from 3 to 19 in the plateau, and to provide the basis for reference range of routine blood test for this population.  Methods  A total of 1 568 Tibetan children and adolescents aged from 3 to 19 living in Shigatse, Tibet were selected by cluster random sampling method. Routine blood test results and its secular trends were compared by age and gender.  Results  Significantly differences were found in red blood cell(RBC), hemoglobin(HGB), hematocrit (HCT), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin(MCH), white blood cell(WBC), neutrophil(NEU), neutrophil percentage (NEU%), lymphocyte(LYM), lymphocyte percentage(LYM%), monocyte percentage(MON%), eosinophil percentage(EOS%), basophil percentage(BAS%) and platelet(PLT) among the four age groups of 3-5, 6-12, 13-15, and 16-19 years (F/H=60.22, 179.41, 249.45, 115.03, 74.90, 14.33, 33.46, 78.90, 49.20, 97.29, 24.45, 24.28, 42.65, 20.10, P < 0.05). Among red blood cell indexes, RBC, HGB, HCT, MCH increased with age in boys(F=148.77, 493.04, 623.14, 249.92, P < 0.05), but there was no similar trend in girls(F=1.37, 0.15, 2.94, 0.11, P>0.05). HCT showed significant sex differences among the four age groups of 3-5 years, 6-12 years, 13-15 years, and 16-19 years [(41.33±2.31)% vs (41.98±2.40)%; (43.28±2.60)% vs (43.75±2.36)%; (46.20±3.11)% vs (44.83±2.67)%; (51.10±4.15)% vs (43.61±4.70)%, t=-2.10, -2.88, 3.50, 10.82, P < 0.05]. WBC, NEU, NEU%, LYM, LYM%, monocyte(MON), and MON% increased significantly with age in both boys and girls (P < 0.05). From the age of 12 to 13, RBC, HGB and HCT in Tibetan male and female adolescents showed an opposite trend and widened gradually.  Conclusion  Red blood cell index shows significantly different trends among Tibetan adolescents and children of different ages and genders. Regional nationality, age, gender, and other factors should be considered when developing the reference value range of blood routine index.
Changes and health equity of low vision among children and adolescents in Chongqing during 2018 to 2021
ZHOU Chunjiang, LI Meng, HU Ke, WAN Wenjuan, HUANG Hongyun, LIU Zhiyuan
2022, 43(8): 1241-1244. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.08.027
Abstract(387) HTML (185) PDF(64)
Abstract:
  Objective  To understand changes and health equity of low vision in children and adolescents in Chongqing, and to provide reference for student myopia prevention and control.  Methods  Using longitudinal studies, all school students in grades 1 to grade 12 in Chongqing were examined for visual acuity during 2018 to 2021, and the prevalence as well as changes of low vision were analyzed. In 2021, stratified random sampling was used to evaluate the health equity of uncorrected visual acuity and diopter(spherical equivalent, SE).  Results  The prevalence of low vision for children and adolescents in Chongqing from 2018 to 2021 was 54.12%, 58.17%, 60.03% and 58.20% respectively. Low vision showed an increasing trend in the first three years and decreased by 1.83% in 2021 as compared with 2020(χtrend2=13 870.45, P < 0.01). The difference in the detection rate of poor vision among students in different grades was statistically significant(χ2=17 396.36, 2 093.95, 771.87, P < 0.01). From 2018 to 2021, the detection rate of low vision in girls was higher than that of boys(P < 0.01). The Gini coefficient was 0.054 57 for uncorrected visual acuity in urban area, higher than in rural areas (0.035 94). Meanwhile, the Gini coefficient of urban and rural SE was 0.065 82, higher than the country (0.049 30). The results showed that myopia in children and adolescents was more uneven in urban areas.  Conclusion  The adjustment of myopia prevention and control strategies in the late stage of the novel coronavirus pneumonia epidemic is related to the reduction of the detection rate of poor vision in children and adolescents in Chongqing. Low vision varied by grade and gender, suggesting tailored myopia prevention and control strategy. The detection rate of poor vision in cities is more uneven than in rural areas, and different myopia prevention and control measures need to be implemented according to regional characteristics.
Transmission risk and resistance characteristics of Streptococcus pneumoniae among preschool children in Foshan
DENG Wenjun, LI Wenyu, CHEN Minqi, WANG Xulin, ZHOU Junli, YAO Zhenjiang, YE Xiaohua
2022, 43(8): 1245-1248. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.08.028
Abstract(284) HTML (134) PDF(17)
Abstract:
  Objective  To understand the homology and resistance characteristics of Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) in healthy preschool children, so as to provide basis for disease transmission prevention and rational use of antibiotics.  Methods  Stratified cluster random sampling method was used to sample 1 829 healthy children from six kindergartens in Shunde District, Foshan City. Nasal swabs were taken and tested for S. pneumoniae. Multi-locus sequence typing was used for homology analysis. The Chi-squared test and random forest analysis were used to explore the resistance characteristics.  Results  The nasal carriage rate of S. pneumoniae and multidrug-resistant S. pneumoniae (MDRSP) in children were 22.5%(412/1 829) and 21.3%(390/1 829), respectively. Homology analysis in sequence types showed that the total homology rates of 6 kindergartens were 93.5%(87/93), 91.1%(72/79), 89.2%(58/65), 88.9%(64/72), 86.2%(50/58), 77.8%(35/45), respectively. It was found that the highest homology rate was 82.8% (48/58) within-class and 93.1% (81/87) between classes. S. pneumoniae was mainly resistant to azithromycin (97.1%, 400/412), erythromycin (92.0%, 379/412) and tetracycline (91.5%, 377/412). The dominant multidrug resistance pattern of MDRSP isolates was not sensitive to azithromycin, erythromycin, cotrimoxazole, tetracycline and clindamycin. Random forest analysis indicated that the important phenotypic markers associated with MDRSP were resistance to azithromycin, cotrimoxazole, tetracycline, clindamycin and erythromycin(MDG=8.94, 6.92, 5.80, 4.84, 2.58).  Conclusion  The risk of cross-transmission of S. pneumoniae among preschool children is high, and direct contact is the main way of transmission. Consequently, kindergartens and health departments should take effective measures to effectively prevent and block the spread of Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Social skill training for children with autistic spectrum disorder on the uncertainty of the disease from mothers
ZU Yanfei, DU Yasong, ZHOU Yingqun, FAN Ning, ZHU Shuyi, CAO Yang, JIANG Wenqing, XU Guangxing
2022, 43(8): 1249-1253. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.08.029
Abstract(538) HTML (214) PDF(37)
Abstract:
  Objective  To improve the social skills of children with ASD by using Program for the Education and Enrichment of Relational Skills(PEERS), and to reduce the uncertainty towards ASD and negative emotions for mothers of ASD children.  Methods  From September to October 2017, 30 dyads of autistic mother and child were recruited and divided into intervention group and control group (15 mother-child dyads each). Based on the content of PEERS social skill, cognitive behavior therapy was delivered in group format, through demonstration, role play and group exercise. At the same time, mother-child dyads were trained using parallel social technology. Mothers and children with ASD were investigated using Parents' Perception of Uncertainty Scale (PPUS), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), Chinese Version of the Beck Depression Inventory-II(BDI-Ⅱ-C), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory(STAI-Form Y), and Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC), Cildhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS), and Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ).  Results  Changes in ASD symptom score in children and emotional score of mothers in the intervention group were less than 0. The total score of mother disease uncertainty(74.93±13.58, 90.40±9.21), ambiguity(31.13±7.07, 38.93±4.73), lack of clarity information(11.93±2.09, 13.80±2.54), unpredictability(9.60±1.99, 12.07±2.89), significantly changed after intervention(t=-3.65, -3.55, -2.20, -2.72, P < 0.05).  Conclusion  Social PEERS group intervention can enhance the social skills of children with ASD, reduce uncertainty of illness among mother of ASD children. Timely disease-related information, guidance for mothers to actively participate in child care and training, might help to reduce cognitive bias, depressive and anxiety symptoms among mothers.
Childhood blood pressure trajectory and its association with overweight and obesity
FAN Hui, LIU Yudan, KANG Li
2022, 43(8): 1254-1256. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.08.030
Abstract(388) HTML (180) PDF(27)
Abstract:
  Objective  To analyze the childhood blood pressure (BP) trajectory and its relationship with overweight and obesity, to provide evidence regarding prevention and control of childhood elevated BP.  Methods  A total of 1 177 children who participated in five surveys of Zigong school-based cardiometabolic risks survey. Elevated BP was defined by using National BP reference for Chinese children. Group-based trajectory model was used to identify distinct BP trajectories. Logistic models were conducted to investigate the association of number of overweight/obesity across surveys with BP trajectory.  Results  In the five consecutive waves, the corresponding prevalence of elevated BP was 1.9%, 6.6%, 7.0%, 12.5% and 11.2%. Childhood BP trajectory were classified into constant low and high increasing risk of elevated BP groups. The risk of elevated BP increased at a steady rate with age in constant low risk of elevated BP groups, while the risk of elevated BP increased dramatically with age in high increasing risk of elevated BP groups. Logistic regression analysis showed that those with increasing number of occurrence of overweight/obesity tended to be classified into high increasing risk of elevated BP group(OR=1.34, 95%CI=1.17-1.53, P < 0.01).  Conclusion  Blood pressure trajectory during childhood varies. The risk of elevated BP increased dramatically with age in overweight and obese children. Attention should be paid to the BP trajectory of overweight and obese children to prevent elevated BP.
Construction of risk assessment index system of epidemic infectious diseases in primary and middle schools
SUN Lijing, ZHAI Yani, ZHOU Yuefang, ZHANG Zhe, LU Yinhao, LUO Chunyan
2022, 43(8): 1257-1262. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.08.031
Abstract(525) HTML (102) PDF(69)
Abstract:
  Objective  To establish a risk assessment index system for epidemic infectious diseases in primary and secondary schools, for early warning and prevention of school infectious diseases accurately and timely.  Methods  Through literature review, the indicators pool was established by consulting relevant experts and referring to practical experience. Then two rounds of expert consultation using the Delphi method were conducted(13 experts of round 1, and 20 experts of round 2). The concentration of expert opinions (the average, the percentage of full marks) and the coordination of expert opinions (the coefficient of variation, the coordination coefficient W) were calculated and analyzed. The coordination coefficient W was obtained by nonparametric Kendall's W test of multiple samples. According to the experts' feedback, necessary addition, reduction and modification of the indicators were carried out to determine the evaluation index system, and the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was used to calculate the weight of each indicator.  Results  The expert authority coefficients of the two rounds of consultation were 0.89 and 0.88, respectively, and the form recovery rate was 100%. The range of the variation coefficient of each three-level indicator was 0.07-0.31 and 0.06-0.19, and the coordination coefficient W was 0.25 and 0.47, respectively, indicating that the consistency and credibility of expert opinions were good. Finally, the risk assessment index system of infectious diseases in primary and secondary schools was established, which was composed of 5 first-level indexes, 23 second-level indexes and 86 third-level indexes. The AHP was used to calculate the intra-level weight of the index. The variation coefficient of five first-level indicators of school health management and security system, school health personnel facilities, health monitoring and cognition level, severity and coping measures were 0.09, 0.06, 0.08, 0.12 and 0.06, respectively, and the weight coefficients were 20.42%, 21.19%, 19.87%, 17.45% and 21.08%, respectively.  Conclusion  The risk assessment index system of school infectious diseases is applicable to primary and secondary schools. The initiative, coordination and authority of experts in this system are all high. It is of practical guiding significance for the early warning of infectious diseases in primary and secondary schools.
Research progress on the relationship between campus bullying and social status at school
LIN Mufeng
2022, 43(8): 1263-1267. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.08.032
Abstract(429) HTML (182) PDF(35)
Abstract:
According to the traditional view, campus bullying is a kind of intentional injury behavior. However, recent research indicates that campus bullying is also purpose-oriented, and teenagers may intend to gain social status at school through bullying perpetration. Adolescents' status acquisition strategies (bullying and prosocial behavior) and status evaluation methods (social preference and perceived popularity) interact with each other. This process is closely related to adolescents' peer group, developmental stage, personality traits, and beliefs. Prevention of campus bullying involves identifying and targeting status-oriented bullies with targeted interventions.
Research update on psychological stress and eating behaviors in children and adolescents
REN Zhongxia, CHENG Zhihao, WANG Peiyu
2022, 43(8): 1268-1271. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.08.033
Abstract(532) HTML (187) PDF(60)
Abstract:
Psychological stress and coping strategies are important factors affecting physical and mental health. Unhealthy eating behavior caused by stress is common in children and adolescents, which has not been fully clarified. In this paper, studies on the association of psychological stress with general eating behavior, abnormal eating behavior or eating disorders among children and adolescents were reviewed. The epidemiology and influencing factors were elaborated, and the possible physiological mechanism was summarized, in order to provide reference for the future research.
Research update on the effect of adverse childhood experience on telomere morphology
XIAO Wan, WAN Yuhui
2022, 43(8): 1272-1275. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.08.034
Abstract(352) HTML (162) PDF(35)
Abstract:
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) not only affect individual's physical and mental health but also have adverse intergenerational effects. A growing body of researches focused on biological mechanism of ACEs, among which the emerging role of telomere has gained much attention. This article reviews the association between ACEs and telomere morphology during different developmental stages and the role of telomere in adverse health effects of ACEs. It aims to summarize possible mechanisms underlying negative effects of ACEs.
Research progress of smartphone addiction interventions in adolescents
XU Chuchu, XIE Jin, WEI Xinyu, HUANG Hai, ZHOU Chunyan
2022, 43(8): 1276-1280. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.08.035
Abstract(854) HTML (199) PDF(97)
Abstract:
Adolescents at the unique period during which individuals experience rapid growth in social, emotional, and cognitive aspects, are more prone to smartphone addiction than other groups. Smartphone addiction has been proved to seriously affect the physical and mental health of adolescents, and these impacts will become increasingly widespread with age. The effectiveness of current smartphone addiction interventions are mild among adolescents, which have proved to be related to adolescents' unique cognitive and psychological characteristics. This paper reviews the latest research on adolescent smartphone addiction interventions, and classifies and elaborates from information enhancement strategies, ability enhancement strategies and behavioral intervention strategies, and puts forward the feasibility suggestions in this field, providing reference for localized intervention strategies, with the aim to developing systematic intervention design guidance and an effective multi-subject collaborative intervention system.