中国学校卫生

Strengthening researches in early-life course risk factors for childhood overweight and obesity

SHI Huijing

2022, 43(6): 801-804. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.06.001

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The prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity is rising rapidly and younger and younger people suffer from the obesity problem.Children with obesity are at greater risk of lifelong or even cross-generational adverse health consequences.Prevention of childhood obesity is an urgent public health issue.The risk of obesity has been established in the early years of life.Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen studies in early life course risk factors.We should not only focus on the matrix in the perinatal period and intrauterine environment factors, but also on postnatal rearing factors, postnatal catch-up growth and adiposity rebound.

Interpretation on Dietary Guidelines for Chinese School-aged Children(2022)

ZHANG Na, ZHU Wenli, ZHANG Man, MA Guansheng

2022, 43(6): 805-808. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.06.002

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School-aged children grow and develop rapidly, and adequate nutrition is the material basis for their normal intellectual and physical development. It is necessary to formulate the dietary guidelines for school-aged children on the basis of the dietary guidelines for the general population, and revise in time according to the changes in the nutritional health status of school-aged children. The revision of the dietary guidelines for school-aged children is based on the content of Dietary Guidelines for Chinese School-aged Children (2016). In addition, according to the revision principles and procedures of the Dietary Guidelines for Chinese Residents, as well as comprehensive consideration of the current prominent dietary and nutritional problems of school-aged children in China, Dietary Guidelines for Chinese School-aged Children (2022) is finally issued after evidence-based researches, discussion and consultation. Dietary Guidelines for Chinese School-aged Children (2022) highlights the improvement of nutritional literacy, the cultivation of healthy eating behaviors, the building of healthy food environment, as well as updating the recommendation concerning diet and active physical activity. Dietary pagodas for school-aged children of different three ages including 6-10 years, 11-13 years and 14-17 years are added to the guideline. The Guideline provides practical references for parents, teachers, school health workers, medical staff in child health services and workers in centers for disease control and prevention.

Effect of breastfeeding duration on age at adiposity rebound in children

LIN Dan, CHEN Didi, LI Yun, WEN Xiaosa, HUANG Jun, SHI Huijing, WANG Ling

2022, 43(6): 809-812. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.06.003

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Objective To explore the effect of breastfeeding duration on age at adiposity rebound, and provide a scientific theoretical basis for identifying early life factors of obesity in children and adolescents, while promoting early intervention. Methods In September 2019, first graders from a primary school in Minhang District, Shanghai, were selected to participate in this study, and their growth information was retrospectively collected. The natural cubic spline function was used to fit the body mass index trajectory of the subjects from 1 to 80 months, and age at adiposity rebound was calculated. A total of 6 148 subjects were selected, and complete data of adiposity rebound timing and breastfeeding duration were obtained. A multiple linear regression model was used to analyze the relationship between these two variables. Results The average breastfeeding duration of all children included in the study was (3.71±3.28) months, and most of the subjects (69.63% for male and 70.45% for female) were breastfed for less than 4 months. A positive linear relationship was found between them [male, B=0.16(0.02-0.30), female, B=0.34(0.18-0.51), total, B=0.23(0.12-0.34), P < 0.05]. The linear relationship was determined using the multivariate model. Conclusion Breastfeeding duration independently affected age at adiposity rebound. Prolonging the duration of breastfeeding within 24 months of age may help to delay the timing of adiposity rebound, and thus reduce later risks of overweight and obesity.

Influence of birth weight and infancy growth patterns on weight status among first-grade primary school pupils

CHEN Didi, LIN Dan, YE Peiqi, LI Yun, HUANG Jun, WEN Xiaosa, SHI Huijing

2022, 43(6): 813-816. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.06.004

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Objective To explore the influence of birth weight and growth patterns during infancy on overweight and obesity among first-grade primary school pupils, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the formulation of early life prevention and intervention policies. Methods In 2019, data related to routine physical examinations were collected for primary school pupils in the Minhang District of Shanghai, and information regarding birth and follow-ups was collected retrospectively. Physical examination data of 4 434 pupils at 12 months of age were obtained. A multiple linear regression model was used to analyze the relationship between growth patterns during infancy and body mass index (BMI) in the first grade of primary school. A generalized linear model was employed to analyze the relationship between birth weight and growth patterns during infancy and overweight and obesity in the first grade of primary school. A hierarchical analysis was conducted. Results A linear relationship was observed between growth patterns during infancy and BMI and the BMI Z-score of first-grade primary school pupils [β(β 95%CI)=0.30(0.24-0.35), 0.12(0.10-0.15), P < 0.01]. In addition to subjects classified as small for gestational age (SGA), catch-up growth during infancy was identified among subjects who were classified as appropriate for gestational age (AGA) and large for gestational age (LGA). LGA at birth and catch-up growth during infancy were independent risk factors for overweight and obesity among first-grade primary school children (RR=1.31-1.55, P < 0.05). The hierarchical analysis showed that catch-up growth increased the risk of overweight and obesity among first-grade primary school pupils classified as AGA [RR(RR 95%CI)=1.74(1.42-2.14), 1.87(1.56-2.26)], and increased the risk of obesity among first-grade primary school pupils classified as SGA and LGA [RR(RR 95%CI)=3.74(1.04-13.49), 3.24(1.62-6.46)](P < 0.05). Among those who exhibited catch-up growth during infancy, LGA increased the risk of obesity among first-grade primary school pupils (RR=2.60, 95%CI=1.35-5.02, P < 0.01), but not the risk of being overweight (P=0.13). Conclusion Birth weight and growth patterns during infancy have an impact on overweight and obesity among children in the first grade of primary school. It is suggested that attention should be paid to growth and physical development in early life for those classified as LGA and AGA, and catch-up growth in children should be closely monitored.

Longitudinal association between vitamin D supplementation in infancy and overweight or obesity among first-grade primary school pupils

YE Peiqi, LIN Dan, CHEN Didi, LI Yun, WEN Xiaosa, HUANG Jun, SHI Huijing

2022, 43(6): 817-821. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.06.005

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Objective To investigate the current status of vitamin D supplementation in infancy and to explore the effect of vitamin D supplementation in infancy and overweight or obesity in early school years. Methods Tollay 8 744 first-grade elementary school students in Minhang District, Shanghai, who entered school on September 1st, 2019, and had a routine physical examination in that year, were enrolled in the study. Children's height and weight were measured by medical professionals according to standard methods and instruments, and overweight or obesity was defined by BMI. Birth records, vitamin D supplementation during infancy, and feeding records during infancy were collected retrospectively. An unconditional Logistic regression model was used to evalute the effect of vitamin D supplementation in infancy on overweight or obesity in early school age. Stratified analysis was performed according to whether they were exclusively breastfed within 1, 4, 6 month of birth or not. Results The overweight or obesity rate of first grade students in Minhang District, Shanghai was 32.5%(2 843/8 744). Retracing their vitamin D supplementation during infancy, the vitamin D supplementation rates were 20.2%, 49.7%, 66.3%, and 72.7% for infants 1, 2, 4, and 6 months of age after birth, respectively, and 83.2% of infants and toddlers were supplemented within 3 years of birth. Infants who were supplemented with vitamin D within 1 month of birth had a reduced risk of overweight and obesity in early school age (OR=0.82, 95%CI=0.68-0.98), and stratified analysis showed that this protective effect was only present in infants who were exclusively breastfed at 1, 4, and 6 months of age [OR(95%CI)=0.76(0.61-0.97), 0.76(0.59-0.99), 0.69(0.49-0.98), P < 0.05]. Conclusion The rate of vitamin D supplementation in infancy needs to be improved, and vitamin D supplementation in infancy may have a protective effect on the development of overweight and obesity in exclusively breastfed children in early school years.

Adiposity peak and rebound in early life among primary school students with different body mass index patterns

LIN Dan, CHEN Didi, LI Yun, WEN Xiaosa, HUANG Jun, WANG Ling, SHI Huijing

2022, 43(6): 822-824. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.06.006

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Objective To explore the characteristics of the adiposity peak and rebound in early life among first-year primary school students with different body-weight measures, so as to provide scientific evidence for the development of prevention interventions to manage childhood overweight and obesity. Methods A total of 2 330 first-year primary school students who received routine physical examinations from September to December in 2019 were selected. According to body mass index (BMI) status, participants were divided into three categories: healthy weight, overweight, and obese. The BMI growth trajectories of the three groups were fitted by gender using the generalized additive mixed model from 1 to 80 months, retrospectively. Each subject's age at the adiposity peak and rebound, and associated BMI values, were calculated. Results The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 16.31% (380/2 330) and 16.09% (375/2 330), respectively. For first-year students with obesity, the BMI value continued to be higher than their overweight or healthy weight counterparts during the first 80 months of life. The age at the adiposity peak for these students, whose BMI status varied, was about nine months. However, the BMI of children with overweight or obesity was much higher than that of healthy weight subjects. Age at adiposity rebound was 72 months for healthy weight children, 52 to 55 months in children defined as overweight, and 22 to 23 months in children with obesity. For healthy-weight children, the fitted value of BMI at the adiposity rebound was less than that of overweight and obese children. Conclusion Age at the adiposity peak was largely similar among first-year students with different BMI patterns; however, age at adiposity rebound was different. Age at adiposity rebound among children with obesity was much earlier than that of other subjects, and their BMI values were much higher.

Exercise intervention and cognitive-behavioral therapy towards mobile phone dependence in college students

LIU Shijie, LIU Yanv, WANG Lin

2022, 43(6): 825-829. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.06.007

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Objective To explore effectiveness of exercise intervention and group cognitive therapy on mobile phone dependence in college students. Methods A total of 762 college students from a university in Wuhan were selected through random cluster sampling method in Oct. 2019. Among them, 126 students with higher risk for mobile phone dependence were selected as experimental group which were assigned to four groups: open exercise group(basketball, 31), close exercise group(baduanjin, 31), group cognitive group(30) and control group(34). The exercise group attended 60 min intervention twice a week for 10 weeks. The effectiveness was evaluated through the changes in the Mobile Phone Addiction Index (MPAI). Results The 10-week exercise and group-based cognitive therapy intervention can improve mobile phone dependence behavior among college students (F_group= 4.54, F_time= 3.67, P < 0.05). Among them, the open exercise group and the group cognitive therapy group showed slightly better effects(t=0.06, P>0.05). In the follow-up visit two months after intervention, no significant difference between the closed exercise group and the post-test results(t=1.23, P>0.05). In the dimensions of out of control and withdrawal, the open exercise was more effective than the closed exercise intervention(t=2.58, 2.67, P < 0.05). Conclusion Open exercise group has similar effect on improvement in mobile phone dependence with group cognitive therapy among college students, while closed exercise intervention shows better long-term effect.

Analysis of nutritional status of primary and secondary school students in Furong District of Changsha from 2015 to 2021

ZHANG Miaomiao, LIU Yisu, YU Yanqun, LUO Xuee

2022, 43(6): 830-833. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.06.008

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Objective To understand the nutritional status of primary and secondary school students in Furong District of Changsha from 2015 to 2021 and provide a basis for the targeted child health care. Methods Data of autumn health check of primary and secondary school students in Furong District of Changsha was collected from 2015 to 2021. A total of 345 968 students were enrolled, and their nutritional status was analyzed. Results The overall malnutrition rate of students showed a downward trend, and the differences were statistically significant(χ²=2 177.92, P < 0.01); the overall overweight detection rate of students increased from 5.22% to 13.75% in 2021, showing an upward trend year by year, the differences were statistically significant(χ²=6 476.36, P < 0.01); the overall obesity detection rate of students in 2021 had increased compared with that in 2015, increasing from 11.43% to 11.73%, showing an upward trend year by year(χ²=20.03, P < 0.01). The annual rates of malnutrition, overweight, and obesity in boys were higher than those in girls(P < 0.01). Conclusion The malnutrition status of primary and middle school students in Furong District of Changsha has been improving year by year, but students' overweight and obesity rates have been increasing, and the nutritional status of boys is more prominent than girls. Therefore, targeted coping strategies should be adopted in health care.

Character strengths of 180 counseling cases and its association with mental health

WANG Hong, FU Mingyan, LYU Hanbing, ZHANG Ying

2022, 43(6): 834-838. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.06.009

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Objective To explore character strengths of college students who sought counseling, and its relationship with mental health. Methods A total of 180 college students who sought counseling were investigated by using the short version of Character Strengths Questionnaire and the Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90) during March 2020 to October 2021. Results The top five character strengths of college students who sought counseling were appreciation, authenticity, gratitude, humor, love of learning (8.39±1.64, 7.82±1.74, 7.73±1.57, 7.29±1.81, 7.17±1.88); The bottom five character strengths were kindness, bravery, persistence, zest, leadership (5.59±1.75, 5.81±1.30, 5.86±1.72, 5.98±1.59, 6.06±1.60). Linear regression analysis found love, social intelligence and insight showed associations with different dimensions of mental health, with correlation coefficient of each regression equation between -0.12 and 0.16, and the coefficient of determination between 0.05 and 0.19 (P < 0.01). Love had a negativeassociation with all factors of SCL- 90 (β=-0.314--0.159, P < 0.05), which could explain 3.3%-12.5% of the variation of each factor. Social intelligence had a negative association with obsessive-compulsive, interpersonal sensitivity and anxiety (β=-0.200--0.150, P < 0.05), which can explain 1.6%-3.2% of the variation. Insight had a positive association with somatization, hostility and paranoia (β=0.168-0.279, P < 0.05), which can explain 2.3%-3.8% of the variation. Conclusion The lack and excess of character strengths is associated with mental health problems. Therefore, it would be more effective to help counseling cases build an appropriate and balanced character in the context of a strengths-based approach.

Effect of painting group counseling on problem behaviors and parent-child relationships quality in pupils

LI Zhihong, WU Yujun, XU Yang

2022, 43(6): 839-842. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.06.010

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Objective To explore the effectiveness of painting group counseling intervention on problem behavior and the quality of parent-child relationship in primary school students. Methods The problem behaviors of grade fouth primary school students were screened and compared with the norm. Two classes were randomly selected as the intervention group and control group, respectively. Intervention group received for an 8-week painting group counseling experiment. Conners Child Behavior Rating Scale, Problem Solving Scale and Parental Acceptance Questionnaire were used as the evaluation tools. Results There was no significant difference in the detection rate of problem behavior between the experimental and the control group before intervention(27.59%, 15.38%, Z=1.10, P>0.05). After intervention, the detection rate of problem behavior in the experimental group was significantly lower than that in the control group(17.24%, 3.85%, Z=3.71, P < 0.01). There was no difference in the scores of problem solving and parental acceptance between the two groups before the intervention(t=0.63, 0.38, P>0.05). After the intervention, the score of problem solving in the experimental group was lower than that in the control group(t=-2.28, P < 0.05), and the score of parental acceptance was higher than that in the control group(t=2.57, P < 0.05). For the intervention group, problem behavior and problem solving decreased significantly(t=2.56, 2.44, P < 0.05), while the scores of parental acceptance increased significantly(t=-2.26, P < 0.05)after the intervention. The scores of these three variables in the control group showed no significant changes before and after the intervention(P>0.05). The results of repeated measurement variance showed that the main effect of problem behavior and the interactive effect of problem solving and parental acceptance(F=8.63, 8.01, 4.62, P < 0.05) were significant. Conclusion Painting group counseling can reduce the problem behaviors of primary school students and improve the quality of parent-child relationship. It can be applied in primary school mental health education and plays a positive role in promoting the healthy development of primary school students.

Research on online and offline comprehensive intervention program of adolescent healthy use of mobile phone

ZHANG Chunxiao, TANG Lijun

2022, 43(6): 843-846. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.06.011

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Objective To develop a conceptual framework for prevention intervention plans through a series of case studies, so as to provide inspiration for the design of services to help adolescents form healthy mobile phone use habits. Methods Convenient sampling method was used to investigate 20 students in grade 8 from 3 schools in Shanghai. Through the research on teenagers' use of mobile phones, parents' intervention on mobile phone use and comprehensive intervention program on mobile phone use, the evolution process model of parent-child conflict in the context of teenagers' use of mobile phones is formed, and the comprehensive intervention program on teenagers' use of mobile phones is determined. Results Adolescents' motivations for using mobile phones were mainly social fun (37.14%), leisure activities (34.61%) and information search (28.25%). Unilateral intervention methods could not meet the needs of adolescents with different motivations. In most cases, parents make rules without considering children's characteristics and family background, resulting in different degrees of parent-child conflict, resulting in invalid rules and repeated negative emotions of teenagers. Conclusion It is very necessary to adopt the activity design of online and offline integrated service system, so as to promote the healthy mobile phone use habits of teenagers.Comprehensive online and offline intervention methods can help teenagers to obtain other resources and promote the formation of healthy mobile phone use habits.

A follow-up study on the correlation between sleep duration and body mass index in primary and middle school students in Zhejiang Province from 2017 to 2019

ZHOU Siliang, LI Xingxiu, GU Fang, LOU Ke, DENG Rui, DONG Bin

2022, 43(6): 847-850. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.06.012

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Objective To understand sleep behavior among primary and middle school students and its impact on overweight and obesity changes, to provide evidence for developing obesity prevention and controlling strategies in children and adolescents. Methods Primary and middle school students from three cities in Zhejiang Province who participated in questionnaire surveys and physical measurements in both 2017 and 2019 were selected. A follow-up dataset of 605 students was developed and the relationship between sleep duration and body mass index was analyzed. Results From 2017 to 2019, BMI-Z scores for male and female participants increased by 0.24 and 0.13, respectively. BMI-Z scores increased by 0.29 in students of 9-12 years old and increased by 0.11 and 0.25 in urban and rural students, respectively (P < 0.05). The prevalence of insufficient sleep duration increased from 37.0% to 41.8% simultaneously (χ²=3.68, P=0.06). After adjusting for confounding factors, the BMI-Z score of students with insufficient sleep was 0.20 higher than those with sufficient sleep duration (P < 0.01). Compared with participants who had sufficient sleep duration from 2017 to 2019, participants whose sleep duration changed from sufficient to insufficient, and those who always had insufficient sleep duration increased by 0.23, respectively (P < 0.05). Conclusion Insufficient sleep duration is a risk factor for obesity. Shortened sleep duration is related to weight gain, and maintaining sufficient sleep duration may reduce the risk of obesity in children and adolescents.

Effect of reproductive health education on self-efficacy and intention of condom use among college freshmen

WANG Yang, TUO Lin, LIU Wei, YANG Lingling, SUN Xinying, CHANG Chun, SHI Yuhui

2022, 43(6): 851-854. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.06.013

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Objective To analyze the influence of reproductive health education in middle school on self-efficacy and intention of condom use among college freshmen, so as to provide evidence for fertility protection-related intervention and policy-making. Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted among college freshmen in Beijing by hierarchical cluster sampling method. A total of 3 001 students were surveyed. The difference was compared by using χ² test and ANOVA. Multivariate linear and Logistic regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors associated with condom-use self-efficacy and condom-use intention. Results The overall rate that reproductive health education received before college among freshmen in Beijing was 65.11%. The college freshmen from urban areas reported more adequate reproductive health education (71.11%) than those from non-urban areas before college (59.36%)(P < 0.05). The total scores of UNGASS (4.22±0.90 vs 4.05±0.98), condom use self-efficacy (24.64±5.34 vs 23.09±4.93) and the intention of condom-use (82.44% vs 70.88%) of college freshmen received reproductive health education in middle school were higher than those of college students without pre-college reproductive health education(P < 0.01). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that the score of condom-use self-efficacy of college students received pre-college reproductive health education was higher than those without pre-college reproductive health education(β=1.21, 95%CI=0.79-1.63, P < 0.01). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that reproductive health, the intention of condom-use of college freshmen who received pre-college reproductive health education was higher than that of college freshmen without reproductive health education(OR=1.63, 95%CI=1.33-2.01, P < 0.01). Conclusion Reproductive health education in middle school can improve college freshmen's self-efficacy and intention of condom use, contribute to the implementation of safe sex, and is of great significance to the protection of college students' fertility.

Influence of school climate on influenza vaccination among middle school students in four cities in China

YANG Liping, PAN Qi, NUBIYA Amaerjiang, XIAO Huidi, WANG Long, LI Menglong, JIAWULAN Zunong, GAO Aiyu, HU Yifei

2022, 43(6): 855-859. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.06.014

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Objective This study aims to explore the influencing factors of influenza vaccination in middle school students, and to provide a theoretical basis for improving the influenza vaccination rate and inform interventions. Methods By using mixed research method, a combination of qualitative research and quantitative research, a survey was conducted among 9 145 middle school students selected from Beijing, Anhui, Shaanxi, Guangdong via the online survey using Wenjuanxing software. Multivariate Logistic regression models were used to analyze the influencing factors of influenza vaccination. After a purposeful sampling, 35 middle school students were invited for semi-structured interviews and NVivo plus software were used for data analysis. Results The self-reported influenza vaccination rate of the middle school students was 38.2%. No experience of discussing an influenza vaccine with others (OR=1.37, 95%CI=1.17-1.60) and devaluing the discussion about vaccination (OR=1.30, 95%CI=1.08-1.57) was negatively associated with vaccination(P < 0.05); The head teacher suggestion(OR=0.39, 95%CI=0.32-0.48), peers' vaccination(OR=0.29, 95%CI=0.25-0.33), and awareness of what the vaccine was and being able to explain it clearly(OR=0.68, 95%CI=0.61-0.75), discussing with others(OR=0.76, 95%CI=0.67-0.86), feeling the discussion is valuable(OR=0.66, 95%CI=0.59-0.73), being able to positively influence others(OR=0.61, 95%CI=0.55-0.68), being positively influenced by others (OR=0.62, 95%CI=0.54-0.71) were more likely to take vaccination via separated models(P < 0.05). The interview results showed that the teacher's cognition and attitude towards the influenza vaccine could directly or indirectly affect the students' vaccination decision, and the positive school opinion atmosphere may improve students' vaccination rate. Conclusion It is suggested that the schools should increase students' vaccination rate through head teachers' guidance and organizing students to participate in discussion on influenza topics.

Awareness of AIDS and use of condom among middle school students who have induced abortion in Yuyao City, 2016-2020

ZHAO Weijiang, MIAO Qiuyue, SHI Yueying

2022, 43(6): 860-863. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.06.015

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Objective To understand the use of condom among middle school students after outpatient abortion operation, so as to provide a basis for safe sex education and intervention. Methods The questionnaire survey on condom use was conducted among the middle school students who had abortion operation in obstetric and gynecologic out-patient clinic of Yuyao People's Hospital from 2016 to 2020. Group differences were compared by using Chi-square test. Results A total of 274 middle school students were investigated. The awareness rates on "AIDS can be transmitted through sexual contact" and "correct use of condoms can reduce the risk of AIDS through sexual transmission" were 93.80% and 91.24% respectively. The rate of condom's usage was 17.88% in the past 6 months, 5.47% of participants used condoms every time, 12.41% used condoms occasionally, and 82.12% never used condoms. About 18.37% of participants who used condoms every time or occasionally could use correctly. The top three reasons were "I don't think it's so coincidental to get pregnant once in a while" (16.44%), "I think it's very troublesome to use it" (14.67%), "I didn't expect to use it, let alone prevent diseases" (14.22%). Conclusion Yuyao City flow of students related AIDS knowledge awareness rate is high, and the condom utilization rate, the correct utilization rate is very low. According to the main reasons of not wearing condoms, do a good job of the correct use of condom publicity, through targeted sex education and intervention, to achieve the purpose of from "knowledge" to "faith" and ultimately to "practice".

Prevalence and influence of depression and anxiety on dietary behaviors among adolescents in Shanghai

GU Wenxin, TAN Yinliang, LU Weiyi, DU Landuoduo, ZHU Jingfen

2022, 43(6): 864-868. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.06.016

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Objective To investigate the prevalence of adolescents' dietary behavior in Shanghai, and to explore emotional influence on dietary behavior. Methods A total of 7 456 students from 10 junior and 6 senior high schools in Shanghai were selected to participate in the questionnaire survey with the stratified random cluster sampling method. The survey included general information, eating behavior, PHQ-2 and GAD-7. Results During the past week, the proportion of adolescents in Shanghai reported consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages, sweet desserts, frequent fried food and fast food (≥4 times/week) were 13.26%, 16.90%, 6.99% and 13.01%, respectively. The proportion of students reported consumption of fruits, vegetables, milk and breakfast every day were 56.96%, 73.00%, 65.03% and 76.11%, respectively. There were significant differences by sex and educational stages(both P < 0.05). Adolescents with depression or anxiety have a higher incidence of unhealthy eating behaviors than those without depression or anxiety(P < 0.01). After adjusting for gender, school, accommodation, grades, pocket money and social class, depression and anxiety increase the risk of various unhealthy eating behaviors in adolescents(P < 0.05). Compared with those without anxiety, the risks of sugar-sweetened beverages consumption (≥1 time/d) among adolescents with mild and moderate to severe anxiety were 1.42 times (95%CI=1.20-1.67) and 2.51 times (95%CI=2.09-3.01), the risks of insufficient fruits consumption (< 1 time/d) were 1.30 times (95%CI=1.16-1.45) and 1.28 times (95%CI=1.11-1.47), the risks of insufficient vegetable consumption (< 1 time/d) were 1.35 times (95%CI=1.20-1.52) and 1.41 times(95%CI=1.21-1.65), the risks of insufficient milk consumption (< 1 time/d) were 1.29 times (95%CI=1.15-1.44) and 1.20 times(95%CI=1.04-1.39), and the risks of breakfast skipping were 1.75 times (95%CI=1.54-1.99) and 2.97 times (95%CI=2.55-3.46) among adolescents with mild and moderate to severe anxiety. Conclusion The proportion of unhealthy eating behaviors among adolescents in Shanghai is still high. Early education and intervention for students' eating behaviors should be carried out, and attention should be paid to the occurrence of adolescents' negative emotions, so as to reduce the risk of unhealthy eating behaviors among adolescents through the promotion of mental health.

Usage of college students' fitness APP in Lanzhou City

GOU Qifeng, LI Sunnan, BA Teer, ZHANG Wei

2022, 43(6): 869-871. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.06.017

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Objective To understand the use of fitness APP for college students, so as to provide a reference for scientific exercise guidance. Methods Expert interviews were used to determine the research content, and the questionnaire survey method was applied to select 1 840 college students from five universities in Lanzhou City randomly to conduct a survey. Meanwhile, the gray correlation analysis method was employed to analyze the influencing factors of fitness APP use. Results During the post epidemic period, fitness APP was the most popular way for college students to choose, and the proportion of students increased from 15.00% before the epidemic to 30.00%. Yuedong circle and Keep were the fitness APPs most used by college students, with 438 and 412 people respectively. The number of college students using fitness APP for the purpose of "fitness clock out" was the largest, accounting for 82.72%. And the main body-building intensity was moderate, accounting for 63.38%. The main factors influencing college students' use of fitness APP were physical condition (R=0.99), APP practicability (R=0.95), data record (R=0.92), mood (R=0.89) and body mass index (R=0.77). Conclusion In order to improve physical fitness, physical education in colleges can by carried out by using fitness APP, with personalized fitness program, APP function optimization.

Relationship between online partner-seeking sexual behavior and sensation-seeking risk behaviors among college students

HU Chunmei, HE Lingling, JIN Xueqi

2022, 43(6): 872-875. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.06.018

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Objective To investigate relationship between online partner-seeking sexual behavior and sensation seeking risk behaviors among college students, and to provide suggestions on college sex education. Methods Using convenience sampling, a self-administered questionnair survey was administered among 1 923 students in one college in Chongqing between September and October in 2021, regarding online partner-seeking sexual behavior, sensation seeking and risk behaviors. Results About 26.7% of participants reported having sexual behavior, and 12.3% students having online partner-seeking sexual behavior. There were no significant sex differences in online partner-seeking sexual behavior (χ²=1.25, P>0.05); partner-seeking sexual behavior varied by grade, gambling, alcohol drinking and internet addiction tendency(χ²=9.40, 3.29, 19.63 and 3.66, P < 0.05), which was higer among college students in grade one(9.1%), no gambling habit(12.0%), drinking habit(8.4%), and having no inclination to Internet addiction (11.8%) compared with those of grade 2 and 3(14.4%, 13.1%), gambling habit(19.7%), no drinking habit(15.1%) and having inclination to Internet addiction (16.6%). The results of multivariate Logistic regression showed that alcohol drinking (OR=0.45, 95%CI=0.33-0.62) was negatively associated with online partner-seeking sexual behavior, sensation seeking (OR=1.08, 95%CI=1.03-1.13) and gambling (OR=2.15, 95%CI=1.19-3.88) were positively associated with online partner-seeking sexual behavior of college students(P < 0.05). Conclusion Colleges should pay attention to the occurrence of online partner-seeking sexual behavior, provide guidance for recognition of adverse consequences of sensation-seeking behavior, and to avoid the clustering of online partner-seeking sexual behavior with gambling behaviors.

Cross-lagged analysis of boredom proneness and smoking, drinking behavior among adolescents

SONG Linting, MA Donghua, LIU Yong, XU Yong, GAO Tengfeng

2022, 43(6): 876-879. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.06.019

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Objective To explore the development and interactive correlations between boredom proneness, smoking and drinking behavior. Methods A total of 416 adolescents from one senior high school and one college in the Inner Monggol Autonomous Region were recruited to complete the short-version boredom proneness scale, as well as smoking and drinking behavior scale at baseline and in the 12 month follow-up. Results There were significant and positive correlation between boredom proneness and smoking and drinking behavior at both cross sectional levels (T1 r=0.30, 0.34, T2 r=0.24, 0.45, P < 0.01). Significant autoregressive coefficients were observed for boredom proneness, smoking and drinking behavior in adolescents (β=0.53, 0.61, 0.45, P < 0.01). Moreover, the cross-lagged analyses revealed that the relationship between bordom proneness and smoking behavior was unilaterally influencing (β=0.12, P < 0.01; β=0.03, P > 0.05), the relationship between bordom proneness and drinking behavior was bidirectional over the 12 months (β=0.21, 0.09, P < 0.05). Conclusion Boredom proneness of adolescents is closely related to smoking and drinking behavior, boredom proneness can positively predict smoking and drinking behavior, and drinking behavior can positively predict boredom proneness.

Global research hotspots and trends of family intervention for ASD

PAN Shixu, WANG Jia, WU Lijie

2022, 43(6): 880-883. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.06.020

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Objective To summarize the global research hotspots and trends of family intervention on autism spectrum disorder (ASD), to provide ideas for the development of localized research on family intervention for ASD in China. Methods This study used the bibliometric software CiteSpace to conduct visual analysis on emerging cutting-edge documents in the Web of Science core database in the field of family intervention for autism in the past 20 years (2001-2020). Data collection used 7 subject terms related to family caregiver intervention in February 2021. A total of 2 342 literature was obtained after data sorting. Results The number of international publications has risen rapidly since 2013. The average annual number of international publications was 29 during 2001-2012, then 250 during 2013-2020, which increased by 8 times. Among them, the United States ranked the top of publication with 1 295 articles, while publications from two universities in Canada and the United Kingdom showed higher impacts. The high-frequency keywords that reflected the international hotspots included children, adolescent, mother, behavior, and stress; the high-centrality keywords included follow-up, intellectual disability, early recognition, young children and language. Conclusion The research hotspots in the field of ASD family intervention in the past 20 years included targets, strategies and forms, as well as the implementation effects of ASD family interventions. The trends of research in the past five years (2016-2020) mainly focus on the intervention studies of children, adolescents and adults with ASD and the randomized controlled trials of ASD family intervention focusing on caregivers.

Correlation analysis of gross motor development and physical activity in pre-school children at different altitudes

KONG Haijun, LI Xinlong, ZHU Yuanbao, CAI Shuilian

2022, 43(6): 884-889. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.06.021

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Objective To explore the correlation between gross motor development and physical activity level of preschool children at different altitudes, so as to provide exercise basis for the development of gross motor ability. Methods A total of 188 preschool children living in the 3 240 m high plateau (Hi group) in Tashkurgan County, 175 children living in the 1 290 m low plateau (SubHi group) in Kashgar District and 191 children living in the 450 m high plateau (Pla group) in Gaochang District of Turpan were selected as subjects. The children were assessed for gross motor development and tested for physical activity. Results With the increase of age, the scores of MPA, VPA, MVPA and gross movement of preschoolers in each test group showed an upward trend. The above indexes in SubHi group were significantly higher than those in Hi group at 5 years old, and those in Pla group at 5 years old were significantly higher than those in Hi group (P < 0.05). The level of MPA in SubHi group and Pla group was significantly higher than that in Hi group at 4 years old, and the MVPA in SubHi group at 5 years old was significantly higher than that in Hi group (P < 0.05). SubHi group and Pla group were significantly higher than Hi group at 5 years of age, and Pla group was significantly higher than SubHi group at 4 years of age (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in the related indexes of gross motor among girls at different altitude groups (P>0.05). The LPA of the Hi group and the SubHi group was positively correlated with the operational movement score (r=0.60, 0.44), and the LPA of the Pla group was positively correlated with the displacement movement score (r=0.69).There was a positive correlation between MPA and displacement score of Hi group (r=0.53), displacement score and gross movement total score of SubHi group (r=0.45, 0.59), and gross movement scores of Pla group (r=0.69, 0.52, 0.73). Except the displacement score and gross movement total score of the Pla group, VPA was positively correlated with the gross movement scores of each group (P < 0.05). Conclusion There is a certain correlation between gross motor development and physical activity level in children aged 3-6 years.MVPA can be used as an effective means to improve the development of rough movements of 3-6-year-old children.

Development of grip strength and its relationship with body composition in preschoolers

LI Yichen, WANG Chenran, HE Hui, XU Tao, SHANG Xiaorui, SHAN Zhengrong, KANG Hongxia, XU Yiqun

2022, 43(6): 890-893. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.06.022

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Objective To study the development of grip strength and its relationship with body weight, height and body composition in preschool children. Methods Data was collected from 900 children aged 3-6 years in 4 preschools in Beijing during Sept. to Oct. of 2020. A questionnaire survey (birth weight, dietary and exercise), height, weight, bioelectrical impedance analysis of body composition and dominant hand grip strength tests were conducted. Partial correlational analysis, multivariate linear regression were used for association between grip strength and body composition. Results The grip strength gradually increased with age, from (5.2±1.7) to (9.3±2.5)kg in boys (F=57.93, P < 0.01), and from (4.3±1.6) to (7.9±2.5)kg in girls (F=48.77, P < 0.01). Grip strength in boys were significant higher than that of girls (t=6.42, P < 0.01). The grip strength increased with weight status in boys (F=5.35, P < 0.01), with highest in obese group, followed by overweight and normal weight group. After adjusted for height, weight and birth weight, as well as maternal education, food consumption during the past week, grip strength in boys was positively correlated with fat-free mass, upper limb muscle mass (r=0.11, 0.09, P < 0.05), and negatively correlated with body fat mass (r=-0.18, P < 0.05). Grip strength in girls was negatively correlated with body fat mass, and positively correlated with fat free mass (r=-0.09, 0.09, P < 0.05). Grip strength varied significantly by age, fat-free mass and upper muscle mass in boys (F=66.75, P < 0.01), and by age and fat-free mass in girls (F=150.81, P < 0.01). Conclusion The grip strength can partially reflect changes in fat-free mass for boys and girls, it also reflect changes in upper limb muscle mass for boys. Increases in fat-free mass helps grip strength improvement.

Comparison of physical fitness and physiological function of children and adolescents with different nutritional status in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region

ZHANG Jianfeng, GAO Xuxiu, LI Tao

2022, 43(6): 894-897. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.06.023

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Objective To understand physical fitness and physiological function level of children and adolescents with different nutritional status in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region, and to provide reference for physical health promotion and intervention of children and adolescents. Methods From September to December 2019, 4 424 children and adolescents aged 7-18 years old in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region were tested for different nutritional status, physical fitness and physiological function by using stratified cluster sampling method. Results The detection rates of malnutrition, normal, overweight and obesity were 7.93%, 67.36% and 24.71%, respectively.There were differences in heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, vital capacity body mass index, grip strength body mass index, oblique pull-up/pull-up, standing long jump, 50 m running, 1 000 m running, and BMI in boys with different nutritional status statistical significance (Z=9.6, 55.2, 118.6, 332.5, 122.8, 15.6, 49.5, 47.5, 12.6, 113.5, P < 0.01); There were differences in heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, vital capacity body mass index, grip strength body mass index, sit-up for 1 minute, standing long jump, 50 m running, 800 m running and physical fitness index in girls with different nutritional status statistical significance (Z=33.9, 24.5, 46.5, 262.5, 102.6, 32.5, 27.5, 33.6, 27.6, 51.6, P < 0.01). Correlation analysis showed that the nutritional status of boys was positively correlated with systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, 50 m running, and 1 000 m running (r=0.27, 0.31, 0.14, 0.16, P < 0.05), and was correlated with heart rate, vital capacity, body mass index, grip strength body mass index, oblique pull-up/pull-up, standing long jump, and BMI were negatively correlated (r=-0.07, -0.62, -0.41, -0.21, -0.35, -0.29, P < 0.05); nutritional status of girls it was positively correlated with systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and 800 m running (r=0.21, 0.27, 0.22, P < 0.05), and negatively correlated with heart rate, vital capacity BMI, grip strength BMI, and BMI (r=-0.12, -0.49, -0.32, -0.18, P < 0.05). Conclusion The nutritional status of children and adolescents in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region is related to physical fitness and physiological function. Overweight and obese child have lower physical fitness and physiological function. In the future, childhood overweight and obesity should be effectively controlled to better promote the development of physical fitness and physiological function.

Effect of intervention on high caries-risk children in some kindergartens in Zhangjiagang

CHEN Ling, ZHANG Chi, ZHAO Xinyan

2022, 43(6): 898-900. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.06.024

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Objective To explore the prevention and control effects of different management modes on children with high risk of dental caries from some kindergartens in Zhangjiagang, and to provide a basis for relevant departments to formulate oral health management strategy. Methods In September 2020, 1 600 children aged 3 years old from 9 towns in Zhangjiagang were sampled by cluster sampling method for baseline survey, including oral examination, questionnaire survey and caries susceptibility test. According to the risk assessment criteria, high-risk children were screened out and divided into two groups. In the experimental group, the frequency of fluoride application was once every 3 months, combined with behavioral management and oral health guidance. In the control group, fluoride application was conducted once every 6 months, combined with behavioral management and oral health guidance. The effect of caries prevention was evaluated one year later. Results The prevalence of caries in three-year-old children was 50.9% at baseline, and the prevalence of caries in boys and girls was 47.5% and 54.5%, respectively, with statistical significance (χ²=9.64, P < 0.05). A total of 1 090 high-risk children were screened out, including 475 in experimental group and 615 in control group. The prevalence of caries in the two groups at baseline was 74.1% and 75.1%, respectively, and dmft were (2.98±3.33) and (3.04±3.16), respectively, with no significant difference (χ²/t=0.15, 0.28, P>0.05). One year after intervention, the prevalence of caries in the two groups was 78.5% and 83.0%, respectively and dmft were (4.22±3.97) and (4.51±4.08), respectively, with no statistical significance (χ²/t=3.17, 0.05, P>0.05). The incidence of new caries in the experimental group was 3.7%, and the incidence of new caries was (1.26±1.69), lower than 7.6% and (1.45±2.04) in the control group, with statistical significance (χ²/t=6.89, 5.05, P < 0.05). Conclusion The frequency of fluorination intervention once every 3 months combined with behavior management mode was more effective in controlling new caries in children with high risk of caries.

Comparison of cardiopulmonary endurance of Tibetan middle school students in different high altitude areas and its correlation with body mass index

ZHANG Chunchao, PANG Wei, ZHANG Fei, TASHI Langcuo

2022, 43(6): 901-905. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.06.025

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Objective To understand the cardiopulmonary endurance status of Tibetan middle school students in different high altitude areas and the relationship with body mass index (BMI), and to provide reference for cardiopulmonary endurance improvement among students in different high altitude areas. Methods From October to November 2019, 3 819 Tibetan middle school students in Linzhi, Lhasa, and Nagqu Regions of Tibet were tested with the 1 000-meter run for boys and 800-meter run for girls, and BMI was calculated. The cardiorespiratory endurance of middle school students in different high altitude areas was compared, the detection rate of wasting, normal, overweight and obesity was compared with the χ² test, and the relationship between body mass index and cardiorespiratory endurance was analyzed by multiple linear stepwise regression. Results The differences in VO_2max between Tibetan middle school students aged 13-15 and 17-18 years in Nyingchi, Lhasa and Nagqu were statistically significant(F=26.72, 13.75, 23.86, 8.68, 9.35, P < 0.01), and 13-14, 16-18 years old girls in three regions with VO_2max(F=5.29, 4.36, 11.38, 7.79, 16.30, P < 0.01). The proportion of boys wasting in Linzhi area was 10.2%, that of Lhasa area was 8.7%, and that of Nagqu area was 17.5%, the difference was statistically significant(χ²=25.91, P < 0.01); the proportion of girls wasting, Linzhi, Lhasa, and Nagqu were 2.6%, 2.5%, 5.1%, the difference was also statistically significant(χ²=8.35, P < 0.05). Multiple linear stepwise regression analysis showed that after body mass index and altitude included, the model △R²=0.075, and Tibetan middle school students were overweight and obese (B=0.44, 95%CI=0.39-0.49) and positively correlated with VO_2max(P < 0.01); weight loss (B=-0.36, 95%CI=-0.42--0.29) was negatively correlated with VO_2max(P < 0.01); altitude was negatively correlated with VO_2max(P < 0.01). Conclusion Overweight and obesity are positively correlated with VO_2max, and weight loss and altitude are negatively correlated with VO_2max. The proportion of wasting among Tibetan middle school students in high-altitude areas needs to be focused for cardiorespiratory endurance improvement.

Trends and risk factors of anaemia among the nutrition improvement program for rural compulsory education students aged 6-15 years, Hunan Province

HU Ji, FU Zhongxi, LI Kaiyu, WANG Fei, TAN Yaqing, CHEN Yanhua

2022, 43(6): 906-911. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.06.026

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Objective To investigate the prevalence of anemia among students aged 6-15 years old participated in the Nutrition Improvement Program for Rural Compulsory Education Program in 2012-2021 in Hunan Province, and to explore associated factors. Methods A cluster random sampling method was used. The survey was conducted among compulsory education students who came from counties in Hunan Province where nutrition improvement plan and key surveillance were carried out. Height and weight were measured, hemoglobin, dietary habits and health knowledge were collected. Results Since the implementation of nutrition improvement plan in 2012, the anemia rate decreased from 12.8% to 9.3%, the average hemoglobin content decreased from 133.9 g/L to 130.0 g/L. The proportion of students eating meat every day increased from 20.4% to 47.3%. Students eating three or more servings of table tennis ball-size of meal increased from 21.4% to 47.3%. The proportion of students eating more than three kinds of vegetables per day was 39.1% in 2016 and 32.6% in 2019, and less than 30% in other years. The proportion of students eating three or more servings of table tennis ball-size of vegetables increased from 19.5% to 39.6%, and the proportion of students eating snack less than once a day increased from 13.1% to 76.9%. The proportion of students drinking beverages less than once a day increased from 36.5% to 90.7%. Girls, older than 12 years, not eating meat every day, and who eat less than 1 serving of table tennis ball-size of meat, eat less than 3 servings of table tennis ball-size of vegetables and fruit at one time, and who eat less than 3 kinds of vegetables every day, and those who grow slowly had higher risk of anemia. Potential factors of anemia in students varied by survey year. Conclusion The implementation of the compulsory education has improved the nutritional status of compulsory education students in rural areas of Hunan Province, but anemia still occurs. Potential factors associated with childhood anemia are changing. Child health literacy education should adapt to the changing social and economic enviornment, as well as lifestyles. Targeted and appropriate nutritional education and intervention are greatly needed.

Cumulative Meta-analysis of the association between obesity and autism spectrum disorders in children and adolescents

LI Yao, CUI Tingkai, ZHANG Xin

2022, 43(6): 912-915. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.06.027

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Objective This study conducts a Meta-analysis on the epidemiological studies of obesity and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in order to explore the relationship between autism spectrum disorder and obesity in children and adolescents, and to provide some guidance for improving the quality of daily life of children and adolescents with ASD. Methods PubMed and CNKI (January, 2010-January, 2022) were systematically searched for literature related to autism spectrum disorders reported the or value by Meta-analysis, and compared the weight, BMI acquisition method. Results A total of 11 literatures were selected for analysis. The total sample included 336 830 participants, including 58 187 patients with ASD and 278 643 patients with normal development. Through Meta-analysis, children and adolescents with ASD had a higher risk of obesity than normal people (OR=1.80, 95%CI=1.74-1.86). when stratified by BMI acquisition, autistic patients with BMI obtained from objective measurement, medical records and parents' reports had a higher risk of obesity than normal people, and the OR value (95%CI) was 1.43(1.04-1.96), 5.23(4.44-6.16), 2.57(1.79-3.69). When stratified by age, children and adolescents with ASD aged 14 to 20 years had a higher risk of obesity than normal people. The OR value (95%CI) was 2.19(1.21-3.94). Conclusion Compared with healthy peers, children and adolescents with ASD have a higher risk of obesity. ASD patients need guidance in diet and physical activity, especially in adolescence, to prevent obesity or diseases caused by obesity.

Peripheral blood biological markers for early screening in children with autism spectrum disorder

ZHANG Yu, LU Hongyan, TAN Wei, WANG Qiuxia

2022, 43(6): 916-919. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.06.028

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Objective To investigate the specifity of amyloid precursor protein(APP), brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)and gamma aminobutyric acid(GABA) in peripheral blood in children with autism spectrum disorder, so as to explore the biomarkers for early screening of ASD and its relationship with the severity of ASD. Methods A total of 41 children diagnosed with autism from January to December 2019 were enrolled in the ASD group. Meanwhile, 41 healthy children with normal growth and development who were examined in the same period were selected as control group. And the sera total sAPP, sAPP-α, sAPP-β, BDNF and GABA of all participants were tested by sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method, and were compared between the two groups. Results The serum sAPP level in ASD group(2 132.98±333.28 ng/mL) was higher than control group(1 734.76±357.97 ng/mL), the serum sAPP-α level(335.11±33.87 pg/mL) was higher than control group(274.84±32.12 pg/mL) and the serum GABA level(4.17±0.95 μmol/L)was lower than control group(6.35±0.84 μmol/L). GABA level (4.17±0.95 μmol/L) was lower than that of control group (6.35±0.84 μmol/L), the differences were statistically significant (t=3.92, 4.25, -7.27, P < 0.05). In addition, the serum GABA level in children with severe ASD (3.48±0.77 μmol/L)was lower than children with mild to moderate (4.94±0.98 μmol/L).The difference was significant (t=-3.31, P < 0.05). ROC curve showed that total sAPP(AUC=0.77, 95%CI=0.66-0.87), sAPP-α(AUC=0.77, 95%CI=0.67-0.87), and GABA (AUC=0.95, 95%CI=0.90-0.93)had diagnostic efficacy for ASD(P < 0.05), among which the AUC of GABA was the largest (0.95)and its sensitivity(85.65%) and specificity(80.76%) were the highest. The results of binary Logistic regression showed that the abnormal expression of sAPP-α (OR=1.04, 95%CI=1.00-1.07) and GABA(OR=0.02, 95%CI=0.00-0.32) were associated with risk for ASD(P < 0.05). Conclusion Considering the specific change of total sAPP, sAPP-α andGABA in peripheral blood in ASD children, total sAPP, sAPP-α and GABA can be considered as promising biomarkers in the early diagnosis of ASD, among which GABA has the highest sensitivity and specificity.

Status and influencing factors of overweight and obesity among preschool children in Urumqi

HU Ningning, WANG Renyuan, LI Yufeng, YANG Jing, LI Wanjun, LIN Sulan

2022, 43(6): 920-924. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.06.029

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Objective To understand the status quo and influencing factors of overweight and obesity in preschool children, and to provide scientific theoretical reference for the prevention and control of overweight and obesity in preschool children in Urumqi. Methods Stratified cluster sampling method was adopted to select 1 897 preschool children from 10 kindergartens in Urumqi from October to December in 2021 to understand the status quo of overweight and obesity of preschool children by measuring their height and weight. The influencing factors were collected by questionnaire survey, including Chinese preschoolers'eating behavior questionnaire, Chinese preschooler's caregivers feeding behavior scale, 3-6-year-old children's home nurture environment scale, and characteristics and influencing factors of physical activity among preschool children. Results The prevalence of overweight and obesity in preschool children was 31.21% (592), including 19.50% (370) overweight and 11.70% (222) obesity.Childhood overweight and obesity detection rates varied significantly by age, sex, child dietary habits, father BMI, maternal BMI, and maternal pre-pregnancy BMI (χ²=19.63, 28.75, 9.45, 18.21, 18.45, 19.36, P < 0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that gender, children's eating habits, paternal BMI, pregnancy BMI, satiety responsiveness, external eating, initiative eating, weight concerns, behavior restricted feeding, physical activity and family physical activity environment were the influencing factors of overweight and obesity in preschool children(OR=0.52, 1.43, 1.51, 1.44, 0.69, 0.74, 1.35, 1.71, 0.81, 0.96, 1.10, P < 0.05). Conclusion Overweight and obesity in preschool children are popular in Urumqi. Education, diet control and scientific exercise should be strengthened to prevent childhood overweight and obesity.

Study on map analysis and trend prospect of campus thermal environment based on CiteSpace

WANG Luyao, WANG Yan, FEI Fan, GUO Huikun

2022, 43(6): 925-929. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.06.030

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Objective To grasp the research dynamics and development trend of the thermal environment of campus buildings in China, so as to lay the foundation for in-depth research and provide a reference basis. Methods Based on 479 documents in CNKI from 2000 to 2020, the documents were visualized and analyzed by keywords, including co-occurrence, clustering, outbreak and author cooperation network in CiteSpace. Results In the past 20 years, the research on thermal environment of campus buildings in China had gone through a period of formation-development-growth, and was at a high growth stage now. The word frequency of "thermal comfort, thermal environment, indoor thermal environment, natural ventilation" was greater than 50, which was a high-frequency keyword. The highest outbreak rate of "green campus" was 3.75, and "university library, university building, microclimate and green building" was in the outbreak period. And LIU Jiaping, LIU Zehua, WANG Hongguang and others were highly productive authors and have formed cooperative network groups with their own cores, but the cooperation among the network groups was less to be strengthened. Conclusion The research dynamics of the thermal environment of campus buildings is closely related to the policy development in China, and the research on "green campus, campus energy-saving optimization, and university buildings" based on human thermal comfort theory is a hot topic of continuous attention.

Low vision among children and adolescents in Tujia inhabited areas

XU Suhua, SUN Guilong, WU Peng, SONG Zhongliang, ZHENG Tao, JI Hongjing, LIU Wenlong

2022, 43(6): 930-933. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.06.031

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Objective To understand the prevalence of low vision among Tujia and Han children and adolescents in Tujia inhabited areas, and to provide reference for the prevention and control of myopia in children and adolescents in minority areas. Methods A cluster sampling of Tujia and Han primary school students from two primary schools in Lichuan City, Enshi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Hubei Province (2 466 Tujia and 971 Han) were selected for visual acuity assessment. Univariate χ² test and multivariate Logistic analysis were used. Low vision and associated factors between Tujia and Han nationality were compared. Results The overall detection rate of low vision among children and adolescents in Tujia inhabited areas was 44.9%. There were differences in the degree of low vision in the left and right eyes of individuals, and the detection rate of low vision varied significantly by ethnic, gender and grade (χ²=22.10, 18.43, 19.06, 17.97 for the left eye, 17.52, 20.44, 21.49, 18.61 for the right eye, P < 0.05). There were many factors affecting low vision among children and adolescents in Tujia inhabited areas, overweight and obesity were negatively associated with low vision (OR=1.81, 1.70, 95%CI=1.76-1.92, 1.66-1.82, P < 0.01). Conclusion Low vision is highly prevalent in Tujia children and adolescents. Effective intervention measures should be taken to treat and prevent myopia in children and adolescents.

Monitoring and analysis of food microbial contamination in rural compulsory education schools in Baiyin City from 2013 to 2021

YANG Junpeng, CHEN Anming, ZHANG Guoqin, ZENG Tongxia, QIANG Weidong

2022, 43(6): 934-936. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.06.032

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Objective To analyze the level and trend of microbial contamination in food in rural compulsory education schools in Baiyin City, so as to provide a reference for playing an early warning role in eliminating potential food safety hazards as soon as possible. Methods According to the "National Food Contaminants and Harmful Factors Risk Monitoring Workbook", etc., 8 pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, total bacterial count, and 2 hygienic indicator bacteria of coliform were tested. Results A total of 908 food samples were collected from 2013 to 2021, 47 were positive and the overall positive rate was 5.18%. The positive rate of samples collected in different years showed a downward trend year by year. The detected pathogenic bacteria ranked from high to low as follows: Escherichia coli (1.87%), Bacillus cereus (0.99%), Staphylococcus aureus (0.44%), mold (0.33%), Listeria monocytogenes (0.22%). Hygiene indicator bacteria total number of bacteria exceeded the standard rate was higher (2.09%). Among all kinds of food, milk and dairy products, frozen food, cold food, barbecue, rice and flour products had higher positive rates. According to quarterly statistics, the positive rate in the first and second quarters was relatively high. Conclusion There are different degrees of microbial contamination risks in the food of rural compulsory education schools. All relevant departments should pay attention to the current situation of school food hygiene and safety in poverty-stricken areas, and strengthen rural compulsory education school food, especially for milk and dairy products, frozen food, cold food, Supervision of key foods such as barbecue, rice and flour products, and efforts to improve their safety standards, do a good job in school food hygiene and safety, and ensure the healthy growth of young people.

Investigation on the establishment of health care institutions and the need for personnel capacity improvement in primary and secondary schools in Shanghai

SUN Lijing, LUO Chunyan, ZHANG Zhe, ZHOU Xinyi, ZHOU Yuefang

2022, 43(6): 937-940. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.06.033

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Abstract:
Objective To investigate the establishment of health care institutions and the staffing primary and secondary school health care in Shanghai, and to understand the capacity building needs of health care personnel. Methods A survey was conducted on all primary and secondary schools in Shanghai from April to August in 2020. The content of the questionnaire covers the establishment of health care institutions, the staffing of school health care centers and the capacity building need of health care personnel. Chi-square test was used to compare the difference of the health care institutions setting and staffing by schools and areas. Results In 2020, there were 1 847 primary and secondary schools in Shanghai (including branches schools). About 51.4% of primary and secondary schools in Shanghai were equipped with school health care personnel in the ratio of the number of students at least 600∶1, and the staffing compliance rate of urban schools (59.3%) was higher than that of suburban schools (47.3%)(χ²=24.27, P < 0.01). All school health care personnel believed that there are currently few opportunities for capacity buliding services from health facilities. Conclusion School health care institutions in Shanghai are well equipped, but the staffing shortage is substantial, with strong need for capacity building.

Evaluation on professional competencies and development of teachers for health in primary and secondary schools in Shanghai

HOU Xiaojing, JIANG Xingwen, SUN Yawen

2022, 43(6): 941-945. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.06.034

Abstract(484) HTML (219) PDF(49)

Abstract:
Objective To evaluate the self-awareness of professional competencies and its development of teachers for health in primary and secondary schools in Shanghai, so as to provide a reference for development of professional competencies and future specialized development. Methods A survey was conducted among 1 722 teachers for health in primary and secondary school by the professional competency questionnaire. Results Most of the teachers for health had bachelor's degrees (65.6%) and junior professional titles (43.4%), the full-time teachers accounted for 66.5%, the percentage of teaching health education courses was 69.8%, 7.7% took part in the formal class of schedule; the two top scorers were the dimension of "professional ethic as a teacher" and "school public health prevention and control" (4.68±0.43, 4.55±0.47); the two lowest scorers dimensions were related to school health education with increasing standard deviation (3.96±0.66, 3.91±0.65); the mean of self-rated competency of the 6-14 years working experience group was slightly higher in all dimensions, that of 15 years or above group was lower than 6-14 years group in the total system and the dimensions of professional ethic as a teacher and emergency handling of accidents, and in responsing specific health problems dimension, the mean of 15 years or above group lower than that of 1-5 years group (P < 0.05). Conclusion The entry threshold of teachers for health in primary and secondary school is a critical consideration; Teachers' competency preparations are satisfying in professional ethics and school public health prevention/control; meanwhile, the overall health education competencies were insufficient, and noticeable differences in the competency level among teachers are observed. It suggest drawing up entry qualifications and professional standards for health education teachers to guide the teacher's learning and improvement, calling for facilitating the professional promotion of teachers at the government's policy level.

Epidemiological research progress of adiposity peak and adiposity rebound in early life

LIN Dan, SHI Huijing

2022, 43(6): 946-951. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.06.035

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Abstract:
The adiposity peak (AP) and adiposity rebound (AR) are the highest and lowest points of the body mass index (BMI) growth trajectory in early life. They are also the most significant characteristics. Epidemiological studies have reported the timings and BMI magnitudes of AP and AR in different populations worldwide. Others have observed the impacts of prenatal, postpartum, feeding, economic and social factors on the timing and magnitude of them. In addition, longitudinal studies have tracked the health effect of the timing and magnitude of them on many adverse health outcomes in later life. Based on literature reviews, we summarize the global epidemiological characteristics of AP and AR, while identifying pre-and early-life determinants as well as their possible long-term health effects, so as to provide scientific evidence for the prevention and management of obesity and related chronic diseases. We also highlight current controversies regarding this issue, while outlining directions for future research.

Influence of grandparenting involvement on children's oral health

ZHANG Yuxi, ZHANG Xianshan, JIANG Xiurong, WANG Xin, CHEN Chuanfeng

2022, 43(6): 952-955. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.06.036

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Abstract:
Oral health problems is one of major public health problems that threatens children's overall health. Children's oral health is closely related to family parenting styles. Currently, grandparenting is becoming increasingly common in China, and its impact on children's oral health should not be underestimated. This article reviews the impacts of the oral health knowledge level, behavior habits, gender, socioeconomic status, and other factors related to grandparenting on children's oral health, in order to reduce the negative impact of grandparenting involvement on children's oral health, and to provide theoretical basis and guidance.

Research progress of the effect of physical activity on mental health problems among adolescents

JIN Zhengge, WAN Yuhui

2022, 43(6): 956-960. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.06.037

Abstract(724) HTML (261) PDF(103)

Abstract:
Mental health problems among adolescents have been a major concern worldwide. Physical activity shows beneficial effects on mental health issues. The paper reviewed domestic and foreign literature on the association between physical activity and mental health problems in adolescents, and further explored the separate role of individual psychological, social and biological factors in the association, providing reference for mental health promotion among adolescents.

2022 Vol. 43, No. 6