2018 Vol. 39, No. 1

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2018, 39(1)
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School health: investing in child and adolescent health from the first 1 000 days to holistic concern over the first 10 000 days
TAO Fangbiao
2018, 39(1): 1-5. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.01.001
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Advances in public health and social civilization have facilitated better understanding of benefits,roles,and responsibilities of school health in promoting child and adolescent health,as well as enabling them to reach their full health potential.This editorial starts with an updated concept of school health,gives a comprehensive overview on characteristics and social determinants of various stages across growth and development,proposes the life-course perspective as a theoretical framework for collective efforts to improve school health,with the aim to fully inspire and mobilize initiatives and creativities among children and adolescents,and to promote the integration of school health into all policies.A key message of this editorial is the need to invest widely,deeply,and effectively in child and adolescent health:from the first 1 000 days to holistic concern over the first 10 000 days,which provides a critical foundation of lifelong health and an unprecedented opportunity for a better tomorrow of school health.
Environmental factors and myopia: prospects for prevention
ZHANG Xin
2018, 39(1): 6-8,12. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.01.002
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Myopia is becoming an alarming public health challenge in China,due to increasingly high prevalence and the younger age of onset.During the past decades,much attention has been turned towards the potential effects of environmental factors in myopia.This review summarizes data on associations between near work and outdoor activities,sleep duration,ambient lighting exposure,as well as dietary patterns with myopia among children and adolescents.A range of sight-saving intervention strategies have been proposed in the context of community,school,family,children and vulnerable population,which might offer multiple opportunities to promote and protect healthy vision through the entire lifespan.
Effect of reading and writing habits on poor vision among primary and secondary school students in Tianjin
LIU Shengxin, YE Sheng, CAO Yongjun, WANG Qifan, ZHANG Xin
2018, 39(1): 9-12. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.01.003
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Objective To investigate the impact of students' reading and writing habits on their vision,in order to provide scientific basis for making more targeted visual protection measures.Methods A total of 2 081 students were selected from 5 schools in Tianjin by stratified cluster random sampling.The visual examination and questionnaires were carried out for them.Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to analyze the effects of the reading and writing habits.Results The overall prevalence of poor vision among the 2 081 students was 53.96%,and the prevalence of severe poor vision was 23.79%.The prevalence of poor vision for boys and girls was 50.18% and 58.07%,respectively,and the difference was statistically significant(x2=13.81,P<0.01).Multivariate Logistic regression analysis found that reading and writing when the distance from the desk is a punch was the protective factors of poor vision (OR=0.751).Keeping eyes too close to the books(less than 20 cm) (OR=1.575),reading the book under the direct sunlight (OR=1.531),spending long time on reading and writing (such as 2 to 3 h) (OR=2.549),and playing electronic products on the bus (OR=1.726) were risk factors of poor vision(P<0.05).Conclusion The reading and writing habits of primary and secondary school students can have an impact on their visual status.Schools and parents should help students to develop good habits of writing and reading in daily life.
Relationship between the classroom illumination and the vision of students in primary and secondary schools in Tianjin
YE Sheng, LIU Shengxin, CAO Yongjun, WANG Qifan, ZHANG Xin
2018, 39(1): 13-15. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.01.004
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Objective To examine the association between classroom illumination and students' vision,and to provide theoretical basis and support for prevention of students' vision.Methods A total of 67 classrooms in three representative schools in Tianjin were selected by stratified cluster random sampling method.The examination of classroom illumination was carried out,and 1 494 students in the classroom were screened for poor eyesight.The rank correlation was used to analyze the relationship between classroom lighting and students' average visual acuity in class preliminarily.Results The qualification rate of average illumination of desk and blackboard were relatively higher,which were 85.07% and 70.15%,respectively.However,the qualification rate of the uniformity of blackboard illumination was only 52.24%.The average illumination of the desk in the primary classroom was higher than that of the junior middle school and the high school (P<0.01),but there was no significantly statistical difference between junior high school and high school (P=0.792).There was only a positive correlation between the average visual acuity of the class and the average illumination of the desk (r=0.688,P<0.01) in primary school.No correlation was found between the average visual auity of the class average illumination in middle and high schools(P<0.05).Conclusion The light environment of classroom may be more likely to have an impact on pupils' visual acuity.Schools and other relevant departments should pay attention to the status of classroom lighting,and create a qualified classroom lighting environment for the primary and secondary students.
Effect of electronic products on poor eyesight among primary school students in Tianjin
DONG Xiaopeng, LIU Shengxin, WANG Qifan, YE Sheng, ZHANG Xin
2018, 39(1): 16-18,22. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.01.005
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Objective To investigate the prevalence and effect of electronic products on poor eyesight among primary school students in Tianjin,and to provide evidence for the prevention of poor eyesight by using electronic products scientifically.Methods The visual examination and questionnaire survey were conducted among 1 404 primary school students in Tianjin by using stratified cluster random sampling method.Results The detection rate of poor eyesight in primary school students in Tianjin was 43.1%,and the detection rate of girls' poor eyesight (47.4%) was significantly higher than that of boys' (39.2%)(x2 =9.515,P=0.002).The detection rate of poor eyesight increased with the rise of grade,and the difference was statistically significant (x2 =73.246,P<0.01).The differences between poor eyesight detection rate of primary school students and use of electronic products in the dark (x2=10.377),use of computers (x2 =4.962),use of mobile phones (x2 =7.533),use of tablets (x2 =4.392),daily time spend on mobile phones and tablets (x2 =10.454,x2 =5.555),the distance between eyes and the screen of the mobile phone (x2 =7.016) were statistically significant(P<0.05).According to results of Logistic regression analysis,the risk factors of poor eyesight in primary school students were being above second grade,girls,use of electronic products in the dark and daily time spend on mobile phones more than one hour (P<0.05).Conclusion The use of electronic products affects their eyesight,and use of electronic products in the dark and daily time spend on mobile phones more than one hour are risk factors for their poor eyesight.Primary school students should be standardized in their use of electronic products to prevent poor eyesight.
Association between poor vision and its family-related factors among primary students in Tianjin
GUO Xuan, LIU Shengxin, WANG Qifan, YE Sheng, ZHANG Xin
2018, 39(1): 19-22. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.01.006
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Objective To investigate the prevalence of poor vision and family-related factors among primary students in Tianjin,and to provide evidence for effective prevention of poor vision.Methods A stratified cluster random sampling method was used to investigate 1 404 primary students from three primary schools in Tianjin.Standard logarithmic visual acuity chart was employed to examine studentss' eyesight,and a self-administrated questionnaire was conducted among students and parents to investigate the condition of primary school students' eyesight,and the data were analyzed by SPSS 22.0.Results The detection rate of students' poor vision was 43.1%,and the differences between different genders and different grades were of statistical significance (x2 =9.5,81.3,P<0.01).The only child(x2 =19.9),parental education levels(x2=20.5,32.4),parental eyesight(x2 =35.9),the location where child studies at home(x2=14.0),types of lamps and lanterns while studying(x2=21.3),turning on the night lights when the child sleeps(x2 =5.5),whether the parents focus on reading and writing habits of their children or not(x2 =6.9),whether the parents take their children outside to enjoy the sunshine or not (x2 =29.0) were associated with poor vision(P<0.05).Multivariate Logistic analysis indicated elder ages,female,genetic factor were independent risk factors for poor vision,whilst the variable that parents took the children outside to enjoy the sunniness was the protective factor(P<0.05).Conclusion The prevalence of poor vision among primary school students increased with the increase of grade.
Association between prevalence of anemia and nutritional status among school-aged students in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region
WANG Junyi, CHEH Yanjun, DONG Yanhui, WANG Zhenghe, ZHAO Haiping, MA Jun
2018, 39(1): 23-25. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.01.007
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Objective To analyze the association between prevalence of anemia and nutritional status among school-aged students in Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region,and to provide a reference for the measures to prevent and control anemia.Methods The 2014 Ningxia Province Surveys on Students' Constitution and Health was carried out among 3 747 Hui and Han students aged 7,9,12 and 14 in primary and middle schools.World Health Organization(WHO) and United Nations Children's Fund criterion were used for screening anemia.The nutritional status was defined according to the BMI classification standard of the Chinese school-aged students made by the China Obesity Problem Working Group to screen obesity and overweight and the state health standard of The Standard of Poor Nutrition Screening for School-aged Students which published in 2014.Results The total prevalence of anemia was 4.7%.The prevalence of anemia in Han (2.6%) was higher than Hui(2.1%),the prevalence of rural students was higher than that of urban students,more girls were found of anemia than boys.Among the students of anemia,3.2% of Hui students and 3.5% of Han students were detected with mild anemia,the prevalence of moderate anemia were 1.3% and 1.2%,respectively.Han students were found with no serious anemia,while 0.2% of Hui students were found with serious anemia.The prevalence of Hui(1.5%) was the highest in the middle economic area,followed by that of the Han(1.0%) in the good economic area,and the prevalence of Hui in the poor area were not detected with anemia.The prevalence of thinness,normal weight,overweight and obesity among Han students were 5.5%,42.1%,5.7% and 3.6%,respectively,while those of Hui students were 4.4%,32.0%,4.3% and 2.4%,respectively.In different age groups,students aged 12 were found with highest prevalence of anemia (1.4%),followed by students aged 14.Conclusion The prevalence of anemia in Han and Hui students is different,so we should pay more attention to education of the knowledge of anemia in rural students,especially strengthen the health education and physical health on adolescent girls.For some well-developed economic area,school-aged students should be educated about anemia,as well as rational diet.
Effect evaluation on health literacy intervention among middle students in Chongqing
PENG Linli, WANG Hong, HE Fang, RAN Min, YANG Jingwei
2018, 39(1): 26-28. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.01.008
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Objective To understand the effect of health education on the health literacy of middle school students in a main district of Chongqi,and to provide evidence for improving health literacy level in middle schools.Methods Cluster sampling method was used to select two middle schools respectively in rural and urban area,one school was taken as control group and the other was intervention group to have health education.The base-line survey was conducted in October,2016,and the final questionnaire survey was carried out in June,2017,the time for intervention lasted from March to May of 2017.Results After intervention,the rates of functional literacy and critical literacy of the students from the intervention school in urban area were 71.5% and 69.5%,respectively,higher than those of the control schools(62.2%,59.8%) (x2 =5.753,7.333,P<0.05).The level of overall health literacy and 3 sub-aspects in intervention group were lower than control group before invention in rural area,but the difference was of no statistical significance between control school and intervention school after the intervention(P>0.05).The level of functional literacy(urban:from 59.3% to 71.5%,rural:from 20.9% to 56.4%) and overall health literacy(urban:from 53.3% to 65.9%,rural:from 27.0% to 49.0%) among invention group between urban and rural city were higher than the level before invention (P<0.05).Conclusion The health education in school may improve the level of health literacy among middle school students.
Feasibility of ecological momentary assessment in monitoring sexual be haviors among college students
LI Yanlin, YU Hongmei, LIAO Rui, WANG Huaping, HUANG Yanling, XIE Dongmei, SONG Yibei, YANG Yi
2018, 39(1): 29-31. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.01.009
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Objective To evaluate the feasibility of ecological momentary assessment (EMA) in monitoring sexual behaviors among college students.Methods Based on the principle of information saturation,the in-depth interviews were conducted via purposive sampling and snowball sampling among college students who have had sex.Willingness,concerns and suggestions of EMA participation were analyzed.The experience sampling method was used as a tool to support self-monitoring.Results Twenty college students participated the interview,of whom 17 (85%) agreed and 15 students attended the EMA feasibility pilot study.During the 31-day trial,465 times instructions were released,438 onhne questionnaires were obtained,and the average response rate was 94.19%.The average feedback rate of empirical sampling method was 80.43% and the average timeout rate was 14.97%.The selfmonitoring rate of sexual behavior was 51.97%.About 8.45% of participants pre-filled the questionnaire.The average time for completing questionnaire was 1.33 minutes (empirical sampling method) / 4.67 minutes (self-monitoring method).Conclusion EMA shows low drop-out rate,high feedback rate and less timeout.It is feasible among college students to collect information on sexual behaviors in terms of establishing trust among participants.
Analysis epidemic status of the physical endurance among Chinese students aged 7-18 years of five ethnic minorities in 2014
CHEN Yanjun, DONG Yanhui, YANG Zhongping, WANG Zhenghe, WANG Junyi, ZHAO Haiping, MA Jun
2018, 39(1): 32-34. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.01.010
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Objective To explore the physical endurance among Chinese students of five ethnic minorities aged 7-18 years,and to provide a scientific basis for making interventional measures and improving their endurance.Methods Students aged 7-18 years from Mongolian,Hui,Uygur,Zhuang and Korean ethnic minorities were selected to participate in the 2014 Chinese National Survey on Students' Constitution and Health.The mean and standard deviation of the endurance running time of same gender and age were used to calculate Z score.Good physical endurance was defined as endurance running time ≤P25 of same gender and age.Results The endurance running time of boys aged 7-12 was between 120.7 s and 132.4 s,the girls' was between 126.4 s and 143.7 s.Among the five ethnic minorities,Mongolian students ranked the last both in boys and girls and Uygur students ranked the first both in boys and girls(P<0.05).The endurance running time of boys aged 13-15 was between 272.3 s and 309.1 s,the girls' was between 257.3 s and 286.4 s,and among the five ethnic minorities,Mongolian students ranked the last both in boys and girls Zhuang students ranked the first in boys and Uygur students ranked the first in girls(P<0.05).The endurance running time ot boys aged 16-18 was between 251.1 s to 282.7 s,the girls' was between 251.5 s to 271.7 s,among the five ethnic minorities Mongolian students ranked the last in boys,Hui students ranked the last in girls and Korean students ranked the first both in boys and girls(P<0.05).The Z score of five ethnic minorities was between-0.29 and 0.30 in boys,Mongolian
Analyzing relationship between maternal feeding practice and fruit and vegetable intakes of preschoolers
ZHOU Xueyang, HUA Le, ZHANG Meng, WANG Xiaohe, WANG Sheng, ZHANG Hao, QIN Shangren, HUANG Xianhong
2018, 39(1): 35-37,41. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.01.011
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Objective To analyze the association between feeding practice and fruit and vegetable intakes of preschoolers,and to provide the reference for instructing the feeding practice.Methods Totally,1 157 mothers of children aged 2-5 selected from Hangzhou by using stratified sampling method were surveyed.Ten aspects of maternal feeding practices were evaluated by using a Comprehensive Feeding Behavior Questionnaire(CFBQ).The consumption of children's fruit and vegetable were measured by item of fruit and vegetable frequency during the past 7 days.Spearman's rank order correlation was used to analyze the relationship between maternal feeding practice and fruit and vegetable intakes of preschoolers,linear regression analysis was used to identify the effects of dimensions of CFBQ on both fruit and vegetable intakes of preschoolers.Results A total of 72.8% of preschoolers consumed fruits each day and 66.4% consumed vegetable daily.Among the feeding practices,building a healthy home food environment,encouraging a balance and diverse diet,and preschoolers' involvement in making food were positively related with the intake of vegetable(β=0.43,0.33,0.19,P<0.05),and restriction of unhealthy food was negatively related to vegetable consumption of preschoolers(β=-0.30,P=0.015);Furthermore,encouraging a balance and diverse diet,monitoring and building a healthy eating environment were positively related to preschoolers' intakes of fruits(β=0.47,0.39,0.35,P<0.05),while restriction of unhealthy food was negatively related to fruit consumption(β=-0.31,P =0.036).Conclusion Parents should encourage children to have a balanced and diverse diet,and establish a good eating evironment to improve the intake of fruit and vegetables of preschoolers.
Correlation of physical ftness and lifestyle among primary school students in south Jiangsu Province
REN Yuqing, PAN Yuehong
2018, 39(1): 38-41. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.01.012
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Objective To explore physical fitness and lifestyle among primary school students in south Jiangsu Province.Methods Self-designed questionnaire was implemented among 6 192 primary school students clustering sampled from south Jiangsu Province.Physical fitness was assessed according to Physical Fitness and Health Surveillance of Chinese School Students (2014Edition).Results Proportion of excellent fitness was 12.6%,students from grade 5 scored highest in both physical function and physical fitness,significant difference was found in physical fitness compared to students from other grades(P<0.05).Students from grade 6 had worst physical fitness(P<0.05).Girls and rural students had better physical fitness than boys and urban students.Eligible sleep duration and exercise,appropriate sedentary screen time was found in 15.5%,72.6% and 69.5% students,respectively.Significant associations were found in physical fitness with sex,urbanicity,sleep duration,screen time,exercise.No correlation was found between physical fitness with grade.Conclusion Physical health and lifestyle among primary students in south Jiangsu province remains to be improved.Government-School-Family collaboration represents a promising intervention approach to effectively improve physical health and lifestyle among primary students.
Exposure to tobacco advertising and smoking susceptibility among teenagers of Jiangsu Province in 2013
CUI Lan, QIN Yu, SU Jian, LUO Pengfei, WU Ming
2018, 39(1): 42-44,49. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.01.013
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Objective To evaluate exposure to tobacco advertisement and its relation to smoking susceptibility among teenagers of Jiangsu Province in 2013.Methods From September to November of 2013,5 697 middle school students were selected from 14 surveillance areas using multistage stratified clustering random sampling and were investigated with self-administered questionnaires.Weight analysis was used to estimate prevalence (95%CI) of exposure to tobacco advertisement.Relationship between exposure to tobacco advertisement and smoking susceptibility was analyzed by multivariable logistic regression.Results In the past 30 days,the prevalence of exposure to tobacco advertisement was 46.7%(95%CI=44.0%-49.3%) among teenagers,boys higher than girls (48.5% vs 44.4%,P=0.04).The top 3 media channels of tobacco advertising were television (19.3%),outdoor advertising board (19.1%),and tobacco stores (17.4%).Smoking susceptibility of non-smoking teenagers with exposure to tobacco advertisement was higher than those without exposure (10.4% vs 4.9%,x2=54.6,P<0.01).Smoking susceptibility increased with the numbers of exposure sources.Teenager exposed by more than four sources of exposure has highest susceptibility in the future (OR=3.67,95%CI=2.65-5.09).Condusion Exposure to tobacco advertising is prevalent in teenagers.Exposure to tobacco advertisement increases the risk of smoking susceptibility among non-smoking teenagers.
Health risk behaviors and associated factors among middle school students in Wuling ethnic area
ZHANG Tiancheng, ZHANG Fulan, XIONG Jingmei, LU Shenghua, WEN Lizhong
2018, 39(1): 45-49. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.01.014
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Objective To understand health risk behaviors and associated factors among middle school students in Wuling ethnic areas.Methods Using multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method,2 360 Tujia and Miao adolescents were recruited from 8 cities and rural high schools of four counties in Xingxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture from November to December 2014.Questionnaire survey was conducted to collect health risk behaviors.Non-conditional Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the possible influencing factors of health risk behaviors.Results Reported rates of picky eating behavior,physical inactivity,suicidal ideation,smoking,drinking and internet addiction were 29.11%,58.94%,19.49%,20.04%,26.36% and 6.02%,respectively.Logistic regression analysis result showed that risk factors for picky eating behavior included the only child(OR =1.562) and internet addiction(OR=2.219),while the protective factor was being boy(OR=0.695)(P<0.01).Risk factor for physical inactivity was high school(OR=1.452),in residence (OR=1.291) and suicidal ideation (OR=1.494) while protective factors included being boy(OR =0.513),average school record(OR =0.750) and superior school record(OR =0.689) (P<0.01).Risk factors for suicidal ideation included high school(OR=1.419),smoking(OR=1.857),felt lonely (seldom or sometimes OR=1.529;often or always OR =2.366),depression (OR =2.694),feel unsafe at school (seldom or sometimes OR=1.381;often or always OR=1.974) and fighting (OR =1.744) while protective factor was being boy(OR =0.542);Risk factors for smoking were being boy(OR =6.984),leftbehind experiences(OR =1.372),drinking(OR =5.810),fighting (OR =1.687) and suicidal ideation(OR =1.837),the protective factor was average school record(OR=0.580) and superior school record(OR=0.467)(P<0.05).Risk factors for drinking included Tujia minority(OR =1.708),maternal education (junior or senior school:OR =1.319;college and above:OR =2.600),smoking (OR=6.678),depression (OR=1.524) and fighting(OR =1.878),the protective factor was superior school record(OR=0.666) (P <0.05).Risk factors for internet addiction included being boy(OR =1.970),picky eating behaviors (OR =2.013),insomnia (seldom or sometimes:OR =1.949;often or always:OR =2.322),smoking(OR =1.525),suicidal ideation (OR =2.471) and frequent game playing(OR=3.071),the protective factor was school record(average:OR =0.624;superior school record:OR =0.395)(P<0.05).Conclusion Students with poor academic performance are more likely engaged with multiple health risk behaviors.Comprehensive actions should be taken by school,family and society emphasizing prevention and intervention at the same time.
Association between screen time in different developmental stages and children's executive function
ZENG Chenchen, DUAN Xiaonan, HU Jingjing, WAN Yuhui, SU Puyu, SHAN Jie, QU Yongmei, SUN Ying
2018, 39(1): 50-53,56. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.01.015
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Objective To explore the association between screen time in different developmental stages and executive function (EF),and to provide reference for promoting children's mental and physical health.Methods With informed consent,children in grade 1 and 2 from 2 primary schools in Bengbu city and their parents were invited to participate,and a total of I 269 complete parents' questionnaires were collected.The average daily screen time in early childhood(0-3 years old),pre-school(3-6 years old) and current weekdays and weekends (school age) were collected from parents' questionnaire survey.Executive function was assessed by Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Preschool (BRIEF-P).Score of behavioral regulation index(BRI),metacognition index(MI) and global executive composite(GEC) were evaluated.Body mass index (BMI) was calculated based on physical examination.Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was recruited to examine the association between screen time at different developmental stages and the indexes of EF.Results About 13.1% and 24.5% of children had 1-2 h/d screen time during early childhood and pre-school period,and 4.3% and 8.4% had ≥2 h/d,respectively.The students who had screen time ≥2 h/d during weekdays and weekends accounted for 15.6% and 74.2% of all children.Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that compared with the no screen time group in early childhood,those who had screen time <0.5 h/d,(0.5-1) h/d,(1-2) h/d and ≥2 h/d had significantly higher BRI T(OR=1.880,1.894,2.125,3.110,P<0.05).In the group who had screen time (0.5-1) h/d and ≥2 h/d had significantly higher GEC T(OR=1.776,2.344,P<0.05).Compared with the group who had screen time <0.5 h/d in preschool,those who had screen time (0.5-1) h/d,(1-2) h/d and ≥2 h/d had significantly higher BRI T(OR =1.828,2.304,2.293,P<0.05).In the group who had screen time 1-2 h/d had significantly higher MIT(OR=2.036,P<0.05).And who had screen time (0.5-1.0) h/d,(1-2) h/d and ≥2 h/d had significantly higher GEC T(OR=1.640,2.304,2.109,P<0.05).The influence of the screen time on the indexes of EF was of no statistical significance.Conclusion A large proportion of school-aged children had screen time more than 2 h/d,especially during weekends.Screen time more than 0.5 h/d during early childhood and pre-school period closely correlates with sub-optimal performance in behavioral regulation,metacognition and global executive function.
Investigation on food-borne pathogens of 862 student meal samples in Henan Province
WU Lingling, LI Yanfen, CHUI Huixia, ZHANG Meng, ZHANG Xiuli, ZhANG Ding
2018, 39(1): 54-56. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.01.016
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Objective To investigate the food safety status of student meals,and to provide theoretical basis for the planning of national food safety risk monitor.Methods A total of 862 food samples were collected and detected based on Food Safety Risk Monitoring Plan in Henan in 2014.The test items conclude Bacillus cereus,Staphylococcus aureus,Listeria monocytogenes,Escherichia coli and Salmonella.Results Among the 862 samples of student meals,the overall detection rate of main pathogenic bacteria was 8.58%.The detection rate of Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus were 3.13% and 4.40%,and lower detection rate was 0.70%,0.23% and 0.12% in Escherichia coli,Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella.The detection rate of milk and dairy products,bean products,rice food and box lunches was 17.86%,12.50%,9.79% and 8.79% respectively.There were significant differences of food-borne pathogenic bacteria detection between students in city(14.29 %) and those in countryside(7.48 %) (x2 =6.920,P =0.009).Conclusion There are hidden dangers of foodborne pathogenic bacteria contamination in student meals provided by school in Henan Province.In order to avoid the break of food poisoning in school,food safety monitoring and supervision should be strengthened on high contamination rate of student meals.
Grandparent raising and obesity among migrant preschoolers
ZHAO Guangying, WEI Huangzhong, CHENG Yuli
2018, 39(1): 57-59. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.01.017
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Objective To understand the influence of grandparent raising on obesity among migrant preschoolers.Methods Six kindergartens were selected from Bao'an district,Shenzhen city.All children were randomly divided into two groups according caregiving patterns.Child obesity was assessed by height,weight and chest circumference.Caregiving characteristics and dietary behavior was obtained through questionnaire.Results The obesity rate among 2 865 migrant preschoolers was 5.56%,of which mild obesity accounted for 62.79%.Obesity rate was significantly higher in grandparent-raising groups than parent rearing groups(P<0.05).Obesity rate increased with age(P<0.05).Conclusion Obesity closely relates with caregiving pattern among migrant preschoolers.Eating habits and attitudes during this critical period might play an important role in this association.
Relationship between bullying and suicide-related behaviors among middle school students
TANG Hanmei, YANG Lixia, FU Shujian, ZHANG Liming, FU Yanyan, CHEN Xiaolong, HU Wang, HE Heng, LI Huanhuan, HUANG Peng
2018, 39(1): 60-63. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.01.018
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Objective To explore the relationship between bullying and suicide-related behaviors among middle school students,and to provide evidence for prevention of campus injuries.Methods A total of 7 129 middle school students from 3 middle schools in Nanchang,Fuzhou,finished Olweus bully/victim questionnaire and the survey on adolescents' health-risk behavior in three middle schools in Jiangxi Province.Results The reported rate of school bullying was 21.5%,among which 13.7% were victims,2.7% were bullies,and 2.7% were both,and the rate of girls was higher than that of boys (P<0.01).Prevalence rates of suicide ideation,suicide plan and suicide attempts were 23.9%,10.6% and 3.0%,respectively.After controlling for confounding factors,victimization,perpetrator,or both could add risks of suicidal ideation,suicide plans,and attempted suicide among students (OR =2.21-3.20,P<0.01).Conclusion School bullying is an important influencing factor of suicide-related behaviors.Reducing campus bullying may be important for the prevention and control of suicide-related behaviors.
Effect evaluation of the NCT intervention on self-confidence of the college students
SU Yangxue, JIN Xiu, MAO Fuqiang, ZHANG Zhihao, PENG Rui, LI Manwei
2018, 39(1): 64-67. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.01.019
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Objective To investigate the effect of NCT intervention on mental health and self-confidence of college students,and to provide a new model for improving self-evaluation of college students.Methods Seventy volunteers recruited from a college in Tianjin were randomly assigned into the intervention group or control group.The intervention group received Naikan cognitive therapy in the treatment of a 7d,while in the same period the control group received no psychological treatment.Before and after the intervention,the two group were evaluated by the PEI,PSSS,SAS,SDS.Results Thirty-three pieces of valid data were obtained from intervention group,and 34 from control group.After the intervention,the total score of PEI and the scores of each factor increased in the intervention group,and appearance,romantic relationship,social relationship,talking with others,level of self-confidence,mental state and the total score were of statistical significance(t =-5.691,-3.656,-5.231,-4.761,-4.270,-5.665,-8.186,P<0.01).The scores of SAS and SDS decreased compared with those before intervention,and the difference was significant(t=5.843,4.277,P<0.01).The total score of PSSS and the scores of each factor,including support from family,friends and others were all increased after the intervention,the difference was of statistical significance(t =-5.504,-3.881,-6.047,-4.565,P<0.05).The differences of total score and its factor in the control group were not significant.After the intervention,comparisons among groups of PEI were significant.Conclusion Naikan cognitive therapy can improve the self-confidence of students and their mental health.
The relationship of family environment and children's adaptation to kindergarten in Shenzhen
FENG Xiaoying, LIU Li, YIN Xiaona, SUN Dengli, CHEN Zhaodi, WU Chuanan, CHEN Weiqing
2018, 39(1): 68-70,75. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.01.020
Abstract(371) PDF(6)
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Objective To explore the relation between family environment and children's adaptation to kindergarten.Methods A total of 14 933 children who newly entered kindergarten in 2015 in Shenzhen Longhua District were included in this crosssectional study.Family spiritual environment and children's kindergarten adaptation were measured by the Family Environment Scale-Chinese Version (FES-CV) and Adaptation to Kindergarten Teacher Rating Scale,respectively.Linear regression was applied to analyze the association between family environment and adaptation to kindergarten in children.Results After controlling confounders,children's adaptation to kindergarten was positively associated with the cohesion of family(B =0.32,P =0.009),as well as the intellectual-cultural orientation in family(B =0.21,P=0.021).Meanwhile,adaptation to kindergarten in children was negatively with the conflict of family(B=-0.27,P=0.007).Further analysis showed that children's emotional stability in kindergarten was positively associated with family's cohesion(B =0.07,P =0.047).Interpersonal relationship was positively associated with family's cohesion (B=0.08,P=0.003) and active-recreational orientation(B =0.04,P=0.032),negatively associated with family's conflict(B =-0.07,P =0.002).Learning activity was positively associated with family's cohesion(B =0.09,P =0.003),and negatively associated with family's conflict(B=-0.06,P=0.013).Conclusion Children's adaptation to kindergarten is closely associated with family environment.Thus,to ensure the healthy development of children,favorable family spiritual atmosphere should be provided by parents and caregivers.
Family APGAR and self-esteem as mediators between parenting styles and life satisfaction among medical undergraduates
HOU Yanfei, ZHAO Jiubo, YANG Xueling, ZHANG Xiaoyuan
2018, 39(1): 71-75. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.01.021
Abstract(327) PDF(9)
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Objective To explore the relationships among parenting styles,family APGAR,self-esteem,and life satisfaction in medical undergraduates,and to provide the reference for promoting students' mental health.Methods A total of 2 473 medical undergraduate randomly selected as subjects were surveyed with short-Egna Minnen Betraffende Upfostran-Chinese,Family APGAR Index,Rosenberg Self-esteem Scale and Satisfaction with Life Scale.Results Pearson correlation analysis showed that parenting styles,family APGAR,self-esteem,and life satisfaction were significantly associated with each other(r=0.263-0.579,P<0.05).Fathers' emotional rejection,parental over-protection were negatively correlated with family APGAR,self-esteem and life satisfaction(r=-0.094--0.342,P<0.05).The regression test indicated that fathers' emotional warmth and overprotection and mothers' emotional warmth and overprotection significantly affected life satisfaction of students (β =0.261,-0.091,0.280,-0.068,P<0.01).Multiple mediation modeling deemed that parenting styles could not exert effect on students' life satisfaction directly(P>0.05),but significantly contribute to life satisfaction indirectly by both separate mediate path (mediation effect 49.1%-58.5%,27.9%-35.3%) and chained mediate path (mediation effect 15.6%-19.0%) of family APGAR and self-esteem (P<0.05).Conclusion Family APGAR and self-esteem have exerted a mediating effect on the relationship between parenting styles and life satisfaction.
Prevalence of bullying behaviors among elementary and secondary school students in a city in North China
ZHENG Ru, WANG Hongwei, LI Weimin, XING Yi
2018, 39(1): 76-80. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.01.022
Abstract(288) PDF(8)
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Objective To find out the prevalence and development of bullying behaviors among elementary and secondary school students in a city in North China and to provide evidence for the comprehensive intervention.Methods A randomly selected cross-sectional survey was conducted among 4 008 students(male,1 804;female,2 204) from grade 4 to 12 in the city.And a selfreport anonymous questionnaire was conducted by students themselves.Chi square test was used to analyze the prevalence of bullying behaviors among students of different genders,grades,school types and family types.Results 12.9% of students were reported to be involved in bullying,which was 17.6% for male students and 9.1% for female students (x2=63.038,P<0.01).About 6.5% were reported to bully others,10.4% reported of being bullied.The reporting rate of bullying showed an upward trend with the increase of age,which reached the peak in junior middle students and then decreased(x2 =14.023,P<0.01).Verbal bullying was the most common bullying behavior.Vocational high school students were reported to witness more cyberbullying than those in regular schools and key schools(x2 =12.003,7.519,P<0.01).Single parent / recombinant families were reported of higher rates of bullying and being bullied(x2 =9.785,14.136,P<0.01).Residential students were more likely to be beaten,locked in a dark room,threatened,forced and cyberbullied than non-residential students(x2 =11.802,5.356,11.793,4.881,P<0.01).About 1.0% of the students had 4 or more kinds of bullying behaviors,and 1.5% of them suffered from 4 or more kinds of bullying.Conclusion In order to build a safe campus and to prevent bullying behavior,we should mobilize all aspects of personal,family,school and society strength to take comprehensive intervention measures and carry out psychological counseling for high-risk groups to reduce its impact.
Analysis of unintentional injuries among children in kindergartens in Beijing from 2011 to 2016
HE Hui, MENG Jie, ZHANG Lijin, SHANG Xiaorui, CHEN Xuehui, KONG Yuanyuan
2018, 39(1): 80-82. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.01.023
Abstract(265) PDF(4)
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Objective To analyze the trend of children's unintentional injuries from 2011-2016 in kindergartens in Beijing,and to provide the basis for the prevention work of kindergartens children's unintentional injury.Methods Analyze the injury reports of the kindergarten in Beijing from 2011 to 2016.Results The unintentional injuries constituent ratio of kindergartens decreased from 31.13% to 19.65% in Beijing from 2011 to 2016.The unintentional injuries incidence rate of children in kindergartens decreased from 5.92‰ to 2.01‰.The unintentional injuries incidence rate of children in kindergartens decreased from 8.10‰ to 2.54‰ in urban area,and decreased from 2.33‰ to 1.28‰ in suburb(x2 =1 275.08,50.64,P<0.01).The unintentional injuries incidence rate of urban was higher than that of suburb every year,and the differences were of statistical significance(x2 =426.50,275.51,123.34,75.09,45.62,72.91,P<0.01).The high incidence of injuries included falls(1.55‰-4.40‰v),blunt injuries (0.21‰-0.52‰),and attack by others(0.11‰-0.44‰).Conclusion More attention should be paid to the unintentional injuries of children in kindergartens,and comprehensive measures should be taken to prevent injuries.
School adjustment among college students with left-behind experience
ZHANG Yanmin, HU Chengyang, LI Fengli, HUA Xiaoguo, JIANG Wen, ZHANG Xiujun
2018, 39(1): 83-85,88. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.01.024
Abstract(277) PDF(3)
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Objective To investigate school adjustment among college students with left-behind experiences.Methods The Chinese College Student Adjustment Scale (CCSAS) was conducted among 1 772 college students from four universities in Hefei selected through stratified cluster sampling method.Information on sex,family location,grade,monthly living expenses was investigated.Results Average score on school adjustment among left-behind experienced college students (192.81±25.88) was lower than non-left-behind peers(t=-3.611,P<0.01).College students with left-behind experiences scored lower in learning adaptation(t =-1.949,P =0.001),campus life adaptation(t =-2.612,P=0.009),career adaptation(t =-2.817,P=0.005),emotional adaptation(t =-2.703,P=0.007),self-adaptation (t =-2.634,P =0.009),and life satisfaction(t =-4.116,P<0.01) than that of nonleft-behind experienced college students.Conclusion This study shows that college students with left-behind experiences have problems in school adjustment,and the school adjustment level is varied in monthly living expenses and being a student leader.
Relationship between sleep duration and blood pressure among children and adolescents in Lanzhou
LI Boxuan, ZHANG Yunhuan, QIN Tianyue, LIU Wei, ZHANG Junmei, SU Junhai, ZHANG Yinhong, WANG Yu
2018, 39(1): 86-88. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.01.025
Abstract(272) PDF(8)
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Objective To determine the association between sleep duration and blood pressure among children and adolescents aged 7-18 in Lanzhou,and to provide reference for prevention of high blood pressure of adolescents.Methods A total of 4 200 children and adolescents were achieved by a stratified multistage sampling method.The data of blood pressure,height,weight and sleep duration were gathered by trained physicians from all subjects.The relationship between sleep duration and blood pressure was analyzed by multiple linear regression analysis.Results The systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure of boys were higher than those of girls,the difference was statistically significantly(t =11.115,4.402,P<0.01).In the three age group of 7-12,13-15 and 16-18,the systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure of whose sleep duration<8 h were higher than those of sleep duration≥8 h in both sexes,and the difference was of statistical significance(P<0.01).According to the results of multiple linear regression analysis,there was a relationship between sleep duration and blood pressure (P<0.05).Conclusion The sleep duration of children and adolescents in Lanzhou is related to blood pressure.Ensuring students' sleep duration may help to prevent children and adolescents' hypertension.
Survey on ideal cardiovascular health among children and adolescents in Yinchuan, Ningxia
DING Wenqing, DONG Hongbo, LI Yanfei, WU Wenjun, JIA Leina
2018, 39(1): 89-91,94. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.01.026
Abstract(283) PDF(8)
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Objective To examine the prevalence of ideal cardiovascular disease among children and adolescents in Yinchuan,Ningxia,and to provide the referece for making strategies to prevent and control the cardiovascular disease.Methods A total of 1 990 children and adolescents aged 6-18 years selected from Yinchuan of Ningxia were offered a cross-sectional survey in 2015.All subjects completed the questionnaire,anthropometry and laboratory examination.Results The prevalence of ideal total cholesterol status was the highest (94.4%) and ideal healthy diet status was the lowest (32.1%) among the population.Girls had lower proportion of ideal physical active status(41.8%) than boys'(52.5%),but higher proportion of ideal smoking,BMI,blood pressure and fasting glucose status(91.10%%,81.30%%,67.60%%,90.80%) when compared with boys(81.30%,70.60%,60.90%,85.30%) (x2 =91.23,34.63,10.11,13.92,P<0.01).Children aged 6-11 years showed significantly higher prevalence of ideal smoking and fasting glucose status(96.4%,88.0%),while lower proportion of ideal BMI,blood pressure and healthy diet status as compared with children aged 12-18 years,respectively(71.6%,62.4%,21.8% vs 77.2%,65.8%,35.8%).The subjects with seven ideal CVH among children and adolescent were only 7.6%.Boys had significantly lower score of ideal CVH when compared with girls (27.3% vs 35.4%;x2 =23.818,P<0.05).Conclusion A lower prevalence of ideal cardiovascular health was observed among children and adolescents in Yinchuan,Ningxia.Effective intervention programs need to be taken to promote cardiovascular health especially for children and adolescents in Yinchuan.
Relationship of foot length with stature and weight among students of Shui nationality in middle and primary schools
LUO Wenbin, LIU Yunmin, ZHANG Wan, YANG Zhenghua, PAN Kaichang, YU Yuesheng
2018, 39(1): 92-94. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.01.027
Abstract(359) PDF(9)
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Objective To study the relationship of the feet length with the statures and body weights of Shui students in middle and primary schools,in order to provide evidence for the accumulation of physical anthropology data.Methods A total of 1 382 Shui nationality students (689 males and 693 females) aged from 6 to 16 were selected from middle and primary schools in Sandu County in Guizhou Province,and their feet length,statures and the body weights were measured to perform a statistical analysis.Results The foot length of the male increased from 17.10 cm to 23.44 cm,the female from 16.29 cm to 22.14 cm,and the average annual growth of male and female were 0.63 cm and 0.59 cm in students of age from 6 to 16,respectively.The male stature grew from 112.49 cm to 157.13 cm,and the female from 109.01 cm to 149.79 cm,and the average annual growth of male and female were 4.46 cm and 4.08 cm,respectively.The body weights of the male increased from 19.11 kg to 45.88 kg,and for female from 17.83 kg to 45.02 kg,and the average annual growth of weights of male and female were 2.68 kg and 2.72 kg,respectively.There were a positive correlation among the foot length,stature and body weight in all male and female groups(r=0.437-0.927,P <0.01).The total regression equation of feet length and statures,and body weights were calculated.For male,it was y=5.801x+17.001,y=3.677x-43.768 and for female,it was y=5.942x+15.592,y=3.836x-45.512 respectively.Conclusion There are positive correlation among the foot length,stature and body weight in middle and primary students of Shui nationality.The regression equations can be used to calculate the stature and body weight of Shui students in middle and primary schools.
Effects of body fat indices on vital capacity among college students in Guangxi
HUANG Liqian, ZHOU Fangyuan, LUO Ziyu, MO Zhaohong, GAO Tianyun, GONG Jiangu, XU Lin, LIU Peng
2018, 39(1): 95-97. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.01.028
Abstract(409) PDF(7)
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Objective To explore the effects of body fat measurement on vital capacity among college students in Guangxi.Methods A total of 2 462 college students (716 male) were randomly selected in Guangxi.Body fat indices were measured by Tanita MC-180.Height,weight and vital capacity were examined according to the national physical fitness test standard.Data were analyzed by SPSS20.0 software.Results The vital capacity of male and female college students increased,while the vital capacity/ weight index decreased with body fat percentage.Negative associations were found between vital capacity/weight index with body fat percentage among male students with moderate and high body fat percentage,except males with low body fat.Among female students with low and moderate body fat percentage,the vital capacity/weight index was negatively correlated with fat parameters at different positions,no such association were found in high body fat group.Conclusion Excessive body fat correlates with low vital capacity among college students.Body fat plays an important role for proper lung function.
Trend analysis of students' height-for-adult height among Chinese Han nationality school children and adolescents
ZHU Yuanduo, TAO Fangbiao
2018, 39(1): 98-100,103. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.01.029
Abstract(296) PDF(10)
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Objective To identify changes in students' height-for-adult height among Chinese Han nationality school children and adolescents form 1985 to 2014,and to provide the reference for research of the trend.Methods On the basis of data from 7 successive cross-sectional surveys of the Chinese National Survey on Student's Constitution and Health(CNSSCH) conducted in 1985,1991,1995,2000,2005,2010 and 2014,we calculated students' height-for-adult height and the net increment.We analyzed secular trend of Chinese Han nationality school students' height.Results Secular trends showed the height of Chinese Han nationality students was increasing during 1985 to 2014.The height increased 3.79 cm for boys and 2.30 cm for girls.The urban-rural difference averagely decreased from 2.92 cm to 1.21 cm for boys and 2.07 cm to 0.95 cm for girls since 1985.Seven-year-old students' height-for-adult height increased from 72.02% to 73.62% for boys and form 76.54% to 78.50% for girls since 1985,8-14-year-old students' height-for-adult height increased every year.Students' height-for-adult height of girls was higher than that of boys of the same age.Students' height-for-adult height among l0-year-old girls/12-year-old boys and 14-year-old girls/16-year-old boys was same.Net increment of students' height-for-adult height increased most for 10-year-old girls and 12-year-old boys,there is no increment for 16-year-old students.Discussion During 30 years,there was an increasing trend of the Chinese Han nationality school children and adolescents,the urban-rural difference of height was decreasing,mainly shown as students' heightfor-adult height increasing significantly before growth spurt in adolescence.
Relationship between fluorine concentration in drinking water and dental fluorosis, dental caries of children in endemic fluorosis area in Xi'an city
DONG Lu, CHEN Wei, YAO Peijie, SHI Xuehua, LI Ping
2018, 39(1): 101-103. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.01.030
Abstract(337) PDF(7)
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Objective To assess the relationship between drinking water fluoride levels and dental fluorosis,dental caries in school children aged 8-12 in Xi'an,and to provide reference for effectively protecting and improving teenagers' oral hygiene.Methods Twenty villages were selected as the investigation subjects from rural area with different levels of water fluoride in the endemic fluorosis areas.A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted on school children aged 8-12 years,the dental fluorosis and dental caries in children were detected.Results The prevalence of dental fluorosis among the surveyed children was 22.71%,and prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis were significantly increased with increasing fluoride content in drinking water(x2 =171.37,P<0.01),the rate was over 30% in the two groups which the water fluoride content was under-standard(1.0~<1.5,≥1.5 mg/L),the highest prevalence rate was 50%.A total of 929 children were examined and the rate of dental caries was 28.20%,there were significant association between drinking water fluorine concentration and dental caries(x2 =36.24,P<0.01).The rates were 39.14%,26.22%,24.81%,24.41% and 15.17% in the five groups.Caries prevalence was significantly increased when the water fluoride lower than 0.2 mg/L.The gender of child had any influence on the prevalence of dental fluorosis (x2 =0.48,P>0.05),the prevalence rate of dental caries was higher that in girls(x2 =6.82,P<0.05).Conclusion The appropiiate water fluoride concentration should be 0.2-1.0 mg/L for dental fluorosis and dental caries prevention.Surveillance on the dental caries should be enhanced in the region which the water fluoride was lower than 0.2 mg/L.
Implementation status and supervision countermeasures of direct drinking water project in schools
YE Hua, JIN Xin, LI Zhen, HUANG Weidong, ZHOU Yingzi, JIN Xing
2018, 39(1): 104-106. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.01.031
Abstract(322) PDF(6)
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Objective To understand the sanitary status of direct drinking water for schools,analyze the existing problems,and to provide reference for exploring supervision countermeasures for sanitary management.Methods A total of 315 direct drinking water systems and 108 schools in five districts of Shanghai were investigated.Sanitary management status and water quality situation of direct drinking water were investigated and assessed by the Basic Requirements for Construction and Maintenance of Direct Drinking Water Project in Middle and Primary Schools of Shanghai and the Water Quality Standards for Fine Drinking Water(CJ 94 -2005).Results Among the 108 schools investigated,lack of instructions on the use of direct drinking water systems was the main problem existing in the sanitary management.The qualified rate of 315 direct drinking water was 63.8%.Ultrafiltration water treatment process equipment owned the highest qualified rate in water samples(71.5%,153/214).Factors such as brand of direct drinking water equipment,raw water category,the direction of water inlet pipe network,surrounding pollution and the disinfection equipment all affected the detection result of water quality(x2 =62.90,12.25,11.14,9.05,6.34,P<0.05).Conclusion Sanitary risks are identified in direct drinking water in some schools in Shanghai.Schools should strictly implement the Basic Requirements for Construction and Maintenance of Direct Drinking Water Project in Middle and Primary Schools of Shanghai.Health and Family Planning Commission should strengthen supervision,inspection and guidance,and take effective measures to ensure the safety of drinking water for students.
2018, 39(1): 107-108. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.01.032
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2018, 39(1): 109-110. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.01.033
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2018, 39(1): 111-113. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.01.034
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2018, 39(1): 113-114. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.01.035
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2018, 39(1): 114-116. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.01.036
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2018, 39(1): 117-119. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.01.037
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2018, 39(1): 120-121. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.01.038
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2018, 39(1): 122-123,129. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.01.039
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2018, 39(1): 124-127. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.01.040
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2018, 39(1): 127-129. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.01.041
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2018, 39(1): 130-132. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.01.042
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2018, 39(1): 133-135. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.01.043
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2018, 39(1): 136-138. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.01.044
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2018, 39(1): 139-142. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.01.045
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2018, 39(1): 142-144. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.01.046
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2018, 39(1): 145-148. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.01.047
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2018, 39(1): 148-150. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.01.048
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2018, 39(1): 151-154. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.01.049
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2018, 39(1): 154-160. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.01.050
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