大气细颗粒物污染对小学生肺功能的影响

张欣烨; 彭靖; 闫晓娜; 王永星; 杨似玉; 张杰

doi:10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.01.033

大气细颗粒物污染对小学生肺功能的影响

doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.01.033

河南省疾病预防控制中心环境卫生科，郑州 450016

详细信息

作者简介:
张欣烨(1987-)，女，河北蓟县人，硕士，主管技师，主要从事环境卫生工作

中图分类号: R 179 R 122
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2020-07-27
- 修回日期: 2020-09-01
- 网络出版日期: 2021-04-01
- 刊出日期: 2021-01-25

Effects of atmospheric fine particulate pollution on the lung function of primary school students

Department of Environmental Sanitation, Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou (450016), China

摘要

摘要: 目的研究郑州市冬季供暖前后大气细颗粒物污染对小学生肺功能的影响，为小学生呼吸健康提供科学依据。方法于2016—2018年，在郑州市分别选取PM_2.5污染较轻和污染较重的A、B两个地区作为监测点，并在设置的监测点1 km范围内各选取1所小学，采用随机整群抽样的方法抽取2所小学三至五年级的小学生作为研究对象，并于冬季供暖前后各进行一次肺功能检测，同时收集检测当天及前1个月PM_2.5的日监测质量浓度。结果 2016—2018年，A、B两个地区PM_2.5日均质量浓度分别为74，92 μg/m³，超标天数分别为97，126 d。2016—2018年，男生第1次检测的用力肺活量(FVC)、1 s用力呼气量(FEV1.0)指标均高于第2次(P值均 < 0.05);除2016年外，女生第1次检测的FVC、FEV1.0指标也均高于第2次(P值均 < 0.05)。多元线性回归分析显示，按照性别进行分层，PM_2.5与男生和女生肺功能FEV1.0、呼气峰值流速(PEF)、用力呼气25%的肺活量(FEF25)、用力呼气75%的肺活量(FEF75)指标均呈负相关(B值分别为-0.13~-0.07，-0.13~-0.08，P值均 < 0.05)。结论郑州市冬季供暖前后大气细颗粒物污染会对小学生肺功能造成不同影响。需加强对小学生冬季呼吸健康防护，保护小学生健康成长。
- 颗粒物 /
- 空气污染 /
- 肺 /
- 学生 /
- 环境监测
Abstract: Objective To study the effects of atmospheric fine particulate pollution on the lung function of primary school students before and after heating during the winter in Zhengzhou. Methods In Zhengzhou, two areas with low and high level of PM_2.5 pollution(A and B), were selected as monitoring points from 2016 to 2018. Each monitoring station selected one elementary school within around 1 km and used a cluster random sampling method to extract students from grades 3 to 5 as the research subjects. Lung function tests were conducted before and after heating in winter, and mass concentration of PM_2.5 were recorded daily and compared to those recorded one month prior. Results The average daily mass concentration of PM_2.5 were 74 μg/m³ and 92 μg/m³ in the light pollution monitoring points A and the heavy pollution monitoring points B, which exceeded the standard for 97 and 126 days, respectively. The FVC and FEV1.0 indexes for the first test of male students before heating were higher than those for the second test from 2016-2018 (P < 0.05). Except in 2016, the FVC and FEV1.0 indexes for the first test of female students were also higher than those for the second test (P < 0.05). After stratified by sex, multivariate linear regression showed that PM_2.5 was associated with lung function as measured by the FEV1.0, PEF, FEF25 and FEF75 values of the students were negatively correlated (B=-0.13--0.07, -0.13--0.08, P < 0.05). Conclusion Fine particulate air pollution before and after heating during the winter in Zhengzhou had different effects on the lung function of primary school students. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the respiratory health protection of primary school students in winter to protect their health.
- Particulate matter /
- Air pollution /
- Lung /
- Students /
- Environmental monitoring

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表 1 郑州市2016—2018年两地区PM_2.5污染状况两次测量结果间比较/(μg·m^-3)

Table 1. PM_2.5 pollution in Zhengzhou (A and B) from 2016 to 2018/(μg·m^-3)

年份	测量次数	A区				B区
年份	测量次数	x±s	范围	t值	P值	x±s	范围	t值	P值
2016	1	55±24	22~109	-5.89	< 0.01	59±25	29~118	-4.57	< 0.01
	2	135±72	32~378			149±107	37~583
2017	1	61±30	13~151	-1.98	0.06	75±37	16~174	-1.43	0.16
	2	84±59	17~253			91±50	22~224
2018	1	61±23	20~102	-4.21	< 0.01	62±27	14~124	-4.23	< 0.01
	2	112±62	34~265			119±70	21~283

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表 2 郑州市2016—2018年两监测点小学生肺功能比较(x±s)

Table 2. Comparison of pulmonary function between A and B in Zhengzhou from 2016 to 2018(x±s)

年份	地区	统计值	男生						女生
年份	地区	统计值	人数	FVC/L	FEV1.0/L	PEF /(L·s^-1)	FEF25 /(L·s^-1)	FEF75 /(L·s^-1)	人数	FVC/L	FEV1.0/L	PEF /(L·s^-1)	FEF25 /(L·s^-1)	FEF75 /(L·s^-1)
2016	A区		73	1.92±0.43	1.81±0.41	2.96±1.11	2.88±1.09	1.42±0.44	78	1.97±0.46	1.78±0.42	2.83±1.00	2.69±1.00	1.45±0.52
	B区		107	2.01±0.38	1.82±0.34	2.98±0.93	2.82±0.99	1.53±0.38	86	2.00±0.53	1.83±0.46	3.08±0.96	2.90±0.92	1.58±0.53
		t值		-0.70	-0.20	-0.40	0.30	1.70		-0.50	-0.70	-1.60	-1.40	-1.60
		P值		0.51	0.82	0.70	0.77	0.10		0.59	0.48	0.10	0.17	0.12
2017	A区		92	2.09±0.42	1.89±0.36	3.56±0.87	3.36±0.87	1.41±0.43	70	2.14±0.43	1.93±0.36	3.58±0.86	3.42±0.87	1.38±0.42
	B区		114	1.91±0.47	1.77±0.42	3.07±1.05	2.88±1.06	1.37±0.51	100	1.89±0.52	1.78±0.43	3.23±1.09	3.03±1.14	1.35±0.51
		t值		2.80	2.10	3.60	3.50	2.40		3.40	2.50	2.20	2.40	3.50
		P值		0.01	0.03	0.00	0.00	0.02		0.00	0.02	0.03	0.02	0.00
2018	A区		92	2.17±0.56	2.08±0.53	3.38±0.96	3.85±1.10	1.92±0.53	79	2.16±0.58	2.14±0.53	3.43±0.92	3.62±1.12	1.87±0.47
	B区		100	2.02±0.48	1.74±0.33	2.98±0.73	3.04±0.99	1.47±0.33	105	1.96±0.54	1.76±0.30	3.19±0.66	3.08±0.97	1.39±0.36
		t值		2.00	5.40	3.30	5.40	7.30		2.30	5.90	1.90	3.30	7.50
		P值		0.04	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00		0.02	0.00	0.04	0.00	0.00
注： FVC为用力肺活量; FV1.0为1 s用力呼气量; PEF为呼气峰值流速; FEF25为用力呼出25%肺活量的呼气流速; FEF75为用力呼出75%肺活量的呼气流速。

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表 3 郑州市2016—2018年小学生前后2次肺功能比较(x±s)

Table 3. Comparison of lung function twice in Zhengzhou's pupil from 2016 to 2018(x±s)

年份	测量次数	统计值	男生						女生
年份	测量次数	统计值	人数	FVC/L	FEV1.0/L	PEF /(L·s^-1)	FEF25 /(L·s^-1)	FEF75 /(L·s^-1)	人数	FVC/L	FEV1.0/L	PEF /(L·s^-1)	FEF25 /(L·s^-1)	FEF75 /(L·s^-1)
2016	1		180	2.03±0.40	1.82±0.37	3.00±1.00	2.93±1.07	1.49±0.41	164	2.02±0.50	1.81±0.44	2.97±0.98	2.71±0.90	1.52±0.53
	2		180	1.91 ±0.42	1.73±0.42	2.78±1.03	2.62±1.06	1.50±0.53	164	1.97±0.44	1.79±0.42	2.86±1.01	2.68±1.05	1.56±0.54
		t值		2.60	2.10	2.10	2.80	-0.20		1.00	0.40	1.10	0.40	-0.80
		P值		0.01	0.04	0.04	0.01	0.86		0.34	0.68	0.29	0.71	0.46
2017	1		206	2.11±0.45	1.94±0.39	3.35±0.98	3.16±0.98	1.48±0.47	170	2.14±0.38	1.97±0.40	3.44±0.98	3.25±1.01	1.49±0.48
	2		206	2.10±0.41	1.90±0.35	3.46±0.91	3.27±0.88	1.46±0.46	170	1.94±0.46	1.90±0.36	3.46±0.98	3.27±0.94	1.43±0.41
		t值		2.50	2.20	-1.40	-1.30	0.30		4.53	2.80	-0.20	-0.20	1.40
		P值		0.02	0.03	0.16	0.19	0.77		0.00	0.04	0.83	0.81	0.17
2018	1		192	2.15±0.53	1.92±0.48	3.19±0.88	3.37±1.06	1.71±0.51	184	2.15±0.58	1.98±0.48	3.32±0.82	3.50±1.16	1.66±0.49
	2		192	2.11±0.53	1.83±0.37	3.16±1.04	3.07±1.18	1.40±0.78	184	1.94±0.47	1.80±0.42	3.02±1.08	2.87±1.09	1.29±0.52
		t值		3.20	2.20	2.40	2.60	4.50		3.88	3.60	3.00	5.10	7.00
		P值		0.02	0.03	0.01	0.01	0.00		0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
注： FVC为用力肺活量; FV1.0为1 s用力呼气量; PEF为呼气峰值流速; FEF25为用力呼出25%肺活量的呼气流速; FEF75为用力呼出75%肺活量的呼气流速。

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表 4 PM_2.5对小学生肺功能影响的多元线性回归分析

Table 4. Results of multiple linear regression analysis of PM_2.5 on pulmonary function in primary school students

性别	因变量	B值	B值95%CI	P值
女生	FVC/L	-0.010	-0.001~0.001	0.75
(n=518)	FEV1.0/L	-0.071	-0.002~0.006	0.03
	PEF/(L·s^-1)	-0.107	-0.005~-0.001	< 0.01
	FEF25/(L·s^-1)	-0.133	-0.009~-0.002	< 0.01
	FEF75/(L·s^-1)	-0.077	-0.002~0.000	0.02
男生	FVC/L	-0.049	-0.002~0.000	0.09
(n=578)	FEV1.0/L	-0.086	-0.002~0.000	< 0.01
	PEF/(L·s^-1)	-0.090	-0.005~-0.001	< 0.01
	FEF25/(L·s^-1)	-0.133	-0.007~-0.003	< 0.01
	FEF75/(L·s^-1)	-0.082	-0.002~0.000	0.01

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