Sensitive periods of physical fitness development in Han and Mongolian students in Inner Mongolia
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摘要:
目的 研究内蒙古自治区汉族与蒙古族学生身体素质发展现状及敏感期特点，为青少年学生生长发育规律的研究及运动员选材提供依据。 方法 以内蒙古自治区2014年7~18岁15 370名汉族和蒙古族学生作为研究对象，选取握力、50 m跑、立定跳远、800/1 000 m跑、引体向上/仰卧起坐、坐位体前屈等6项身体素质测试数据，采用年增长率的平均值加0.5个年增长率标准差的方法，计算各项身体素质的敏感期临界值和敏感期年龄，比较各项身体素质发展的民族差异。 结果 2014年内蒙古自治区7~18岁汉族与蒙古族男女生的各项运动指标在不同年龄阶段的增长速度有差异。汉族与蒙古族男生力量素质的敏感期分别为13~15和12~15岁；汉族与蒙古族男生速度素质的敏感期分别为8~10，13，15岁和8，10，13~15岁；蒙古族女生全身耐力素质的敏感期为8，14，18岁；汉族女生柔韧素质的敏感期为13和15岁。 结论 汉族与蒙古族男女生各项身体素质有1~4个敏感阶段，总体表现在8~10，13~15岁年龄阶段，呈现出连续的年龄段和分散的数个年龄点单独存在或相互穿插的特征，且表现出明显的民族和性别差异。 Abstract:Objective To analyze the development status and sensitive periods of Han and Mongolian students' physical fitness development in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, to provide a basis for further research on the growth and development of young students and the selection of athletes. Methods In 2014, 15 370 Han and Mongolian students from the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, ranging in age from 7 to 18 years old, participated in this study. Data on six physical fitness indices, namely grip strength, 50 meters, standing long jump, 800 meters or 1 000 meters, pull-ups/sit-ups in succession, and sit-and-reach were collected. Furthermore, using the average annual growth rate and the standard deviation of half annual growth rate, critical values and the ages at which sensitive periods occur were calculated to examine the differences in the development of various physical qualities between the two ethnic groups. Results The students showed different growth rates of various indicators at different ages. A sensitive period for strength occurred in Han and Mongolian boys aged 13-15 years old and 12-15 years old, respectively. Sensitive periods for speed occurred in Han and Mongolian boys aged 8-10, 13, and 15 years and 8, 10, and 13-15 years, respectively. Sensitive periods for endurance occurred in Mongolian girls aged 8, 14, and 18 years. Sensitive periods for flexibility occurred in Han girls aged 13 and 15 years old. Conclusion Han and Mongolian students experience sensitive periods for different physical qualities at different ages. Moreover, there are apparent ethnic and gender differences that are retained across age groups and several scattered age points that exist alone or interspersed with each other. -
Key words:
- Physical fitness /
- Growth and development /
- Students /
- Minority groups
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图 1 汉族与蒙古族男女生握力年增长值变化
Figure 1. Changes in the annual increase in grip strength of boys and girls of Han and Mongolian nationalities
图 2 汉族与蒙古族男女生50 m跑年增长值变化
Figure 2. Changes in the annual increase in 50 m run of boys and girls of Han and Mongolian nationalities
图 3 汉族与蒙古族男女生立定跳远年增长值变化
Figure 3. Changes in the annual increase in standing long jump of boys and girls of Han and Mongolian nationalities
图 4 汉族与蒙古族男女生50 m×8往返跑年增长值变化
Figure 4. Changes in the annual increase in 50 m×8 shuttle run of boys and girls of Han and Mongolian nationalities
图 5 汉族与蒙古族男女生1 000/800 m跑年增长值变化
Figure 5. Changes in the annual increase in 1 000 or 800 m run of boys and girls of Han and Mongolian nationalities
图 6 汉族与蒙古族女生斜身仰卧起坐年增长值变化
Figure 6. Changes in the annual increase in Slant pull-ups or pull-ups/sit-ups of boys and girls of Han and Mongolian nationalities
图 7 汉族与蒙古族男女生坐位体前屈年增长值变化
Figure 7. Changes in the annual increase in sit-and-reach of boys and girls of Han and Mongolian nationalities
表 1 汉族与蒙古族学生身体素质各项指标总增长量、临界值及敏感年龄
Table 1. The total increase, critical value and sensitive age of the physical fitness indicators of Han and Mongolian students
组别 项目 总增长值 临界值 敏感年龄/岁 组别 项目 总增长值 临界值 敏感年龄/岁 汉族男生 握力/kg 34.78 34.43 13~15 蒙古族男生 握力/kg 35.19 31.14 12~15 (n=3 747) 50 m/s -3.39 10.94 8~10, 13, 15 (n=3 946) 50 m/s -3.60 10.60 8, 10, 13~15 立定跳远/cm 111.23 10.50 13~16 立定跳远/cm 110.60 10.25 9, 14~16 50 m×8往返跑/s -15.81 21.93 10 50 m×8往返跑/s -20.59 23.03 8, 10 1 000 m跑/s -57.76 26.29 14 1 000 m跑/s -36.81 28.19 14~15 斜身引体/次 4.20 28.39 9~10, 12 斜身引体/次 6.51 34.36 10, 11 引体向上/次 4.00 27.67 14 引体向上/次 3.83 22.52 15~16, 18 坐位体前屈/cm 6.33 18.68 13~15, 17 坐位体前屈/cm 6.37 18.32 13~16, 18 汉族女生 握力/kg 17.63 30.75 9~13 蒙古族女生 握力/kg 17.57 32.80 10~12 (n=3 748) 50 m/s -1.53 15.75 8~11 (n=3 929) 50 m/s -0.93 24.56 8~11 立定跳远/cm 56.17 11.75 8~9, 11, 15 立定跳远/cm 48.14 13.10 8~11 50 m×8往返跑/s -16.76 24.68 8~9, 11 50 m×8往返跑/s -16.84 26.11 8 800 m跑/s -18.64 40.62 15, 17 800 m跑/s -12.82 28.28 14, 18 仰卧起坐/(次·min-1) 12.30 13.53 8~10, 13 仰卧起坐/(次·min-1) 8.51 17.23 8~11, 15 坐位体前屈/cm 3.04 27.08 13, 15 坐位体前屈/cm 3.58 18.51 13~14, 16 
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表 2 7~18岁汉族与蒙古族男生各项运动指标年平均值比较(x±s)
Table 2. Comparison of the annual mean values of various sports indexes between Han and Mongolian boys aged 7-18(x±s)
年龄/岁 民族 人数 统计值 握力/kg 50 m/s 立定跳远/cm 斜身引体或引体向上/次 50 m×8往返跑或1 000 m跑/s 坐位体前屈/cm 7 汉族 315 11.43±3.02 10.72±1.11 120.06±17.45 15.97±14.94 134.59±12.55 6.45±5.55 蒙古族 280 10.25±3.46 10.91±1.26 117.89±18.03 20.28±13.80 132.63±13.97 6.30±5.94 t值 4.44 -1.86 1.49 -3.64 1.81 0.31 P值 0.00 0.06 0.14 0.00 0.07 0.76 8 汉族 317 12.68±3.43 10.24±0.97 128.65±17.36 16.86±13.88 132.28±14.52 6.48±5.45 蒙古族 340 12.28±3.20 10.30±0.80 127.92±18.78 19.61±13.58 126.30±12.25 5.80±5.53 t值 1.57 -0.98 0.51 -2.57 5.72 1.57 P值 0.12 0.33 0.61 0.01 0.00 0.12 9 汉族 325 14.85±3.71 9.86±0.91 137.10±17.83 18.53±12.31 129.97±14.65 5.52±5.57 蒙古族 307 14.32±3.83 10.01±0.95 140.86±19.4 18.55±9.11 121.67±14.16 5.53±5.64 t值 1.75 -2.00 -2.54 -0.02 7.24 -0.04 P值 0.08 0.05 0.01 0.99 0.00 0.97 10 汉族 308 17.03±4.14 9.49±0.95 145.87±19.52 19.73±15.28 124.84±14.53 4.55±6.17 蒙古族 297 16.88±3.78 9.58±0.86 149.5±22.89 23.40±18.57 116.86±12.18 4.74±5.72 t值 0.45 -1.19 -2.10 -2.66 7.30 -0.40 P值 0.65 0.23 0.04 0.01 0.00 0.69 11 汉族 315 20.68±5.13 9.21±1.03 155.49±20.27 18.80±12.29 122.08±18.01 5.23±6.40 蒙古族 294 19.18±3.87 9.34±0.84 158.52±22.37 26.27±19.65 112.36±11.95 4.39±5.71 t值 4.04 -1.73 -1.75 -5.66 7.80 1.71 P值 0.00 0.09 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.09 12 汉族 316 23.50±5.76 8.94±1.15 164.97±24.06 20.17±12.18 118.78±17.28 4.72±6.42 蒙古族 273 23.15±5.30 9.01±0.84 166.56±25.56 26.78±23.69 112.04±23.72 3.42±7.17 t值 0.77 -0.89 -0.78 -4.34 3.98 2.33 P值 0.44 0.38 0.44 0.00 0.00 0.02 13 汉族 307 30.10±7.19 8.44±0.91 180.94±24.25 1.64±3.42 309.86±51.78 7.60±6.68 蒙古族 483 29.10±7.63 8.62±0.93 175.32±25.48 1.46±2.23 285.31±43.18 4.86±7.05 t值 1.85 -2.59 3.08 0.86 7.20 5.43 P值 0.07 0.01 0.00 0.39 0.00 0.00 14 汉族 317 35.03±7.12 8.16±1.05 193.36±27.41 3.88±6.83 279.64±42.99 9.03±7.12 蒙古族 470 34.78±7.34 8.20±0.96 188.18±25.35 2.05±2.71 269.15±39.07 6.62±6.96 t值 0.47 -0.64 2.72 5.25 3.55 4.71 P值 0.64 0.53 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 15 汉族 314 40.60±6.84 7.64±0.70 210.36±23.09 3.66±3.27 266.22±40.51 11.62±7.68 蒙古族 417 39.48±6.86 7.79±0.81 201.09±25.50 3.23±3.03 251.67±37.07 8.48±7.11 t值 2.19 -2.66 5.07 1.82 5.05 5.71 P值 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.07 0.00 0.00 16 汉族 304 43.11±7.09 7.62±0.61 222.27±22.36 4.05±3.39 262.35±35.28 11.06±6.21 蒙古族 310 42.62±7.51 7.62±0.72 217.05±24.34 4.15±3.14 252.04±33.88 11.50±6.63 t值 0.83 0.03 2.77 -0.40 3.69 -0.86 P值 0.41 0.98 0.01 0.69 0.00 0.39 17 汉族 306 44.72±7.64 7.45±0.64 227.40±23.45 4.73±3.59 254.69±30.28 12.54±7.37 蒙古族 259 44.37±8.07 7.48±0.69 222.87±20.80 4.40±3.24 252.79±33.14 11.49±6.90 t值 0.54 -0.59 2.41 1.13 0.71 1.73 P值 0.59 0.56 0.02 0.26 0.48 0.08 18 汉族 303 46.21±7.57 7.34±0.66 231.29±22.30 5.64±3.96 252.09±27.54 12.78±7.04 蒙古族 216 45.44±6.58 7.31±0.56 228.49±24.26 5.29±3.89 248.50±31.42 12.68±7.31 t值 1.20 0.47 1.36 1.00 1.38 0.15 P值 0.23 0.64 0.18 0.32 0.17 0.88
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表 3 7~18岁汉族与蒙古族女生各项运动指标年平均值比较(x±s)
Table 3. Comparison of the annual mean values of various sports indexes between Han and Mongolian girls aged 7-18(x±s)
年龄/岁 民族 人数 统计值 握力/kg 50 m/s 立定跳远/cm 仰卧起坐/ (次·min-1) 50 m×8往返跑或800 m跑/s 坐位体前屈/cm 7 汉族 317 10.03±2.71 11.24±1.15 110.04±16.32 17.74±8.96 141.44±13.57 10.01±5.41 蒙古族 280 9.09±3.03 11.54±1.22 110.15±16.99 11.54±8.62 137.75±14.50 10.16±5.06 t值 3.97 -3.16 -0.08 8.59 3.21 -0.36 P值 0.00 0.00 0.94 0.00 0.00 0.72 8 汉族 311 11.13±3.04 10.80±0.93 118.79±16.61 19.85±8.90 136.05±12.08 9.89±5.73 蒙古族 324 10.92±3.13 10.91±0.89 120.18±17.84 13.93±9.43 129.91±11.23 9.21±5.31 t值 0.85 -1.60 -1.01 8.13 6.63 1.57 P值 0.40 0.11 0.31 0.00 0.00 0.12 9 汉族 311 13.22±3.32 10.33±0.99 129.00±16.45 22.49±8.83 131.40±12.78 10.05±5.91 蒙古族 287 12.51±3.21 10.49±0.84 131.80±19.41 17.00±9.80 127.40±12.70 9.22±5.22 t值 2.68 -2.15 -1.91 7.20 3.83 1.82 P值 0.01 0.03 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.07 10 汉族 319 15.34±3.97 10.06±0.92 133.64±16.11 24.17±8.84 129.08±13.20 9.22±6.69 蒙古族 306 15.27±3.85 10.21±0.83 139.72±19.76 18.50±9.75 123.92±11.80 8.47±5.59 t值 0.25 -2.12 -4.23 7.61 5.14 1.52 P值 0.81 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.13 11 汉族 310 18.55±3.85 9.69±0.93 142.61±18.43 25.64±9.26 123.95±14.07 8.98±6.49 蒙古族 287 18.79±4.24 9.87±0.79 146.23±19.48 20.71±8.76 119.82±12.67 9.09±5.90 t值 -0.74 -2.58 -2.33 6.66 3.76 -0.21 P值 0.46 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.83 12 汉族 314 20.89±4.70 9.65±0.92 143.72±18.21 25.47±8.47 124.67±14.65 9.63±6.72 蒙古族 283 21.78±4.61 9.97±0.98 146.04±21.13 21.07±9.08 120.91±16.34 9.41±6.41 t值 -2.32 -4.06 -1.44 6.13 2.96 0.40 P值 0.02 0.00 0.15 0.00 0.00 0.69 13 汉族 316 24.14±4.52 9.61±0.84 148.26±16.89 28.29±8.72 270.05±37.18 12.26±6.22 蒙古族 431 23.80±4.71 10.24±1.12 143.06±21.50 19.36±8.65 257.25±31.40 10.33±6.23 t值 1.01 -8.42 3.57 13.88 5.09 4.18 P值 0.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 14 汉族 306 26.12±4.97 9.62±1.08 150.98±19.27 27.15±9.18 267.16±36.49 12.34±6.81 蒙古族 484 25.40±5.44 10.22±1.30 144.81±22.02 19.19±8.69 253.91±32.87 11.66±6.82 t值 1.88 -6.85 4.02 12.27 5.29 1.37 P值 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.17 15 汉族 308 26.55±4.40 9.56±0.88 159.73±18.07 28.07±9.42 250.41±30.51 14.62±6.68 蒙古族 417 26.47±4.56 10.13±1.24 147.49±21.43 20.74±9.13 253.67±34.21 12.29±6.50 t值 0.22 -6.90 8.11 10.55 -1.33 4.73 P值 0.83 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.19 0.00 16 汉族 316 26.03±4.87 9.83±1.18 165.67±19.14 29.38±8.17 260.60±33.79 14.08±6.45 蒙古族 336 25.98±5.00 10.39±1.47 153.66±23.51 21.40±9.15 259.34±31.83 13.67±6.41 t值 0.12 -5.39 7.13 11.71 0.49 0.82 P值 0.91 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.62 0.42 17 汉族 308 26.64±4.80 9.61±1.05 165.38±15.90 30.75±8.18 252.73±23.73 14.24±5.67 蒙古族 285 26.50±5.10 10.75±1.30 153.15±20.51 19.69±7.61 263.14±27.85 13.60±6.00 t值 0.36 -11.77 8.15 17.01 -4.91 1.34 P值 0.72 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.18 18 汉族 312 27.66±4.71 9.71±0.95 166.21±18.38 30.04±7.62 251.40±21.93 13.05±6.35 蒙古族 209 26.67±5.17 10.62±1.37 158.29±23.23 20.04±8.26 268.02±33.21 13.74±6.66 t值 2.26 -9.01 4.33 14.18 -6.88 -1.21 P值 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.23
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