父母教养方式与学龄前儿童情绪行为问题的关联

梁希; 李若瑜; 方姣; 汪小燕; 万宇辉

doi:10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025273

父母教养方式与学龄前儿童情绪行为问题的关联

doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025273

梁希^{1, 2},
李若瑜¹,
方姣²,
汪小燕³,
万宇辉^{1, 4, ,}

1.
安徽医科大学公共卫生学院儿少卫生与妇幼保健学系，合肥 230032
2.
安徽医科大学儿童医学中心
3.
合肥市妇幼保健院/合肥市妇女儿童保健中心
4.
环境与人口健康安徽省重点实验室

基金项目:

国家自然科学基金面上项目 82273652

国家自然科学基金青年项目 82404296

详细信息

作者简介:
梁希(1987-)，女，安徽芜湖人，大学本科，主管医师，主要研究方向为儿童保健和营养

通讯作者:
万宇辉，E-mail: wyhayd@163.com

利益冲突声明 所有作者声明无利益冲突。
中图分类号: B844.1 G78 R179
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2025-03-05
- 修回日期: 2025-06-15
- 网络出版日期: 2025-10-10
- 刊出日期: 2025-09-25

Association of parenting style with emotional and behavioral problems in preschool children

LIANG Xi^{1, 2},
LI Ruoyu¹,
FANG Jiao²,
WANG Xiaoyan³,
WANG Yuhui^{1, 4
, ,}

1.
Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui Province, China

摘要

摘要: 目的探讨父母教养方式对学龄前儿童情绪行为问题(EBPs)的影响，为促进儿童身心健康提供理论参考。方法 2021年10—11月，采用分层整群随机抽样方法从合肥市12所幼儿园选取3 575名3~6岁学龄前儿童，通过电子问卷收集父母教养方式和学龄前儿童EBPs等资料。采用二元Logistic回归模型分析父母教养方式与学龄前儿童EBPs的关联。结果学龄前儿童情绪症状、品行、多动、同伴交往和亲社会行为等问题检出率分别为15.5%(554名)，23.2%(830名)，22.4%(802名)，38.2%(1 367名)和29.5%(1 055名)。二元Logistic回归分析结果显示，调整儿童年龄、性别、早产等协变量后，父母高权威型教养方式会降低儿童EBPs的发生风险(OR=0.29~0.78)，母亲高专制型(OR=1.36~2.15)和高放纵型(OR=1.36~1.68)教养方式均会增加儿童EBPs的发生风险(P值均＜0.05)。进一步分层分析结果表明，在父亲高权威、高专制和高放纵型教养方式的儿童中，母亲高权威型教养方式均可降低同伴交往和亲社会行为问题的发生风险(OR值分别为0.51，0.30；0.44，0.23；0.51，0.29)；在父亲高权威型教养方式的儿童中，母亲高专制型教养方式可增加儿童情绪症状问题的发生风险(OR=2.59)，母亲高专制型和高放纵型教养方式可增加儿童品行(OR值分别为3.25，2.09)和多动问题(OR值分别为2.35，2.87)的发生风险；在父亲高专制型和高放纵型教养方式的儿童中，母亲高专制型教养方式可增加儿童EBPs的发生风险(OR值分别为1.65~2.71，1.62~2.52)(P值均＜0.05)。结论父母教养方式是学龄前儿童EBPs的重要相关因素，合适的教养方式有益于儿童心理健康发展。
- 健康教育 /
- 法定监护人 /
- 情绪 /
- 精神卫生 /
- 回归分析 /
- 儿童，学龄前
Abstract: Objective To explore the effects of parenting style on emotional and behavioral problems (EBPs) of preschool children and to provide theoretical reference for promoting children's physical and mental health. Methods In October-November 2021, a stratified cluster random sampling method was adopted to select 3 575 preschool children aged 3-6 years from 12 kindergartens in Hefei. Data on parenting styles and children's EBPs were collected through electronic questionnaires. Binary Logistic regression model was used to explore the effects of parenting styles on children's EBPs. Results The detection rates of emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity, peer interaction problems, and prosocial behavior problems were 15.5% (n=554), 23.2% (n=830), 22.4% (n=802), 38.2% (n=1 367), and 29.5% (n=1 055) in preschool children, respectively. Binary Logistic regression analysis showed that after adjusting for covariates such as child's age, sex, and preterm birth, a high authoritative parenting style reduced the risk of EBPs in children (OR=0.29-0.78), while a high authoritarian (OR=1.36-2.15) and high permissive (OR=1.36-1.68) parenting style in mothers increased the risk of EBPs in children (all P < 0.05). Further stratified analysis indicated that among children with fathers exhibiting high authoritative, high authoritarian, or high permissive parenting styles, a high authoritative parenting style in mothers reduced the risk of peer interaction problems and prosocial behavior problems (OR=0.51, 0.30; 0.44, 0.23; 0.51, 0.29, all P < 0.05). Among children with fathers exhibiting a high authoritative parenting style, a high authoritarian parenting style in mothers increased the risk of emotional problems (OR=2.59), and both high authoritarian and high permissive parenting styles in mothers increased the risk of conduct problems (OR=3.25, 2.09) and hyperactivity problems (OR=2.35, 2.87) (all P < 0.05). Among children with fathers exhibiting high authoritarian or high permissive parenting styles, a high authoritarian parenting style in mothers increased the risk of EBPs (OR=1.65-2.71, 1.62-2.52, all P < 0.05). Conclusion Parenting style is an important factor affecting EBPs of preschool children, and appropriate parenting style is beneficial for children's psychological development.
- Health Education /
- Legal guardians /
- Emotions /
- Mental health /
- Regression analysis /
- Child, preschool
注释:

1) 利益冲突声明 所有作者声明无利益冲突。

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表 1 不同组别学龄前儿童EBPs检出率比较

Table 1. Comparison of EBPs detection rates in preschoolers with different groups

组别	选项	人数	统计值	情绪症状问题	品行问题	多动问题	同伴交往问题	亲社会行为问题
年龄	3~＜4	962		157(16.3)	267(27.8)	217(22.6)	405(42.1)	370(38.5)
	4~＜5	1 366		193(14.1)	303(22.2)	281(20.6)	491(35.9)	370(27.1)
	5~6	1 247		204(16.4)	260(20.9)	304(24.4)	471(37.8)	315(25.3)
			χ²值	3.16	15.85	5.44	9.23	51.74
			P值	0.21	< 0.01	0.07	< 0.01	< 0.01
性别	男	1 875		272(14.5)	452(24.1)	483(25.8)	770(41.1)	618(33.0)
	女	1 700		282(16.6)	378(22.2)	319(18.8)	597(35.1)	437(25.7)
			χ²值	2.95	1.75	25.07	13.36	22.56
			P值	0.09	0.19	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01
早产	否	3 340		511(15.3)	775(23.2)	738(22.1)	1225(37.6)	972(29.1)
	是	235		43(18.3)	55(23.4)	64(27.2)	112(47.7)	83(35.3)
			χ²值	1.51	0.01	3.33	11.31	4.08
			P值	0.22	0.94	0.07	< 0.01	0.04
出生体重	低体重	124		26(21.0)	24(19.4)	40(32.3)	60(48.4)	44(35.5)
	正常体重	2 951		439(14.9)	680(23.0)	641(21.7)	1107(37.5)	867(29.4)
	巨大儿	500		89(17.8)	126(25.2)	121(24.2)	200(40.0)	144(28.8)
			χ²值	5.73	2.19	8.64	6.72	2.27
			P值	0.06	0.33	0.01	0.04	0.32
独生子女	否	2 095		326(15.6)	466(22.2)	430(20.5)	858(41.0)	637(30.4)
	是	1 480		228(15.4)	364(24.6)	372(25.1)	509(34.4)	418(28.2)
			χ²值	0.02	2.69	10.59	15.82	1.95
			P值	0.90	0.10	< 0.01	< 0.01	0.16
每天视屏时间/h	＜2	2 566		372(14.5)	590(23.0)	515(20.1)	949(37.0)	745(29.0)
	≥2	653		124(19.0)	162(24.8)	196(30.0)	289(44.3)	200(30.6)
			χ²值	147.93	4.05	29.92	11.64	0.64
			P值	< 0.01	0.04	< 0.01	< 0.01	0.42
每天户外活动时间/h	＜1	137		21(15.3)	31(22.6)	24(17.5)	47(34.3)	38(27.7)
	1~＜2	1 195		199(16.7)	274(22.9)	246(20.6)	485(40.6)	358(30.0)
	≥2	1 837		270(14.7)	434(23.6)	439(23.9)	703(38.3)	537(29.2)
			χ²值	2.12	0.24	6.52	2.94	0.38
			P值	0.35	0.89	0.04	0.23	0.83
父亲文化水平	高中中专及以下	1 309		203(15.5)	291(22.2)	362(27.7)	559(42.7)	382(29.2)
	大专及以上	2 266		351(15.5)	539(23.8)	440(19.4)	808(35.6)	673(29.7)
			χ²值	0.00	1.13	28.63	17.45	0.11
			P值	0.99	0.29	< 0.01	< 0.01	0.74
母亲文化水平	高中中专及以下	1 384		235(17.0)	309(22.3)	378(27.3)	617(44.6)	425(30.7)
	大专及以上	2 191		319(14.6)	521(23.8)	424(19.4)	750(34.2)	630(28.8)
			χ²值	3.75	1.00	30.89	38.46	1.56
			P值	0.05	0.32	< 0.01	< 0.01	0.21
家庭月收入/元	＜6 000	1 516		251(16.6)	339(22.4)	358(23.6)	615(40.6)	464(30.6)
	6 000~9 999	1 272		197(15.5)	291(22.9)	295(23.2)	483(38.0)	376(29.6)
	≥10 000	787		106(13.5)	200(25.4)	149(18.9)	269(34.2)	215(27.3)
			χ²值	3.77	2.83	7.18	9.01	2.70
			P值	0.15	0.24	0.03	0.01	0.26
家庭结构^a	核心家庭	227		36(15.9)	46(20.3)	62(27.3)	105(46.3)	73(32.2)
	大家庭	3 226		486(15.1)	758(23.5)	707(21.9)	1 202(37.3)	945(29.3)
	其他家庭	122		32(26.2)	26(21.3)	33(27.0)	60(49.2)	37(30.3)
			χ²值	11.21	1.50	5.10	13.67	0.88
			P值	< 0.01	0.47	0.08	< 0.01	0.65
注：()内数字为检出率/%；^a核心家庭指父母双方和子女共同组成的家庭，大家庭指外/祖父母、父母双方和子女共同组成的家庭，其他家庭指单亲家庭、重组家庭等。

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表 2 父母教养方式与学龄前儿童EBPs关联的Logistic回归分析[OR值(95%CI)，n=3 575]

Table 2. Logistic regression analysis of the relationship between parenting style and EBPs in preschoolers[OR(95%CI), n=3 575]

自变量	情绪症状问题	品行问题	多动问题	同伴交往问题	亲社会行为问题
母亲权威型	0.90(0.71~1.15)	0.76(0.61~0.93)^*	0.65(0.51~0.83)^**	0.47(0.39~0.57)^**	0.29(0.24~0.36)^**
母亲专制型	1.36(1.09~1.69)^*	2.15(1.79~2.60)^**	1.84(1.49~2.27)^**	1.39(1.16~1.66)^**	1.48(1.24~1.77)^**
母亲放纵型	1.63(1.32~2.00)^**	1.63(1.37~1.96)^**	1.68(1.37~2.05)^**	1.10(0.93~1.30)	1.36(1.15~1.61)^**
父亲权威型	0.78(0.61~0.99)^*	0.98(0.81~1.20)	1.21(0.97~1.51)	0.91(0.76~1.09)	0.82(0.68~0.98)^*
父亲专制型	1.00(0.80~1.26)	1.18(0.97~1.43)	1.20(0.97~1.48)	0.92(0.77~1.10)	0.98(0.82~1.18)
父亲放纵型	0.94(0.75~1.18)	1.10(0.90~1.33)	1.20(0.97~1.48)	1.00(0.83~1.19)	0.92(0.76~1.10)
注：自变量均以低水平为参照，因变量均以正常为参照，调整儿童年龄、性别、早产、出生体重、独生子女、视屏时间、户外活动、父母文化程度、家庭月收入和家庭结构等协变量；^P < 0.05，^*P < 0.01。

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表 3 父亲不同教养方式下母亲教养方式与学龄前儿童情绪行为问题的关联分析[OR值(95%CI)，n=3 575]

Table 3. Analysis of the association between maternal parenting styles and EBPs in preschoolers under different paternal parenting styles[OR(95%CI), n=3 575]

父亲教养方式	母亲教养方式	情绪症状问题	品行问题	多动问题	同伴交往问题	亲社会行为问题
低权威	低权威	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
	高权威	0.74(0.51~1.07)	0.74(0.54~1.02)	0.68(0.49~0.95)^*	0.43(0.33~0.57)^**	0.29(0.21~0.40)^**
	低专制	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
	高专制	1.72(1.29~2.29)^**	2.55(1.98~3.27)^**	2.16(1.67~2.80)^**	1.56(1.24~1.95)^**	1.45(1.14~1.84)^**
	低放纵	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
	高放纵	1.77(1.34~2.34)^**	1.77(1.38~2.27)^**	1.54(1.19~1.99)^**	1.13(0.90~1.41)	1.36(1.08~1.72)^*
高权威	低权威	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
	高权威	0.78(0.92~1.60)	0.77(0.49~1.21)	0.55(0.34~0.89)^*	0.51(0.35~0.76)^**	0.30(0.19~0.48)^**
	低专制	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
	高专制	2.59(1.49~4.49)^**	3.25(2.07~5.11)^**	2.35(1.46~3.78)^**	1.38(0.90~2.10)	1.29(0.82~2.03)
	低放纵	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
	高放纵	1.65(0.97~2.80)	2.09(1.36~3.22)^**	2.87(1.81~4.55)^**	1.17(0.79~1.73)	1.35(0.89~2.07)
低专制	低权威	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
	高权威	0.84(0.59~1.18)	0.77(0.57~1.04)	0.60(0.41~0.80)^**	0.46(0.35~0.59)^**	0.30(0.22~0.41)^**
	低专制	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
	高专制	1.61(1.17~2.21)^**	2.66(2.03~3.50)^**	2.24(1.69~2.98)^**	1.22(0.95~1.56)	1.30(1.00~1.69)
	低放纵	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
	高放纵	1.76(1.30~2.37)^**	1.87(1.44~2.43)^**	1.87(1.42~2.46)^**	1.08(0.86~1.36)	1.36(1.07~1.75)^*
高专制	低权威	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
	高权威	0.56(0.30~1.05)	0.68(0.43~1.09)	0.82(0.52~1.30)	0.44(0.29~0.68)^**	0.23(0.14~0.39)^**
	低专制	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
	高专制	2.71(1.71~4.28)^**	2.66(1.82~3.89)^**	1.83(1.25~2.70)^**	2.21(1.56~3.13)^**	1.65(1.14~2.38)^*
	低放纵	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
	高放纵	1.56(1.00~2.43)	1.71(1.17~2.49)^*	1.56(1.06~2.29)^*	1.33(0.93~1.89)	1.40(0.97~2.03)
低放纵	低权威	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
	高权威	0.75(0.52~1.06)	0.82(0.61~1.10)	0.64(0.46~0.88)^*	0.44(0.34~0.57)^**	0.29(0.21~0.39)^**
	低专制	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
	高专制	1.66(1.22~2.25)^**	2.88(2.21~3.74)^**	2.40(1.82~3.15)^**	1.33(1.05~1.69)^*	1.35(1.05~1.73)^*
	低放纵	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
	高放纵	1.88(1.40~2.53)^**	1.83(1.42~2.37)^**	1.78(1.36~2.33)^**	1.17(0.93~1.48)	1.34(1.05~1.71)^*
高放纵	低权威	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
	高权威	0.81(0.45~1.45)	0.57(0.35~0.94)^*	0.64(0.39~1.05)	0.51(0.33~0.78)^**	0.29(0.17~0.51)^**
	低专制	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
	高专制	2.52(1.58~4.02)^**	2.24(1.50~3.33)^**	1.62(1.08~2.43)^*	2.04(1.41~2.94)^**	1.65(1.11~2.44)^*
	低放纵	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00	1.00
	高放纵	1.39(0.88~2.21)	1.82(1.22~2.72)^**	1.63(1.09~2.44)^*	1.13(0.79~1.63)	1.50(1.02~2.22)^*
注：因变量均以正常为参照；调整儿童年龄、性别、早产、出生体重、独生子女、视屏时间、户外活动、父母文化程度、家庭月收入和家庭结构等协变量；^P < 0.05，^*P < 0.01。

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