哈尔滨市2010—2024年学生身体形态变化及课桌椅功能尺寸适配性研究

徐毅; 张笑颜; 史可清; 余欣然; 高飞; 董彬; 管永斌; 杨光; 乔婉莹; 周锭; 张洁; 李东歆; 范莉莉; 王忆军; 王佳

doi:10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025087

文章导航 > 中国学校卫生 > 2025 > 46(3): 315-320

徐毅, 张笑颜, 史可清, 余欣然, 高飞, 董彬, 管永斌, 杨光, 乔婉莹, 周锭, 张洁, 李东歆, 范莉莉, 王忆军, 王佳. 哈尔滨市2010—2024年学生身体形态变化及课桌椅功能尺寸适配性研究[J]. 中国学校卫生, 2025, 46(3): 315-320. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025087

引用本文:

XU Yi, ZHANG Xiaoyan, SHI Keqing, YU Xinran, GAO Fei, DONG Bin, GUAN Yongbin, YANG Guang, QIAO Wanying, ZHOU Ding, ZHANG Jie, LI Dongxin, FAN Lili, WANG Yijun, WANG Jia. Changes in the body shape and ergonomic compatibility for functional dimensions of desks and chairs for students in Harbin during 2010-2024[J]. CHINESE JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH, 2025, 46(3): 315-320. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025087

Citation:

XU Yi, ZHANG Xiaoyan, SHI Keqing, YU Xinran, GAO Fei, DONG Bin, GUAN Yongbin, YANG Guang, QIAO Wanying, ZHOU Ding, ZHANG Jie, LI Dongxin, FAN Lili, WANG Yijun, WANG Jia. Changes in the body shape and ergonomic compatibility for functional dimensions of desks and chairs for students in Harbin during 2010-2024[J]. CHINESE JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH, 2025, 46(3): 315-320. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025087

引用本文:

Citation:

XU Yi, ZHANG Xiaoyan, SHI Keqing, YU Xinran, GAO Fei, DONG Bin, GUAN Yongbin, YANG Guang, QIAO Wanying, ZHOU Ding, ZHANG Jie, LI Dongxin, FAN Lili, WANG Yijun, WANG Jia. Changes in the body shape and ergonomic compatibility for functional dimensions of desks and chairs for students in Harbin during 2010-2024[J]. CHINESE JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH, 2025, 46(3): 315-320. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025087

哈尔滨市2010—2024年学生身体形态变化及课桌椅功能尺寸适配性研究

doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025087

徐毅¹,
张笑颜¹,
史可清¹,
余欣然¹,
高飞²,
董彬³,
管永斌⁴,
杨光⁵,
乔婉莹¹,
周锭¹,
张洁¹,
李东歆¹,
范莉莉¹,
王忆军¹,
王佳^1, ,

1.
哈尔滨医科大学公共卫生学院儿少卫生与妇幼保健学教研室, 黑龙江 150081
2.
黑龙江省疾病预防控制中心营养与食品卫生所
3.
北京大学公共卫生学院/北京大学儿童青少年卫生研究所
4.
哈尔滨市道外区疾病预防控制中心公共卫生监督监测科
5.
哈尔滨市松北区疾病预防控制中心监测督导科

基金项目:

国家疾病预防控制局疾病预防控制标准项目 JK20240501

详细信息

作者简介:
徐毅(1998-)，男，安徽省人，在读硕士，主要研究方向为儿童青少年发育与健康

通讯作者:
王佳，E-mail: wangjiahyd@163.com

利益冲突声明 所有作者声明无利益冲突。
中图分类号: R179 R723.14 G478 G481
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2025-01-10
- 修回日期: 2025-02-14
- 网络出版日期: 2025-04-03
- 刊出日期: 2025-03-25

Changes in the body shape and ergonomic compatibility for functional dimensions of desks and chairs for students in Harbin during 2010-2024

1.
Department of Children and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Harbin Medical University, Harbin (150081), Heilongjiang Province, China

摘要

摘要: 目的分析哈尔滨市2010—2024年学生身体形态指标与比例的变化趋势，探讨学校课桌椅功能尺寸与当前学生形态指标的适配性，为课桌椅标准修订提供参考依据。方法分别于2010及2024年的9—11月，采用方便抽样与分层整群抽样相结合的方法，在哈尔滨市抽取3个区的学生共6 590和6 252名，测量并比较15年间学生的身高、坐高、小腿长、大腿长等形态指标与比例变化，并将2024年数据与现行学校课桌椅标准功能尺寸进行比较。采用t检验、Mann-Whitney U检验进行统计分析。结果 2010—2024年，男、女生身高平均增量分别为1.8和1.5 cm，坐高增量均为1.5 cm，小腿长增量为0.3和0.4 cm，大腿长增量均为0.5 cm；坐高/身高、坐高/腿长的平均增量均小于0.1。桌椅高差与1/3坐高的差值在0.4~0.8 cm，适配0号课桌椅的学生中有22.0%桌椅高差与1/3坐高差值小于0，身高较高学生使用课桌椅时，桌椅高差可能存在不足；座面高与腓骨点高的差值在-1.4~1.1 cm，座面深与腘臀长的差值在-9.8~-3.4 cm；肥胖学生中，座面宽与1/2臀围的差值在-20.5~-8.7 cm，非肥胖学生的差值在-12.2~-3.8 cm。结论现行课桌椅标准基本满足卫生学要求，但对超高及肥胖学生需要通过调整课桌椅分配或进行个性化调整以满足卫生学要求。
- 课桌椅 /
- 体格检查 /
- 适应, 生物学 /
- 学生
Abstract: Objective To analyze the change trends in the body shape indicators and proportions of students in Harbin from 2010 to 2024, and to investigate ergonomic compatibility of functional dimensions of school desks and chairs with current student shape indicators, so as to provide a reference for revising furniture standards of desks and chairs. Methods Between September and November of both 2010 and 2024, a combination of convenience sampling and stratified cluster random sampling was conducted across three districts in Harbin, yielding samples of 6 590 and 6 252 students, respectively. Anthropometric shape indicators cluding height, sitting height, crus length, and thigh length-and their proportional changes were compared over the 15-year period. The 2024 data were compared with current standard functional dimensions of school furniture. The statistical analysis incorporated t-test and Mann-Whitney U test. Results From 2010 to 2024, average height increased by 1.8 cm for boys and 1.5 cm for girls; sitting height increased by 1.5 cm for both genders; crus length increased by 0.3 cm for boys and 0.4 cm for girls; and thigh length increased by 0.5 cm for both genders. The ratios of sitting height to height, and sitting height to leg length increased by less than 0.1. The difference between desk-chair height and 1/3 sitting height ranged from 0.4-0.8 cm. Among students matched with size 0 desks and chairs, 22.0% had a desk-to-chair height difference less than 0, indicating that the desk-to-chair height difference might be insufficient for taller students. The differences between seat height and fibular height ranged from -1.4 to 1.1 cm; and the differences between seat depth and buttock-popliteal length ranged from -9.8 to 3.4 cm. Among obese students, the differences between seat width and 1/2 hip circumference ranged from -20.5 to -8.7 cm, while it ranged from -12.2 to -3.8 cm among non-obese students. Conclusion Current furniture standards basically satisfy hygienic requirements; however, in the case of exceptionally tall and obese students, ergonomic accommodations such as adaptive seating allocation or personalized adjustments are recommended to meet hygienic requirements.
- Desk and chair /
- Physical examination /
- Adaptation, biological /
- Students
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图 1 哈尔滨市2010与2024年学生身体形态比例的变化

Figure 1. Changes in anthropometric ratios of students in Harbin City between 2010 and 2024

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表 1 哈尔滨市不同性别各年龄组学生2010与2024年身体形态指标比较(x±s, cm)

Table 1. Comparison of anthropometric measurements among students of different genders and age groups in Harbin City between 2010 and 2024(x±s, cm)

性别	年龄/岁	身高				坐高
性别	年龄/岁	2010年	2024年	差值	t值	2010年	2024年	差值	t值
男	6		122.9±5.4				68.1±3.1
	7	129.0±5.8	129.4±5.9	0.4	0.96	70.2±3.1	70.6±3.2	0.4	1.37
	8	134.1±5.6	134.4±6.5	0.3	0.61	72.1±3.1	72.9±3.3	0.8	2.59^*
	9	139.5±6.0	141.1±6.9	1.6	2.92^**	74.6±3.0	75.6±3.6	1.0	3.33^**
	10	144.2±6.6	146.9±7.6	2.7	4.48^**	76.7±3.5	77.9±4.1	1.2	3.88^**
	11	150.4±7.4	153.3±7.8	2.9	4.51^**	78.9±4.0	81.2±4.4	2.3	6.36^**
	12	158.1±8.0	160.5±8.9	2.4	3.37^**	83.1±4.4	84.9±4.7	1.8	4.57^**
	13	164.5±8.1	166.8±8.3	2.3	3.14^**	86.1±4.6	88.1±4.8	2.0	4.64^**
	14	169.7±6.5	171.9±6.4	2.2	3.96^**	89.3±3.8	91.2±3.9	1.9	5.90^**
	15	171.3±7.1	174.2±6.1	2.9	4.85^**	90.3±3.8	92.8±3.6	2.5	7.44^**
	16	172.7±6.4	175.3±6.4	2.6	5.02^**	91.7±3.5	94.2±3.4	2.5	8.77^**
	17	173.9±6.4	175.4±6.4	1.5	2.52^*	93.0±3.2	94.2±3.3	1.2	4.00^**
	18	174.1±6.0	173.8±6.2	-0.3	-0.42	92.9±3.1	93.4±3.3	0.5	1.31
女	6		121.6±5.6				67.3±3.0
	7	127.8±5.4	127.1±5.9	-0.7	-1.43	69.4±2.7	69.5±3.0	0.1	0.40
	8	133.1±6.0	133.6±6.6	0.5	0.87	71.6±3.2	72.1±3.4	0.5	1.92
	9	138.4±6.0	140.3±7.0	1.9	3.18^**	73.9±3.2	75.0±3.9	1.1	3.44^**
	10	144.0±6.6	147.1±7.1	3.1	5.05^**	76.5±3.7	78.5±4.3	2.0	5.63^**
	11	151.3±7.0	154.7±7.3	3.4	5.45^**	80.5±4.1	83.2±4.3	2.7	7.67^**
	12	156.8±6.2	158.5±6.5	1.7	3.05^**	83.3±3.6	85.5±3.8	2.2	6.71^**
	13	160.1±5.8	161.1±5.4	1.0	2.09^*	85.4±3.1	86.9±3.0	1.5	5.29^**
	14	160.6±5.1	162.2±5.6	1.6	3.36^**	86.1±2.9	87.7±3.1	1.6	6.21^**
	15	160.8±5.8	162.4±5.3	1.6	3.41^**	86.1±2.9	88.3±2.9	2.2	9.10^**
	16	161.0±5.7	162.8±5.7	1.8	3.97^**	87.0±2.9	88.5±3.0	1.5	6.12^**
	17	161.0±5.4	162.6±5.8	1.6	3.02^**	87.1±2.7	88.5±3.0	1.4	5.26^**
	18	161.0±5.3	162.0±4.6	1.0	1.43	87.2±2.6	88.6±2.8	1.4	3.21^**

性别	年龄/岁	小腿长				大腿长
性别	年龄/岁	2010年	2024年	差值	t值	2010年	2024年	差值	t值
男	6		29.3±1.7				32.3±1.9
	7	31.6±1.9	31.3±1.9	-0.3	-2.19^*	34.0±2.1	34.3±2.0	0.3	1.81
	8	33.2±2.1	32.7±2.0	-0.5	-2.56^**	35.4±2.3	36.1±2.0	0.7	3.55^**
	9	34.7±1.8	35.0±2.2	0.3	2.12^**	38.0±2.6	38.0±2.4	＜0.1	-0.28
	10	36.3±2.1	36.3±2.1	＜0.1	0.31	39.4±2.5	39.5±2.3	0.1	0.38
	11	37.9±2.1	38.7±2.3	0.8	4.04^**	40.8±2.4	41.4±2.7	0.6	2.24^*
	12	39.3±2.2	40.2±2.4	0.9	4.26^**	42.0±2.2	43.3±2.9	1.3	1.86
	13	41.1±2.4	41.7±2.3	0.6	2.91^**		45.0±2.7
	14	42.1±2.0	42.7±2.1	0.6	3.36^**		46.6±2.3
	15	42.2±2.3	42.6±2.1	0.4	2.02^*		46.7±2.8
	16	42.3±2.2	42.4±2.1	0.1	0.83		46.7±2.8
	17	42.2±2.2	42.5±2.1	0.3	1.56		47.1±2.9
	18	42.5±2.2	42.3±2.0	-0.2	-1.01		47.1±2.5
女	6		29.2±1.8				32.3±2.1
	7	31.7±1.8	30.8±1.9	-0.9	-5.51^**	34.0±2.0	34.0±1.9	＜0.1	0.99
	8	33.1±1.9	32.7±1.9	-0.4	-2.35^*	35.4±2.4	36.0±2.4	0.6	2.08^**
	9	34.5±1.9	34.9±2.2	0.4	1.96	37.6±2.4	37.8±2.4	0.2	0.83
	10	36.1±2.0	36.4±2.0	0.3	1.45	39.3±2.4	39.5±2.5	0.2	1.06
	11	37.5±1.9	38.6±2.1	1.1	6.05^**	41.1±2.4	41.7±2.7	0.6	2.26^*
	12	38.5±1.9	39.2±1.9	0.7	3.62^**	41.9±1.4	43.2±2.6	1.3	1.48
	13	39.0±1.9	39.7±1.7	0.7	3.94^**		43.8±2.5
	14	39.2±1.9	39.7±1.9	0.5	2.96^**		44.1±2.5
	15	38.9±2.0	39.4±1.8	0.5	3.31^**		44.2±2.5
	16	38.6±1.9	39.4±1.8	0.8	5.00^**		44.4±2.5
	17	38.6±2.1	39.4±1.9	0.8	3.98^**		44.4±2.5
	18	38.8±1.9	39.2±1.8	0.4	1.45		44.7±2.1
注：^P＜0.05，^*P＜0.01；2010年因调查需要，仅测量了7~12岁学生的大腿长。

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表 2 哈尔滨市学生身体形态指标与课桌椅尺寸标准的差值/cm

Table 2. Differences between anthropometric measurements of students in Harbin and standard desk-chair dimensions/cm

课桌椅型号	身高范围	差值1	差值2	差值3	差值4	差值5
0号	≥180	0.6	1.1	-9.4	-19.5	-11.3
1号	173~187	0.5	0.6	-9.8	-20.5	-12.1
2号	165~179	0.5	0.1	-8.3	-19.0	-11.1
3号	158~172	0.5	-0.3	-6.6	-17.3	-9.8
4号	150~164	0.6	-0.9	-8.8	-18.2	-12.2
5号	143~157	1.0	-1.4	-6.6	-14.3	-9.3
6号	135~149	1.7	-1.2	-4.1	-11.1	-5.5
7号	128~142	1.7	-1.1	-7.2	-12.8	-7.5
8号	120~134	1.8	-0.9	-5.0	-10.4	-5.5
9号	113~127	0.6	-0.3	-3.4	-10.4	-5.2
10号	≤119	0.4	-0.9	-4.8	-8.7	-3.8
注：课桌椅型号、身高范围、桌面高、座面高、座面深、座面宽来源于《学校课桌椅功能尺寸及技术要求》(GB/T 3976—2014)^[6]；桌椅高差=桌面高-座面高；差值1为桌椅高差-1/3坐高；差值2为座面高-腓骨点高；差值3为座面深-腘臀长；差值4为座面宽-肥胖学生的1/2臀围；差值5为座面宽-非肥胖学生的1/2臀围。

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