中国3~6岁儿童体格围度发育状况

甄志平; 把懿; 马德; 薛亚奇; 葛美琴; 吕秉宸; 郭美彤

doi:10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025071

中国3~6岁儿童体格围度发育状况

doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025071

1.
北京师范大学体育与运动学院，北京 100875
2.
哈尔滨体育学院研究生院
3.
北京师范大学第二附属中学国际部
4.
汕头大学工学院

基金项目:

国家社会科学基金项目 21BTY023

教育部人文社会科学研究规划基金项目 24YJA890026

详细信息

作者简介:
甄志平(1974-)，女，河北邢台人，博士，教授，主要研究方向为体质大数据与体脑发育促进

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中图分类号: R179 R339.3⁺⁵ G479
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2024-09-19
- 修回日期: 2024-12-13
- 网络出版日期: 2025-04-03
- 刊出日期: 2025-03-25

Physical circumference development in Chinese children aged 3-6 years

1.
Department of Physical Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing (100875), China

摘要

摘要: 目的了解中国3~6岁学龄前儿童4项体格围度的生长发育水平，为儿童营养改善和健康促进政策的制定提供参考依据。方法采用分层随机抽样方法，在2020—2023年采集中国华北、东北、华东、华中、华南、西南和西北七大自然地理区域24个省市120所幼儿园25 842名3~6岁学龄前儿童的体格围度数据；采用等级评价法对儿童头围、胸围、腰围和臀围的发育水平进行评价。性别和年龄差异分析分别使用Mann-Whitney U检验和Kruskal-Wallis检验，不同性别异常检出率的比较采用χ²检验。结果 3~6岁儿童头围为51.74(50.08，53.33)cm，胸围为55.73(52.09，59.04)cm，腰围为53.04(48.92，56.40)cm，臀围为59.36(56.30，62.32)cm。3~6岁男、女童头围异常检出率较高(19.71%~42.02%)，且各年龄各体格围度发育水平异常检出率男童均高于女童(χ²=5.63~83.35，P值均 < 0.05)。3~6岁男、女童臀围(4.89%~6.53%)和胸围(4.51%~6.38%)异常检出率较低，各年龄性别间异常率差异均无统计学意义(χ²值分别为0.00~1.61，0.00~3.71，P值均>0.05)；3~6岁男、女童腰围异常检出率较高(13.70%~42.45%)，4~6岁阶段中女童异常检出率均高于男童(χ²=10.49~58.18，P值均 < 0.05)。结论当前中国3~6岁儿童体格发育状况总体良好，但头围和腰围异常检出率较高。儿童保健工作应重点关注腹型肥胖的防治，并针对不同年龄段和性别制定差异化的健康干预策略。
- 生长和发育 /
- 头围 /
- 胸围 /
- 腰围 /
- 臀围 /
- 儿童，学龄前
Abstract: Objective To understand the growth and development levels of four physical measurements in children aged 3-6 years in China, so as to provide a reference for child nutrition improvement and health promotion. Methods A stratified random sampling method was used to collect physical measurement data from 120 kindergartens 25 842 children aged 3-6 years across 24 provinces and cities in seven natural geographical regions of North China, Northeast China, East China, Central China, South China, Southwest China and Northwest China from 2020 to 2023. The development levels of head circumference, chest circumference, waist circumference, and hip circumference were evaluated using a grading method. The analysis of gender and age differences was conducted using Mann-Whitney U test and Kruskal-Wallis test, and the comparison of abnormal detection rates for different genders was conducted using Chi-square test. Results The distribution range of children aged 3-6 was 51.74(50.08, 53.33) cm in terms of head circumference, 55.73(52.09, 59.04) cm in terms of chest circumference, 53.04(48.92, 56.40) cm in terms of waist circumference, and 59.36(56.30, 62.32) cm in terms of hip circumference. The detection rate of abnormal head circumference in boys and girls aged 3-6 years old was relatively high (19.71%-42.02%), and the detection rate of abnormal physical circumference development levels in boys was higher than that in girls of all ages (χ²=5.63-83.35, P < 0.05). The detection rate of abnormal hip circumference (4.89%-6.53%) and chest circumference (4.51%-6.38%) in boys and girls aged 3-6 was relatively low, and there was no statistically significant difference in the abnormal rate between different ages and genders (χ²=0.00-1.61, 0.00-3.71, P>0.05). The detection rate of abnormal waist circumference in boys and girls aged 3-6 was relatively high (13.70%-42.45%), and the detection rate of abnormal waist circumference in girls was higher than that in boys aged 4-6 groups (χ²=10.49-58.18, P < 0.05). Conclusions The overall physical development of children aged 3-6 years in China is improving, but the abnormal detection rates for head circumference and waist circumference are relatively high. Child healthcare should focus on preventing and treating abdominal obesity, with differentiated health intervention strategies based on different age groups and genders.
- Growth and development /
- Head circumference /
- Chest circumference /
- Waist circumference /
- Hip circumference /
- Child, preschool
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表 1 不同性别年龄学龄前儿童体格测量指标比较[M(P₂₅, P₇₅), cm]

Table 1. Comparison of physical measurement indicator among preschool children of different genders and ages[M(P₂₅, P₇₅), cm]

性别与年龄	选项	人数	统计值	头围	胸围	腰围	臀围
性别	男	13 576		52.79(51.28, 54.19)	56.20(52.60, 59.50)	53.38(49.70, 56.60)	59.67(56.70, 62.40)
	女	12 266		50.89(49.10, 51.94)	55.22(51.58, 58.59)	52.65(48.10, 56.20)	59.01(55.70, 62.30)
			U值	39 142 193.50	74 569 422.00	74 679 921.00	76 992 923.00
			P值	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01
年龄/岁	3	1 419		50.18(48.65, 51.53)	51.95(48.18, 55.12)	50.31(46.73, 53.47)	57.23(54.16, 60.29)
	3.5	2 692		50.62(49.13, 51.98)	53.06(49.53, 56.15)	51.61(47.40, 55.00)	57.58(54.60, 60.40)
	4	3 495		51.07(49.57, 52.46)	53.95(50.61, 56.81)	51.90(47.90, 55.10)	58.08(55.21, 60.80)
	4.5	3 705		51.40(49.87, 52.93)	54.84(51.54, 57.63)	52.34(48.50, 55.68)	58.69(55.80, 61.45)
	5	3 827		51.85(50.34, 53.36)	55.87(52.52, 58.92)	53.04(49.10, 56.30)	59.40(56.60, 62.40)
	5.5	4 201		52.20(50.65, 53.79	56.85(53.57, 59.78)	53.79(49.90, 57.00)	60.16(57.30, 62.90)
	6	3 833		52.61(51.02, 54.17)	58.10(54.75, 61.16)	54.77(50.70, 58.20)	60.88(57.90, 63.90)
	6.5	2 670		52.91(51.18, 54.58)	58.68(55.40, 61.60)	54.70(50.82, 57.90)	61.37(58.40, 64.20)
			H值	3 852.78	2 786.83	1 445.00	2 081.39
			P值	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01
合计		25 842		51.74(50.08, 53.33)	55.73(52.09, 59.04)	53.04(48.92, 56.40)	59.36(56.30, 62.32)

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表 2 各年龄组不同性别儿童体格测试指标异常检出率比较

Table 2. Comparison of abnormal detection rates of physical measurement indicator among children of different genders in different age groups

年龄/岁	性别	人数	统计值	头围	胸围	腰围	臀围
3	女	695		137(19.71)	38(5.47)	295(42.45)	37(5.32)
	男	724		208(28.73)	43(5.94)	291(40.19)	37(5.11)
			χ²值	15.67	0.15	0.65	0.03
			P值	< 0.01	0.70	0.42	0.86
3.5	女	1 265		286(22.61)	57(4.51)	546(43.16)	72(5.69)
	男	1 427		379(26.56)	76(5.33)	561(39.31)	81(5.68)
			χ²值	5.63	0.96	3.95	0.00
			P值	0.02	0.33	0.05	0.99
4	女	1 670		391(23.41)	101(6.05)	612(36.65)	96(5.75)
	男	1 825		576(31.56)	104(5.70)	573(31.40)	108(5.92)
			χ²值	28.93	0.19	10.49	0.05
			P值	< 0.01	0.66	< 0.01	0.83
4.5	女	1 770		391(22.09)	85(4.80)	606(34.24)	101(5.71)
	男	1 935		652(33.70)	121(6.25)	527(27.24)	95(4.91)
			χ²值	61.55	3.71	21.02	1.17
			P值	< 0.01	0.05	< 0.01	0.28
5	女	1 821		394(21.64)	95(5.22)	575(31.58)	107(5.88)
	男	2 006		702(35.00)	128(6.38)	518(25.82)	113(5.63)
			χ²值	83.35	2.36	15.21	0.10
			P值	< 0.01	0.12	< 0.01	0.75
5.5	女	2 012		675(33.55)	117(5.82)	605(30.07)	116(5.77)
	男	2 189		880(40.20)	128(5.85)	484(22.11)	107(4.89)
			χ²值	19.90	0.00	34.17	1.61
			P值	< 0.01	0.96	< 0.01	0.21
6	女	1 808		609(33.68)	99(5.48)	558(30.86)	103(5.70)
	男	2 025		851(42.02)	116(5.73)	407(20.10)	115(5.68)
			χ²值	28.18	0.12	58.18	0.00
			P值	< 0.01	0.73	< 0.01	0.98
6.5	女	1 225			64(5.22)	297(24.24)	80(6.53)
	男	1 445			82(5.67)	198(13.70)	82(5.67)
			χ²值		0.26	48.10	0.85
			P值		0.61	< 0.01	0.36
注： ()内数字为检出率/%；由于参照的头围标准仅包含3~6岁阶段，因此未对6.5岁儿童的头围进行评价。

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