浙江省2008-2021年中小学生营养不良状况

杨颖; 郑卫军; 顾昉; 孟佳; 李娟娟; 高雷; 沈郁; 章荣华

doi:10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2024269

浙江省2008-2021年中小学生营养不良状况

doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2024269

杨颖¹,
郑卫军¹,
顾昉^2, ,,
孟佳²,
李娟娟²,
高雷²,
沈郁²,
章荣华²

1.
浙江中医药大学公共卫生学院, 杭州 310053
2.
浙江省疾病预防控制中心营养与食品安全所学校卫生科

基金项目:

国家自然科学基金项目 71273079

详细信息

作者简介:
杨颖(1999-)，女，浙江丽水人，在读硕士，主要研究方向为儿童青少年疾病预防控制

通讯作者:
顾昉, E-mail: fgu@cdc.zj.cn

利益冲突声明 所有作者声明无利益冲突。
中图分类号: R153.2 R339.3⁺⁵ R155.1
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2024-06-14
- 修回日期: 2024-07-09
- 网络出版日期: 2024-10-08
- 刊出日期: 2024-09-25

Malnutrition among primary and secondary school students from 2008 to 2021 in Zhejiang Province

1.
School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou (310053), Zhejiang Province, China

摘要

摘要: 目的了解2008—2021年浙江省中小学生营养不良的流行特征及趋势变化，为开展针对儿童青少年营养不良的干预提供科学依据。方法基于学生常见病和健康影响因素监测与干预项目，于2008，2014，2021年采用分层整群随机抽样方法，从浙江省抽取9~17岁中小学生共81 228名进行问卷调查和体格检查，采用《学龄儿童青少年营养不良筛查》判定营养不良。非正态性数据采用Kruskal-Wallis秩和检验、分类数据采用χ²检验进行差异性分析，不同年份营养不良的检出率趋势分析采用趋势χ²检验。结果 2008，2014和2021年中小学生营养不良、生长迟缓、轻度消瘦、中重度消瘦检出率分别为12.0%，6.6%，6.0%；1.2%，0.5%，0.3%；6.0%，3.9%，3.6%；4.7%，2.2%，2.2%，总体均呈下降趋势(χ_趋势²值分别为532.73，181.43，161.24，240.38，P值均 < 0.01)。各年份男生营养不良和轻度消瘦检出率(13.7%，7.6%；7.5%，5.0%；7.1%，4.5%)均高于女生(10.3%，4.4%；5.5%，2.7%；4.8%，2.5%)(χ²值分别为54.45，88.67；47.04，81.07；85.28，98.81；P值均 < 0.01)；城区和郊县中小学生营养不良检出率差距逐渐缩小(12.5%，11.6%；6.9%，6.3%；6.0%，6.0%)，在2021年差异无统计学意义(χ²=0.01，P>0.05)。浙江省中小学生营养不良以轻度消瘦为主(56.0%)；与2008年相比，2014和2021年营养不良检出率随年龄的增长呈平稳上升趋势(χ_趋势²值分别为44.52，11.78，P值均 < 0.01)。结论 2008—2021年间浙江省中小学生营养不良检出率呈逐年下降趋势，且随着年龄增加呈平稳上升趋势，其中男生营养不良检出率更高。应根据不同年龄、性别和生长发育阶段的饮食模式制定相关政策，减少中小学生营养不良的发生。
- 营养不良 /
- 消瘦 /
- 生长迟缓 /
- 儿童 /
- 青少年
Abstract: Objective To describe the prevalence characteristics and trend of malnutrition among primary and secondary school students in Zhejiang Province from 2008 to 2021, so as to provide scientific references for targeted interventions on malnutrition among children and adolescents. Methods Based on the National Student Common Diseases and Health Influencing Factors Surveillance Project, 81 228 primary and middle school students aged 9-17 from Zhejiang Province were recruited for a questionnaire in 2008, 2014 and 2021, with stratified cluster random sampling method. Malnutrition was determined by Screening for Malnutrition in School aged Children and Adolescents. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used for non-normally distributed data, and the Chi-square test was used for categorical data. A trend Chi-square test analyzed detection rates across different years. Results The prevalence rates of malnutrition, stunting, mild wasting, and moderate to severe wasting among primary and secondary school students in 2008, 2014 and 2021 were 12.0%, 6.6%, 6.0%; 1.2%, 0.5%, 0.3%; 6.0%, 3.9%, 3.6%; and 4.7%, 2.2%, 2.2%, with an overall declining trend (χ_trend²=532.73, 181.43, 161.24, 240.38, P < 0.05). The prevalence rates of malnutrition and mild wasting in each year were higher in boys (13.7%, 7.6%; 7.5%, 5.0%; 7.1%, 4.5%) than in girls (10.3%, 4.4%; 5.5%, 2.7%; 4.8%, 2.5%) (χ²=54.45, 88.67; 47.04, 81.07; 85.28, 98.81; P < 0.01). The difference in malnutrition prevalence between urban and rural areas gradually narrowed (12.5%, 11.6%; 6.9%, 6.3%; 6.0%, 6.0%), with no statistically significant difference in 2021 (χ²=0.01, P>0.05). Malnutrition among primary and secondary school students was primarily characterized by mild wasting (56.0%) in Zhejiang Province. Compared to 2008, the prevalence of malnutrition in 2014 and 2021 showed a steady upward trend with increasing age in Zhejiang Province(χ_trends²=44.52, 11.78, P < 0.01). Conclusions The prevalence of malnutrition among primary and secondary school students aged 9 to 17 years in Zhejiang Province decreases by year from 2008 to 2021. However, the prevalence increase steadily with age, and boys have a higher prevalence of malnutrition. Policies should be developed age-, gender-, and growth-appropriate dietary patterns to reduce malnutrition among primary and secondary school students.
- Malnutrition /
- Emaciation /
- Growth retardation /
- Child /
- Adolescent
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图 1 浙江省2008—2021年中小学生营养不良随年龄的变化趋势

注： A总人群，B男生，C女生。

Figure 1. Age-related trends in malnutrition prevalence among primary and secondary school students in Zhejiang Province from 2008 to 2021

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表 1 浙江省2008—2021年中小学生性别年龄城乡分布比较

Table 1. Comparison of gender, age and urban-rural distribution of primary and secondary school students in Zhejiang Province from 2008 to 2021

年份	人数	性别		年龄/岁				城乡
年份	人数	男	女	9	10~12	13~15	16~17	城区	郊县
2008	19 535	9 822(50.3)	9 713(49.7)	1 504(7.7)	4 643(23.8)	7 450(38.1)	5 938(30.4)	8 104(41.5)	11 431(58.5)
2014	26 668	13 969(52.4)	12 699(47.6)	1 967(7.4)	6 282(23.6)	10 563(39.6)	7 856(29.5)	10 719(40.2)	15 949(59.8)
2021	35 025	18 344(52.4)	16 681(47.6)	4 038(11.5)	11 886(33.9)	11 532(32.9)	7 569(21.6)	21 410(61.1)	13 615(38.9)
χ²值		26.16		1 827.00				3 320.30
P值		＜0.01		＜0.01				＜0.01
注： ()内数字为构成比/%。

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表 2 浙江省2008—2021年不同组别中小学生营养不良检出率比较

Table 2. Comparison of detection rates of malnutrition among primary and secondary school students in different groups in Zhejiang Province from 2008 to 2021

组别	选项	统计值	2008年					2014年					2021年
组别	选项	统计值	人数	生长迟缓	轻度消瘦	中重度消瘦	营养不良	人数	生长迟缓	轻度消瘦	中重度消瘦	营养不良	人数	生长迟缓	轻度消瘦	中重度消瘦	营养不良
性别	男		9 822	128(1.3)	750(7.6)	467(4.8)	1 345(13.7)	13 969	60(0.4)	692(5.0)	302(2.2)	1 054(7.5)	18 344	45(0.2)	824(4.5)	434(2.4)	1 303(7.1)
	女		9 713	107(1.1)	429(4.4)	460(4.7)	996(10.3)	12 699	65(0.5)	347(2.7)	281(2.2)	693(5.5)	16 681	45(0.3)	420(2.5)	328(2.0)	793(4.8)
		χ²值		1.50	88.67	0.00	54.45		0.80	81.07	0.06	47.04		0.12	98.81	6.37	85.28
		P值		0.22	＜0.01	0.98	＜0.01		0.37	＜0.01	0.81	＜0.01		0.73	＜0.01	0.01	＜0.01
年龄/岁	9		1 504	31(2.1)	56(3.7)	85(5.7)	172(11.4)	1 967	8(0.4)	48(2.4)	52(2.6)	108(5.5)	4 038	11(0.3)	130(3.2)	122(3.0)	263(6.5)
	10~12		4 643	69(1.5)	272(5.9)	267(5.8)	608(13.1)	6 282	29(0.5)	187(3.0)	119(1.9)	335(5.3)	11 886	27(0.2)	361(3.0)	241(2.0)	629(5.3)
	13~15		7 450	75(1.0)	480(6.4)	331(4.4)	886(11.9)	10 563	32(0.3)	421(4.0)	216(2.0)	669(6.3)	11 532	21(0.2)	442(3.8)	203(1.8)	666(5.8)
	16~17		5 938	60(1.0)	371(6.2)	244(4.1)	675(11.4)	7 856	56(0.7)	383(4.9)	196(2.5)	635(8.1)	7 569	31(0.4)	311(4.1)	196(2.6)	538(7.1)
		χ²值		16.72	17.09	19.94	8.06		16.43	45.66	8.92	49.68		9.85	20.01	30.23	30.02
		P值		＜0.01	＜0.01	＜0.01	0.05		＜0.01	＜0.01	0.03	＜0.01		0.02	＜0.01	＜0.01	＜0.01
城乡	城区		8 104	101(1.2)	492(6.1)	424(5.2)	1 017(12.5)	10 719	51(0.5)	444(4.1)	246(2.3)	741(6.9)	21 410	47(0.2)	774(3.6)	463(2.2)	1 284(6.0)
	郊县		11 431	134(1.2)	687(6.0)	503(4.4)	1 324(11.6)	15 949	74(0.5)	595(3.7)	337(2.1)	1 006(6.3)	13 615	43(0.3)	470(3.5)	299(2.2)	812(6.0)
		χ²值		0.17	0.02	7.07	4.11		0.00	2.80	0.91	3.74		2.65	0.60	0.03	0.01
		P值		0.69	0.88	0.01	0.04		0.96	0.09	0.34	0.05		0.10	0.44	0.86	0.92
注：()内数字为检出率/%。

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