海南省汉族中小学生2005—2019年营养不良趋势分析

左欣; 李颖琪; 赵樱樱; 关昌荣; 梁绮晴; 田冶; 刘玉梅

doi:10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2024199

海南省汉族中小学生2005—2019年营养不良趋势分析

doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2024199

海南医学院公共卫生学院，海口 571199

基金项目:

海南省教育厅委托项目 HXK220036

详细信息

作者简介:
左欣(1998-)，女，四川资阳人，在读硕士，主要研究方向为疾病预防与控制

通讯作者:
田冶，E-mail: 492892365@qq.com

刘玉梅，E-mail: liuyumei@hainmc.edu.cn

利益冲突 所有作者声明无利益冲突。
中图分类号: R179 R153.2 R193
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2024-03-19
- 修回日期: 2024-05-05
- 网络出版日期: 2024-07-27
- 刊出日期: 2024-07-25

Trend analysis of malnutrition among primary and middle school students of Han nationality in Hainan Province from 2005 to 2019

College of Public Health, Hainan Medical University, Haikou (571199), Hainan Province, China

摘要

摘要: 目的了解2005—2019年海南省汉族中小学生营养不良变化趋势，为完善儿童青少年营养改善措施提供参考依据。方法以中国学生体质与健康调研中海南省2005，2010，2014和2019年的32 949名7~18岁汉族中小学生为样本，采用《学龄儿童青少年营养不良筛查标准》判定营养不良类型。采用χ²检验、χ²趋势检验进行统计学分析。结果在2005—2019年的4次调查中，中小学生的营养不良检出率分别为22.12%，18.80%，15.89%，9.56%，增幅为-12.56%，年平均增速为-5.82%，呈现逐年下降趋势(χ_趋势²=600.72，P < 0.01)，其中消瘦类型占比最高(8.87%~20.15%)。2005—2019年7~18岁各年龄组学生营养不良检出率均呈下降趋势(χ_趋势²值分别为56.44，60.04，61.48，42.49，51.81，50.81，72.86，101.34，86.38，24.81，17.72，10.38，P值均 < 0.01)；2005—2019年4次调查中，男生营养不良检出率均高于女生，2005—2014年3次调查中，乡村学生营养不良检出率均高于城镇(χ²值分别为92.07，35.16，25.29，29.98；64.35，4.26，6.32，P值均 < 0.05)。结论 2005—2019年海南省7~18岁汉族中小学生的营养不良呈逐年改善趋势，以消瘦型为主，但总体检出率仍较高，在不同年龄、性别和城乡间存在差异。应进一步采取针对性措施加强对中小学生膳食的干预，以改善儿童青少年营养状况。
- 营养不良 /
- 儿童 /
- 青少年 /
- 消瘦
Abstract: Objective To understand the trends in malnutrition among primary and middle school students of Han nationality in Hainan Province from 2005 to 2019, so as to provide a basis for improving nutrition intervention measures for children and adolescents. Methods A sample of 32 949 Han nationality primary and middle school students aged 7-18 years old in Hainan Province were investigated in 2005, 2010, 2014 and 2019 based on national survey on student physical fitness and health. The Malnutrition Screening Standard of School-age Children and Adolescents was used to screen malnutrition. Statistical analysis was performed using the χ² test and the χ_trend² test. Results In the four surveys conducted during 2005 to 2019, the prevalence of malnutrition among primary and middle school students were 22.12%, 18.80%, 15.89% and 9.56%, respectively, with an increase of -12.56% and an average annual increase of -5.82%. The decreasing trend of malnutrition by year was statistically significant (χ_trend²=600.72, P < 0.01), and the proportion of emaciation type was the highest (8.87%-20.15%). The detection rates of malnutrition among all students aged 7 to 18 showed a decreasing trend from 2005 to 2019 (χ_trend²=56.44, 60.04, 61.48, 42.49, 51.81, 50.81, 72.86, 101.34, 86.38, 24.81, 17.72, 10.38, P < 0.01). From 2005 to 2019, the detection rates of malnutrition in boys were higher than that of girls (in 4 surveys), and that in rural students from 2005 to 2014 of 3 surveys were higher than that in towns (χ²=92.07, 35.16, 25.29, 29.98; 64.35, 4.26, 6.32, P < 0.05). Conclusions The malnutrition of Han nationality primary and middle school students aged 7-18 years in Hainan Province show a trend of improvement year by year from 2005 to 2019, despite the overall high detection rate. Wasting is the most common type of malnutrition. The epidemic of malnutrition varies by age, sex and areas. Further targeted measures should be taken to strengthen intervention in the diet of primary and middle school students, to improve the nutritional status of children and adolescents.
- Malnutriton /
- Child /
- Adolescent /
- Emaciation
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表 1 海南省2005—2019年汉族儿童青少年营养不良检出率及趋势分析

Table 1. Distribution and trend analysis of the prevalence of malnutrition of Han nationality children and adolescents in Hainan Province from 2005 to 2019

年份	人数	生长迟缓	中重度消瘦	轻度消瘦	合计
2005	5 881	116(1.97)	618(10.51)	567(9.64)	1 301(22.12)
2010	6 807	136(2.00)	555(8.15)	589(8.65)	1 280(18.80)
2014	7 200	99(1.38)	482(6.69)	563(7.82)	1 144(15.89)
2019	13 061	90(0.69)	470(3.60)	688(5.27)	1 248(9.56)
χ_趋势²值		73.80	366.56	140.45	600.72
P值		< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01
注： ()内数字为检出率/%。

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表 2 海南省不同年龄组汉族儿童青少年2005—2019年营养不良检出率及趋势分析

Table 2. Distribution and trend analysis of malnutrition detection rate among Han nationality children and adolescents by age in Hainan Province from 2005 to 2019

年份	年龄	人数	统计值	生长迟缓	中重度消瘦	轻度消瘦	合计	年份	年龄	人数	统计值	生长迟缓	中重度消瘦	轻度消瘦	合计
2005	7	523		12(2.29)	70(13.38)	36(6.88)	118(22.56)	2014	7	600		9(1.50)	48(8.00)	37(6.17)	94(15.67)
	8	454		10(2.20)	57(12.56)	38(8.37)	105(23.13)		8	600		10(1.67)	48(8.00)	33(5.50)	91(15.17)
	9	485		19(3.92)	51(10.52)	37(7.63)	107(22.06)		9	600		5(0.83)	41(6.83)	34(5.67)	80(13.33)
	10	488		10(2.05)	47(9.63)	33(6.76)	90(18.44)		10	600		5(0.83)	31(5.17)	42(7.00)	78(13.00)
	11	594		10(1.68)	60(10.10)	43(7.24)	113(19.02)		11	600		2(0.33)	42(7.00)	35(5.83)	79(13.17)
	12	380		10(2.63)	36(9.47)	35(9.21)	81(21.32)		12	600		6(1.00)	31(5.17)	53(8.83)	90(15.00)
	13	465		3(0.65)	42(9.03)	58(12.47)	103(22.15)		13	600		3(0.50)	14(2.33)	35(5.83)	52(8.67)
	14	523		2(0.38)	62(11.85)	66(12.62)	130(24.86)		14	600		2(0.33)	33(5.50)	48(8.00)	83(13.83)
	15	598		9(1.51)	66(11.04)	78(13.04)	153(25.59)		15	600		6(1.00)	41(6.83)	56(9.33)	103(17.17)
	16	516		8(1.55)	51(9.88)	59(11.43)	118(22.87)		16	600		17(2.83)	46(7.67)	72(12.00)	135(22.50)
	17	474		10(2.11)	43(9.07)	42(8.86)	95(20.04)		17	600		9(1.50)	43(7.17)	62(10.33)	114(19.00)
	18	381		13(3.41)	33(8.66)	42(11.02)	88(23.10)		18	600		25(4.17)	64(10.67)	56(9.33)	145(24.17)
			χ_趋势²值	1.45	4.74^*	17.56^*	0.94				χ_趋势²值	13.75^*	1.38	27.64^*	34.17^*
			χ²值	27.38^*	12.46	36.94^*	15.62				χ²值	61.24^*	43.80^*	42.24^*	91.40^*
2010	7	577		6(1.04)	52(9.01)	43(7.45)	101(17.50)	2019	7	1 152		9(0.78)	51(4.43)	46(3.99)	106(9.20)
	8	555		5(0.90)	56(10.09)	35(6.31)	96(17.30)		8	1 116		7(0.63)	49(4.39)	42(3.76)	98(8.78)
	9	588		12(2.04)	44(7.48)	36(6.12)	92(15.65)		9	1 138		4(0.35)	39(3.43)	49(4.31)	92(8.08)
	10	573		10(1.75)	32(5.58)	39(6.81)	81(14.14)		10	1 209		6(0.50)	34(2.81)	53(4.38)	93(7.69)
	11	572		10(1.75)	53(9.27)	33(5.77)	96(16.78)		11	1 192		6(0.50)	40(3.36)	49(4.11)	95(7.97)
	12	585		6(1.03)	50(8.55)	39(6.67)	95(16.24)		12	1 278		5(0.39)	26(2.03)	78(6.10)	109(8.53)
	13	533		5(0.94)	27(5.07)	48(9.01)	80(15.01)		13	1 075		4(0.37)	24(2.23)	51(4.74)	79(7.35)
	14	590		8(1.36)	43(7.29)	77(13.05)	128(21.69)		14	1 031		0	24(2.33)	54(5.24)	78(7.57)
	15	580		16(2.76)	58(10.00)	59(10.17)	133(22.93)		15	1 015		4(0.39)	34(3.35)	54(5.32)	92(9.06)
	16	568		20(3.52)	44(7.75)	62(10.92)	126(22.18)		16	1 028		11(1.07)	50(4.86)	77(7.49)	138(13.42)
	17	530		14(2.64)	45(8.49)	66(12.45)	125(23.58)		17	989		15(1.52)	51(5.16)	67(6.77)	133(13.45)
	18	556		24(4.32)	51(9.17)	52(9.35)	127(22.84)		18	838		19(2.27)	48(5.73)	68(8.11)	135(16.11)
			χ_趋势²值	21.61^*	0.01	28.34^*	30.83^*				χ_趋势²值	15.49^*	3.41	35.65^*	46.45^*
			χ²值	38.45^*	20.81^*	51.01^*	50.38^*				χ²值	57.62^*	49.15^*	46.68^*	101.54^*
注： *P＜0.05；()内数字为检出率/%。

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表 3 海南省不同性别汉族儿童青少年2005—2019年营养不良检出率及趋势分析

Table 3. Distribution and trend analysis of nutrition detection rate of Han nationality children and adolescents by gender in Hainan Province from 2005 to 2019

性别	年份	人数	统计值	生长迟缓	中重度消瘦	轻度消瘦	合计
男	2005	3 136		56(1.79)	409(13.04)	381(12.15)	846(26.98)
	2010	3 472		73(2.10)	300(8.64)	376(10.83)	749(21.57)
	2014	3 600		47(1.31)	255(7.08)	348(9.67)	650(18.06)
	2019	6 709		42(0.63)	261(3.89)	430(6.41)	733(10.93)
			χ_趋势²值	37.48	274.21	102.52	429.18
			P值	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01
女	2005	2 745		60(2.19)	209(7.61)	186(6.78)	455(16.58)
	2010	3 335		63(1.89)	255(7.65)	213(6.39)	531(15.92)
	2014	3 600		52(1.44)	227(6.31)	215(5.97)	494(13.72)
	2019	6 352		48(0.76)	209(3.29)	258(4.06)	515(8.11)
			χ_趋势²值	36.31	98.31	35.75	173.18
			P值	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01
注： ()内数字为检出率/%。

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表 4 海南省城乡地区汉族儿童青少年2005—2019年营养不良检出率及趋势分析

Table 4. Distribution and trend analysis of nutrition detection rate between urban and rural Han nationality children and adolescents in Hainan Province from 2005 to 2019

城乡	年份	人数	统计值	生长迟缓	中重度消瘦	轻度消瘦	合计
城镇	2005	3 575		49(1.37)	332(9.29)	285(7.97)	666(18.63)
	2010	3 441		52(1.51)	254(7.38)	307(8.92)	613(17.81)
	2014	3 600		31(0.86)	231(6.42)	271(7.53)	533(14.81)
	2019	6 691		36(0.54)	256(3.83)	324(4.84)	616(9.21)
			χ_趋势²值	25.02	130.01	53.97	241.02
			P值	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01
乡村	2005	2 306		67(2.91)	286(12.40)	282(12.23)	635(27.54)
	2010	3 366		84(2.50)	301(8.94)	282(8.38)	667(19.82)
	2014	3 600		68(1.89)	251(6.97)	292(8.11)	611(16.97)
	2019	6 370		54(0.85)	214(3.36)	364(5.71)	632(9.92)
			χ_趋势²值	57.50	259.17	96.06	427.50
			P值	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01
注： ()内数字为检出率/%。

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