Interpretation and mirror of the National Health Education Standards in the United States
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摘要: 在重大公共卫生事件频发的背景下, 开展有效的学校健康教育是提高学生健康素养, 构筑中国公共卫生体系的重要举措。文章运用文献资料法、对比分析法解读美国健康教育课程标准(National Health Education Standards, NHES), 为中国提出镜鉴。美国NHES由标准框架、学业质量、测评方案、公平原则等组分构成, 对中国的镜鉴包括: 推进"基于标准"的健康教育课程建设, 开发"基于技能"的健康教育课程体系, 构建"基于表现"的综合评价体系。Abstract: In the context of frequent public health events, effective school health education is an important measure to improve students' health literacy and public health system of China. The study examined the National Health Education Standards in the U.S., based on a literature review and comparative analysis, to provide guidance for China. Using the method of liberature riview paper interprets the curriculum of National Health Education Standards in the U.S. and provides a mirror for China. Health Education standards in the U.S. are characterized by their academic quality, standardized framework, assessment program, equity principles, and other components. A mirror for China includes promoting the construction of the standards-based health education curriculum, developing the skills-based health education curriculum system, and constructing a performance-based comprehensive evaluation system.
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Key words:
- Health education /
- Curriculum /
- Reference standards /
- United States /
- Child health services
1) 利益冲突声明 所有作者声明无利益冲突。 -
表 1 美国健康教育课程标准框架
Table 1. Framework for Health Education Standards in U.S.
标准 内容 1 理解与健康促进和疾病预防有关的概念，以增强健康 2 分析家庭、同龄人、文化、媒体、技术和其他因素对健康行为的影响 3 展示获取有效信息和产品及服务的能力，以增强健康 4 证明有能力使用人际沟通技巧增强健康，避免或减少健康风险 5 证明有能力使用决策技能提高健康水平 6 证明有能力使用目标设定技能提高健康水平 7 证明有能力实践增进健康的行为，避免或减少健康风险 8 展现出倡导个人、家庭和社区健康的能力 
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表 2 美国健康教育标准1和3表现性学业质量
Table 2. Health Education standards 1 and 3 performance academic quality in U.S.
标准 幼儿园至小学二年级 小学三至五年级 初中六至八年级 高中九至十二年级 1 确定健康的行为会影响个人的健康等5条 描述健康行为与个人健康之间的关系等5条 分析健康行为与个人健康之间的关系等9条 预测健康的行为如何影响健康状况等9条 3 分辨出能够帮助促进健康的值得信赖的成年人和专业人员等2条 识别出有效的健康信息、产品和服务的特征等2条 分析健康信息、产品和服务的有效性等5条 评估健康信息、产品和服务的有效性等5条
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表 3 禁烟专题学习评价案例
Table 3. Examples of evaluation of learning on anti-tobacco topics
评价形式 评价方法 评价类型 评价内容 评价指标 应用环境 非正式评价 表现性评价 过程性评价 日常表现 禁烟知识(标准1)：禁烟知识间的关联性与结构化程度倡导技能(标准8)：健康促进的立场、支持立场的证据与材料、对受众的了解程度、立场的坚定性 日常表现与课堂表现 正式评价 纸笔测试 总结性评价 答题结果 1.分析禁烟的5个优点，其中应提到禁烟对提高个人健康福祉的作用
2.列举吸烟者戒烟的4个基本步骤，以及应该避免出现的情况
3.列出可以帮助吸烟者戒烟的2种产品和3种社会服务，并提供证明每种产品或服务有效性的证据和理由阶段性测试与期末测试 项目式评价 过程性评价 任务表现 健康认知(标准1)：个人健康行为与个体健康水平关系的分析健康信息、服务与产品(标准3)：提供能够证明健康信息、产品与服务有效性的证据 禁烟专题教学任务的评价项目
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