南京市中小学校直饮水卫生状况及影响因素分析

陈春静; 葛明; 郑雨虹; 熊丽林

doi:10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2024065

南京市中小学校直饮水卫生状况及影响因素分析

doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2024065

南京市疾病预防控制中心环境卫生科，江苏 210003

基金项目:

南京市卫生科技发展项目 YKK19124

详细信息

作者简介:
陈春静(1985-)，女，河北省人，硕士，副主任医师，主要从事环境卫生与健康工作

通讯作者:
熊丽林，E-mail：hzxionglilin@163.com

利益冲突声明 所有作者声明无利益冲突。
中图分类号: G478 R123.1 R193
计量
- 文章访问数: 109
- HTML全文浏览量: 63
- PDF下载量: 21
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-11-08
- 修回日期: 2023-12-22
- 网络出版日期: 2024-03-02
- 刊出日期: 2024-02-25

Analysis of direct-drinking water quality and its influencing factors in primary and secondary schools in Nanjing City

Department of Environmental Health, Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing (210003), Jiangsu Province, China

摘要

摘要: 目的了解南京市学校直饮水卫生现状及影响因素，为学校饮水安全管理提供依据。方法采用分层随机抽样法选取南京市146所中小学校的直饮水设备，于2023年4—7月对出水中菌落总数和高锰酸盐指数进行检测。采用Mann-Whitney U检验比较组间差异，采用多元线性回归分析其影响因素。结果南京市学校直饮水菌落总数M(P₂₅，P₇₅)为1.00(0.00，15.50)CFU/mL；高锰酸盐指数M(P₂₅，P₇₅)为0.47(0.26, 0.75)mg/L。菌落总数在滤芯更换时间>3个月和铺设管网时升高，高锰酸盐指数在滤芯更换时间>3个月和采用活性炭工艺时升高(Z值分别为-2.21，-3.92，-2.31，-8.45，P值均 < 0.05)。多元线性回归分析结果显示，滤芯更换时间＞3个月与菌落总数呈正相关，工艺类型为活性炭、有铺设管网和滤芯更换时间＞3个月与高锰酸盐指数均呈正相关(β值分别为167.08，0.32，0.35，0.11，P值均＜0.05)。结论南京市中小学校直饮水在水质安全方面存在一定的问题。学校应及时更换滤芯并维护直饮水设备，确保校园水质卫生安全。
- 饮水 /
- 细菌 /
- 高锰酸盐指数 /
- 回归分析 /
- 环境监测 /
- 学生保健服务
Abstract: Objective To investigate the quality and influencing factors of direct-drinking water in schools in Nanjing City, so as to provide basis for management of school drinking water. Methods From April to July 2023, direct drinking water equipment from 146 primary and secondary schools were selected from Nanjing City using a stratified random sampling method and tested for colony forming units (CFU) and permanganate index. Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the differences between groups, and multiple linear regression was used to analyze the influencing factors. Results The CFU and permanganate levels of school direct drinking water in Nanjing City were 1.00(0.00, 15.50)CFU/mL and 0.47(0.26, 0.75)mg/L, respectively. The CFU level increased when the filter replacement time exceeded 3 months and when the water source was piped, while the permanganate index increased when the filter replacement time exceeded 3 months and using activated carbon technology (Z=-2.21, -3.92, -2.31, -8.45, P < 0.05). The results of multiple linear regression analysis showed that the replacement time of filter element exceeding 3 months was positively correlated with the CFU level, and the process type involving activated carbon, a laid pipe network and a filter replacement time exceeding 3 months were positively correlated with the permanganate index(β=167.08, 0.32, 0.35, 0.11, P < 0.05). Conclusions There are certain problems with the water quality of primary and secondary school direct drinking water in Nanjing City. Schools should promptly replace the filter and maintain the drinking water equipment to ensure the hygiene and safety of campus water quality.
- Drinking /
- Bacteria /
- Permanganate index /
- Regression analysis /
- Environmental monitoring /
- Student health services
注释:

1) 利益冲突声明 所有作者声明无利益冲突。

HTML全文

表 1 不同组别学校直饮水菌落总数和高锰酸盐指数比较

Table 1. Comparison of CFU and permanganate index in different groups of school direct drinking water

组别	样本数	菌落总数/(CFU·mL^-1)		高锰酸盐指数/(mg·L^-1)
组别	样本数	M(P₂₅, P₇₅)	Z值	M(P₂₅, P₇₅)	Z值
学校类型
小学	178	0.00(0.00, 11.50)	-0.22	0.56(0.28, 0.77)	-0.84
中学	218	0.00(0.00, 16.25)		0.45(0.25, 0.76)
地区
农村	126	2.00(0.00, 16.50)	-0.49	0.36(0.25, 0.80)	-1.30
城市	270	1.00(0.00, 11.75)		0.52(0.28, 0.74)
工艺类型
反渗透/纳滤	170	1.00(0.00, 16.00)	-0.70	0.27(0.23, 0.39)	-8.45^**
活性炭	226	0.00(0.00, 13.50)		0.67(0.53, 0.79)
铺设管网
无	386	1.00(0.00, 10.50)	-3.92^**	0.41(0.26, 0.71)	-0.40
有	10	3.00(0.00, 46.50)		0.53(0.24, 0.61)
滤芯更换时间
≤3个月	222	0.00(0.00, 5.25)	-2.21^*	0.39(0.25, 0.56)	-2.31^*
>3个月	174	2.50(0.00, 27.50)		0.66(0.28, 0.77)
注：P＜0.05，*P＜0.01。

下载: 导出CSV

表 2 中小学校直饮水中菌落总数和高锰酸盐指数多元线性回归分析(n=396)

Table 2. Multiple linear regression analysis of CFU and permanganate index in direct drinking water in primary and secondary schools(n=396)

自变量	选项	参照组	菌落总数		高锰酸盐指数
自变量	选项	参照组	β值(95%CI)	P值	β值(95%CI)	P值
学校类型	中学	小学	-100.77(-246.55~45.02)	0.17	-0.03(-0.11~0.04)	0.36
地区	城市	农村	169.06(-13.40~351.52)	0.07	-0.03(-0.13~0.05)	0.44
工艺类型	活性炭	反渗透/纳滤	39.83(-91.41~171.07)	0.55	0.32(0.25~0.38)	＜0.01
铺设管网	有	无	-48.08(-442.87~346.71)	0.81	0.35(0.15~0.54)	＜0.01
滤芯更换时间	>3个月	≤3个月	167.08(12.90~321.26)	0.03	0.11(0.04~0.19)	＜0.01

下载: 导出CSV

参考文献(15)

[1]	SUH H, KAVOURAS S A. Water intake and hydration state in children[J]. Eur J Nutr, 2019, 58(2): 475-496. doi: 10.1007/s00394-018-1869-9
[2]	CHOURAQUI J P. Children's water intake and hydration: a public health issue[J]. Nutr Rev, 2023, 81(5): 610-624. doi: 10.1093/nutrit/nuac073
[3]	邓旭, 王宏源. 我国校园直饮水现状及分析[J]. 质量与认证, 2018(9): 54-55, 62. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-RZJU201809022.htm DENG X, WANG H Y. Analysis of direct drinking water on campus in China[J]. China Qual Certif, 2018(9): 54-55, 62. (in Chinese) https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-RZJU201809022.htm
[4]	王婷, 孙东雷, 张遵真. 1999-2018年我国直饮水卫生状况和监督管理分析[J]. 预防医学情报杂志, 2020, 36(1): 42-47. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YFYX202001011.htm WANG T, SUN D L, ZHANG Z Z. Analysis of sanitary status and supervision and management of direct drinking water in China during 1999-2018[J]. J Prev Med Inf, 2020, 36 (1): 42-47. (in Chinese) https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YFYX202001011.htm
[5]	祁静, 闫学亚, 翟学东. 浅谈管道直饮水净化技术[J]. 当代化工研究, 2022(20): 58-60. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZJTY202220018.htm QI J, YAN X Y, ZHAI X D. Brief analysis on treatment of piped direct drinking water[J]. Mod Chem Res, 2022(20): 58-60. (in Chinese) https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZJTY202220018.htm
[6]	中华人民共和国卫生部. 生活饮用水标准检验方法: GB/T 5750—2006[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2006. Ministry of Health of the PRC. Standard examination methods for drinking water: GB/T 5750-2006[S]. Beijing: Standards Press of China, 2006. (in Chinese)
[7]	HU F, YANG J, LI P, et al. Is direct-drinking water safe for children? An analysis of direct-drinking water quality and its risk factors in Shanghai elementary and middle schools[J]. Int J Hyg Environ Health, 2021, 231: 113650. doi: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113650
[8]	张雪英, 龚华. 2016—2020年上海市某区中小学校饮用水微生物污染状况分析[J]. 应用预防医学, 2021, 27(6): 559-561. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-758X.2021.06.024 ZHANG X Y, GONG H. Analysis of microbial pollution in drinking water of primary and secondary schools in a district of Shanghai from 2016-2020[J]. Appl Prev Med, 2021, 27(6): 559-561. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-758X.2021.06.024
[9]	朱波, 叶小莉, 冯奋栋, 等. 2018—2021年深圳市罗湖区中小学校及托幼机构管道直饮水监测结果分析[J]. 职业与健康, 2022, 38(21): 2963-2966. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZYJK202221018.htm ZHU B, YE X L, FENG F D, et al. Analysis on monitoring results of piping drinking-water of primary and secondary schools and kindergartens in Luohu District of Shenzhen City during 2018-2021[J]. Occup Health, 2022, 38(21): 2963-2966. (in Chinese) https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZYJK202221018.htm
[10]	张润松, 陈雨萍. 2016—2020年嵊州市学校直饮水消毒及监测结果分析[J]. 中国消毒学杂志, 2022, 39(2): 143-144. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZGXD202202020.htm ZHANG R S, CHEN Y P. Analysis of disinfection and monitoring results of direct drinking water in schools in Shengzhou City from 2016-2020[J]. Chin J Disinfect, 2022, 39(2): 143-144. (in Chinese) https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZGXD202202020.htm
[11]	窦冠珅, 应晓华. 上海市中小学直饮水设备实施效果和满意度调查[J]. 中国学校卫生, 2018, 39(10): 1536-1539. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XIWS201810030.htm DOU G S, YING X H. Effect and satisfaction of direct drinking water equipment in middle and primary schools of Shanghai[J]. Chin J Sch Health, 2018, 39(10): 1536-1539. (in Chinese) https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XIWS201810030.htm
[12]	王肖红, 李龙建, 王丽, 等. 一起学校净化饮水机出水铅超标事件调查[J]. 中国卫生检验杂志, 2022, 32(9): 1135-1137. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZWJZ202209030.htm WANG X H, LI L J, WANG L, et al. An investigation into incident of excessive plumbum in water from a school water purification dispenser[J]. Chin J Health Lab Technol, 2022, 32(9): 1135-1137. (in Chinese) https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZWJZ202209030.htm
[13]	岳舜琳. 水的耗氧量的卫生学意义[J]. 给水排水, 2004, 30(6): 37-39. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-JZJS200406014.htm YUE S L. Hygienic significances of oxygen consumption of water[J]. Water Wastewater Eng, 2004, 30(6): 37-39. (in Chinese) https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-JZJS200406014.htm
[14]	杨艰萍, 林建海, 李萍, 等. 基于学校直饮水水质评价的标准应用与分析[J]. 中国卫生监督杂志, 2021, 28(1): 49-53. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-WSJD202101010.htm YANG J P, LIN J H, LI P. et al. Application and analysis of evaluation standards for direct-drinking water quality at schools[J]. Chin J Health Insp, 2021, 28(1): 49-53. (in Chinese) https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-WSJD202101010.htm
[15]	杜颖. 饮用水管网生物膜微生物群落结构多样及其影响因子解析[D]. 汕头: 汕头大学, 2023. DU Y. Microbial diversity of biofilms in drinking water distribution systems and the influential factors[D]. Shantou: Shantou University, 2023. (in Chinese)