课后延时体育服务对小学生体质的影响

张斌; 李良; 王梦蝶; 徐建方

doi:10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2024042

课后延时体育服务对小学生体质的影响

doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2024042

国家体育总局体育科学研究所，北京 100061

基金项目:

国家重点研发计划主动健康和老龄化科技应对重点专项项目 2020YFC2007001

详细信息

作者简介:
张斌(1991-)，男，山东德州人，博士，副研究员，主要研究方向为儿童青少年体质健康促进

通讯作者:
徐建方，E-mail：xujianfang@ciss.cn

利益冲突声明 所有作者声明无利益冲突。
中图分类号: G806 G804.49 G478
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-09-20
- 修回日期: 2023-11-27
- 网络出版日期: 2024-03-02
- 刊出日期: 2024-02-25

Effects of after-school exercise service on physical fitness in primary school students

China Institute of Sport Science, Beijing (100061), China

摘要

摘要: 目的探讨“双减”背景下1学年课后延时体育服务(简称“课后体育服务”)对小学生体质健康的影响，为明确课后体育服务所产生的体质健康促进作用提供依据。方法于2021年9月—2022年7月，选取长沙市某小学四年级学生作为研究对象，分为对照组和课后延时体育服务组(简称“课后体育组”)(均为220名)。对照组仅参加学校体育课；课后体育组在学校体育课基础上增加为期1学年的课后体育服务，每周4次，40~50 min/次，共32周。分别在2021年9—10月和2022年6—7月测量小学生身高、体重、体脂百分率等身体形态指标以及50 m跑、握力、渐进式有氧耐力跑(PACER)等身体素质指标，采用独立样本t检验、χ²检验和双因素重复测量方差分析进行统计分析。结果 1学年后，课后体育组小学生肌肉量[(13.76±2.32)kg]相较于对照组[(13.52±2.30)kg]升高，腰臀比[(0.95±0.16)]、体脂百分率[(20.17±7.43)%]指标水平较对照组[(1.01±0.21)，(22.02±12.34)%]均下降(F值分别为330.70，6.85，4.33，P值均 < 0.05)。课后体育组小学生超重肥胖率由19.5%下降至12.3%(χ²=4.35，P < 0.05)。课后体育组较对照组小学生50 m跑[(10.00±1.06，10.21±0.83)s]、1 min仰卧起坐[(33.25±8.24，30.76±9.34)次]、坐位体前屈[(14.53±7.50，8.59±6.32)cm]、1 min跳绳[(125.01±30.50，115.97±32.09)次]、闭眼单脚站立[(30.00±34.72，25.72±23.82)s]、选择反应时[(635.66±91.72，652.79±120.42)ms]和最大摄氧量[(45.31±1.02，43.67±0.85)mL/(kg·min)]测试成绩均有提升，差异均有统计学意义(F值分别为5.32，443.14，97.23，814.07，36.49，6.11，396.91，P值均 < 0.05)。结论课后体育服务有助于改善小学生的身体形态、降低超重肥胖率，提升小学生身体素质。学校可根据学生需求适当增加课后体育服务，从而促进学生的体质健康。
- 体育和训练 /
- 身体素质 /
- 生长和发育 /
- 身体形态 /
- 学生
Abstract: Objective To investigate the effects of after-school exercise service (referred to as the "after-school ES") on physical health, so as to provide evidence for possible beneficial effect of after-school ES. Methods Students in the fourth grade of primary school were recruited from September 2021 to July 2022 in Changsha City and divided into the control group (n=220) and the after-school ES group (n=220). The control group only participated in the regular physical education activities of the school. The after-school ES group received after-school ES for one academic year, 4 times a week, 40-50 minutes per time, for a total of 32 weeks. Body shape indicators such as height, weight and percentage of body fat, as well as physical fitness indicators such as 50-meter running, grip strength and progressive aerobic cardiovascular endurance run (PACER) were measured in September to October 2021 and June to July 2022, respectively. Independent sample t-test, Chi-square test and two-factors repeated measurement analysis of variance were used for statistical analysis of the data. Results After one academic year, compared with the control group [(13.52±2.30)kg], muscle mass of primary school students in the after-school ES group [(13.76±2.32)kg] significantly increased, while waist-to-hip ratio [(0.95±0.16)] and percentage of body fat [(20.17±7.43)%] significantly decreased compared to the control group [(1.01±0.21), (22.02±12.34)%](F=330.70, 6.85, 4.33, P < 0.05). The proportion of overweight and obesity in after-school ES group decreased significantly from 19.5% to 12.3% (χ²=4.35, P < 0.05). Compared with the control group, the scores of 50-meter running [(10.00±1.06, 10.21±0.83)s], 1-minute sit-up [(33.25±8.24, 30.76±9.34)times], sitting and flexion [(14.53±7.50, 8.59±6.32)cm], 1-minute rope skipping [(125.01±30.50, 115.97±32.09)times], eyes closed and single legged standing [(30.00±34.72, 25.72±23.82)s], selective response time [(635.66±91.72, 652.79±120.42)ms] and VO_2max [(45.31±1.02, 43.67±0.85)mL/(kg ·min)] in the after-school ES group were significantly improved, with statistical significance (F=5.32, 443.14, 97.23, 814.07, 36.49, 6.11, 396.91, P < 0.05). Conclusions After-school ES can improve body shape of primary school students, reduce the risk of overweight and obesity and enhance physical fitness. It is recommended that schools should appropriately increase after-school ES to promote physical fitness of students.
- Physical education and training /
- Physical fitness /
- Growth and development /
- Physical shape /
- Students
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表 1 小学生课后体育服务方案内容

Table 1. Arrangement of after-school ES for primary school students

模块	具体内容	时间/min
热身活动	热身：包括双脚左右跳、振臂跳、弓步跳、原地提踵等运动时长：单个动作练习两组，每组30 s，间歇15 s 练习速度：根据动作特点选择中速或快速	5
正式活动	体育锻炼：包括动态胸部扩张、旋转跳90°、开合跳、单腿站立胯下击掌、原地慢跑、俯身胸椎旋转、俯身划船等；单个动作练习两组，每组30 s，间歇15 s，根据动作特点选择中速-快速体育游戏：包括脚猜拳、跳绳接力、小推车、踢毽子、绕杆S形接力、接力运球等，每次10 min	30~40
放松拉伸	放松：包括肩部拉伸、颈部拉伸、肱三头肌拉伸、股四头肌拉伸、站立勾脚等运动时长：单个动作练习两组，每组15 s，间歇10 s，拉伸必须到位且静态保持相应时间练习速度：根据动作特点选择静态保持或慢速	5

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表 2 对照组与课后体育组小学生基线时各指标比较(x±s)

Table 2. Comparison of the index values of baseline among primary school students between control group and after-school ES group(x±s)

组别	人数	身高/cm	体重/kg	BMI/(kg·m^-2)	腰围/cm	臀围/cm	腰臀比	肌肉量/kg	脂肪量/kg	体脂百分率/%
对照组	220	140.69±6.74	34.53±7.02	17.43±2.78	64.51±4.84	64.65±6.36	0.98±0.13	13.10±2.73	7.91±4.05	21.19±9.48
课后体育组	220	140.42±5.90	34.71±6.74	17.96±3.63	64.88±4.49	63.84±6.07	0.99±0.13	13.13±2.09	7.89±3.66	21.47±7.29
t值		0.37	-0.24	-1.80	-0.79	1.34	-0.16	-0.15	0.06	-0.35
P值		0.71	0.81	0.07	0.43	0.18	0.88	0.88	0.95	0.73

组别	人数	50 m跑/s	握力/kg	1 min仰卧起坐/次	立定跳远/cm	坐位体前屈/cm	1 min跳绳/次	闭眼单脚站立/s	选择反应时/ms	最大摄氧量/[mL·(kg·min)^-1]
对照组	220	10.31±1.06	14.09±3.17	29.42±9.08	132.82±17.71	6.98±6.50	101.55±34.13	18.26±16.27	677.60±125.64	41.17±1.57
课后体育组	220	10.43±1.10	14.13±3.17	27.61±5.48	128.43±17.06	8.14±6.46	101.54±34.93	18.71±16.47	680.56±112.69	41.32±2.11
t值		-1.13	-0.12	0.49	0.49	-1.94	< 0.01	-0.28	-0.27	-0.93
P值		0.26	0.91	0.60	0.60	0.05	1.00	0.78	0.79	0.36

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表 3 两组小学生前后测身体形态指标比较(x±s)

Table 3. Comparison of body shape indicators of primary school students between two groups on the pre-test and post-test(x±s)

组别	前后测	人数	身高/cm	体重/kg	BMI/(kg·m^-2)	腰围/cm	臀围/cm	腰臀比	肌肉量/kg	脂肪量/kg	体脂百分率/%
课后体育组	前测	220	140.42±5.90	34.71±6.74	17.96±3.63	64.88±4.49	63.84±6.07	0.99±0.13	13.13±2.09	7.89±3.66	21.47±7.29
	后测	220	141.25±6.18	35.29±7.28	17.58±2.93	66.76±9.48	69.77±8.27	0.95±0.16	13.76±2.32	7.76±3.53	20.17±7.43
对照组	前测	220	140.69±6.74	34.53±7.02	17.43±2.78	64.51±4.84	64.65±6.36	0.98±0.13	13.10±2.73	7.91±4.05	21.19±9.48
	后测	220	141.58±6.69	35.25±6.59	17.47±2.90	71.96±6.92	69.03±7.36	1.01±0.21	13.52±2.30	7.94±4.24	22.02±12.34
P₁值			< 0.01	0.17	0.27	< 0.01	< 0.01	0.61	< 0.01	0.72	0.54
P₂值			0.54	0.82	0.04	< 0.01	0.81	0.02	< 0.01	0.52	0.08
P₃值			0.90	0.89	0.24	< 0.01	< 0.01	0.01	< 0.01	0.55	0.04
注：P₁值为时间主效应，P₂值为组别主效应，P₃值为交互效应。

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表 4 两组小学生前后测身体素质指标比较(x±s)

Table 4. Comparison of physical fitness indicators of primary school students between two groups on the pre-test and post-test(x±s)

组别	前后测	人数	50 m跑/s	握力/kg	1 min仰卧起坐/次	立定跳远/cm	坐位体前屈/cm	1 min跳绳/次	闭眼单脚站立/s	选择反应时/ms	最大摄氧量/[mL·(kg·min)^-1]
课后体育组	前测	220	10.43±1.10	14.13±3.17	28.06±4.85	131.61±14.18	8.14±6.46	101.54±34.93	18.71±16.47	680.56±112.69	41.32±2.11
	后测	220	10.00±1.06	14.38±2.30	33.25±8.24	142.29±18.72	14.53±7.50	125.01±30.50	30.00±34.72	635.66±91.72	45.31±1.02
对照组	前测	220	10.31±1.06	14.09±3.17	29.05±8.48	130.07±15.47	6.99±6.51	101.55±34.13	18.26±16.27	677.60±125.64	41.17±1.57
	后测	220	10.21±0.83	14.18±3.17	30.76±9.34	139.78±17.00	8.59±6.32	115.97±32.09	25.72±23.82	652.79±120.42	43.67±0.85
P₁值			< 0.01	0.37	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01
P₂值			0.54	0.64	< 0.01	0.31	< 0.01	0.01	< 0.01	0.39	< 0.01
P₃值			< 0.01	0.38	< 0.01	0.40	< 0.01	0.01	0.08	0.04	< 0.01
注：P₁值为时间主效应，P₂值为组别主效应，P₃值为交互效应。

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