北京市中小学生营养状况及相关因素分析

王艳; 孙冰洁; 赵海; 许惠玉; 高若伊; 罗慧娟; 郭欣

doi:10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2024041

北京市中小学生营养状况及相关因素分析

doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2024041

王艳¹,
孙冰洁²,
赵海²,
许惠玉¹,
高若伊¹,
罗慧娟¹,
郭欣^{1, 2, ,}

1.
首都医科大学公共卫生学院，北京 100069
2.
北京市疾病预防控制中心学校卫生所

基金项目:

北京市卫生健康委员会高层次公共卫生技术人才建设项目领军人才-01-09

详细信息

作者简介:
王艳(1996-)，女，安徽滁州人，在读硕士，主要研究方向为儿童青少年疾病预防控制

通讯作者:
郭欣，E-mail: gguoxin2000@126.com

利益冲突声明 所有作者声明无利益冲突。
中图分类号: R153.2 R723.14 R179
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- HTML全文浏览量: 67
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-05-22
- 修回日期: 2023-10-08
- 网络出版日期: 2024-03-02
- 刊出日期: 2024-02-25

Nutritional status and its related factors among primary and secondary school students in Beijing City

1.
School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing (100069), China

摘要

摘要: 目的评估北京市中小学生营养状况并分析相关因素，为针对性地改善中小学生营养状况提供科学依据。方法依托2021年北京市学生常见病和健康影响因素监测项目，采用分层随机整群抽样方法，于2021年9—11月对25 487名中小学生进行体格检查和问卷调查。采用χ²检验进行营养状况检出率的组间比较，采用无序多分类Logistic回归分析探讨学生营养状况的相关因素。结果北京市中小学生的营养不良、超重、肥胖检出率分别为4.7%，18.0%，23.8%。男生营养不良、超重、肥胖检出率(5.1%，20.4%，29.7%)均高于女生(4.2%，15.5%，17.4%)(χ²值分别为12.23，101.71，526.99，P值均＜0.01)。郊区学生肥胖检出率高于城区学生(26.6%，19.8%)，营养不良检出率低于城区学生(4.2%，5.5%)(χ²值分别为157.25，23.61，P值均＜0.01)。无序多分类Logistic回归分析结果显示，性别、居住地、每天中高强度运动≥60 min和睡眠不足均是营养不良、超重和肥胖的相关因素(OR值分别为1.70，1.88，2.48；1.14，0.87，0.67；0.85，0.92，0.81；0.83，1.08，1.07)；每天油炸食物食用频率是超重的相关因素(OR=0.70)；是否每天吃早餐是超重和肥胖的相关因素(OR值分别为0.91，0.84)；学段(初中和高中)是营养不良和肥胖的相关因素(OR值分别为1.38，1.37；0.77，1.40)(P值均＜0.05)。结论北京市中小学生超重肥胖问题较为严重，男生、郊区学生尤需重点关注。建议社会、学校、家庭和个人多方联动，采取分级分类方法改善中小学生的营养状况。
- 营养状况 /
- 超重 /
- 肥胖症 /
- 回归分析 /
- 学生
Abstract: Objective To assess the nutritional status of primary and secondary school students in Beijing City and to analyze the related factors, so as to provide a scientific basis for improving the nutritional status of primary and secondary school students in a targeted manner. Methods Based on the 2021 Beijing Student Common Diseases and Health Influencing Factors Surveillance Project, a stratified random cluster sampling method was used to conduct a physical examination and questionnaire survey on 25 487 primary and secondary school students from September to November 2021. The Chi-square test was used for comparison of nutritional status detection rates, and disordered multi-classification Logistic regression analysis was used to explore the factors associated with students' nutritional status. Results The detection rates of malnutrition, overweight and obesity among primary and secondary school students in Beijing City were 4.7%, 18.0% and 23.8% respectively. The detection rates of malnutrition, overweight and obesity were higher among male students (5.1%, 20.4%, 29.7%) than female students (4.2%, 15.5%, 17.4%) (χ²=12.23, 101.71, 526.99, P<0.01). The detection rate of obesity was higher in the suburbs than urban areas(26.6%, 19.8%), and the detection rate of malnutrition was lower in the suburbs than urban areas (4.2%, 5.5%)(χ²=157.25, 23.61, P<0.01). The results of disordered multi-classification Logistic regression showed that the related factors for malnutrition, overweight and obesity were gender, residence, moderate-to-vigorous exercise ≥60 min per day and lack of sleep(OR=1.70, 1.88, 2.48; 1.14, 0.87, 0.67; 0.85, 0.92, 0.81; 0.83, 1.08, 1.07); frequency of fried food intake daily was a related factor for overweight (OR=0.70); whether eating breakfast daily or not was a related factor for overweight and obesity (OR=0.91, 0.84); academic level (middle and high school) was a related factor for malnutrition and obesity (OR=1.38, 1.37; 0.77, 1.40)(P<0.05). Conclusions The problem of overweight and obesity among primary and secondary school students in Beijing City continues to be serious, especially among boys and suburban areas. It is recommended that society, schools, families and individuals should work together to improve the nutritional status of primary and secondary school students by adopting a graded and classified approach.
- Nutritional status /
- Overweight /
- Obesity /
- Regression analysis /
- Students
注释:

1) 利益冲突声明 所有作者声明无利益冲突。

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表 1 北京市不同组别中小学生营养状况比较

Table 1. Comparison of of nutritional status among primary and middle school students with different groups in Beijing City

组别	选项	人数	统计值	营养不良	超重	肥胖
性别	男	13 158		677(5.1)	2 681(20.4)	3 906(29.7)
	女	12 329		520(4.2)	1 913(15.5)	2 150(17.4)
			χ²值	12.23	101.71	526.99
			P值	＜0.01	＜0.01	＜0.01
居住地	城区	10 502		574(5.5)	1 883(17.9)	2 076(19.8)
	郊区	14 985		623(4.2)	2 711(18.1)	3 980(26.6)
			χ²值	23.61	0.11	157.25
			P值	＜0.01	0.74	＜0.01
学段	小学	8 483		377(4.4)	1 464(17.3)	2 303(27.1)
	初中	8 084		277(3.4)	1 452(18.0)	1 836(22.7)
	高中	8 920		543(6.1)	1 678(18.8)	1 917(21.5)
			χ²值	68.89	7.14	84.02
			P值	＜0.01	0.03	＜0.01
注：()内数字为检出率/%。

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表 2 中小学生营养状况相关因素的单因素分析

Table 2. Univariate analysis of related factors of nutritional status among primary and middle school students

变量	选项	人数	统计值	营养不良	超重	肥胖
喝含糖饮料/(次·d^-1)	＜1	23 699		1 094(4.6)	4 265(18.0)	5 605(23.7)
	≥1	1 788		103(5.8)	329(18.4)	451(25.2)
			χ²值	4.87	0.18	2.27
			P值	0.03	0.67	0.13
吃油炸食物/(次·d^-1)	＜1	24 285		1 143(4.7)	4 414(18.2)	5 749(23.7)
	≥1	1 202		54(4.5)	180(15.0)	307(25.5)
			χ²值	0.12	7.94	2.21
			P值	0.73	0.01	0.14
吃新鲜水果/(次·d^-1)	＜1	5 739		323(5.6)	1 054(18.4)	1 361(23.7)
	≥1	19 748		874(4.4)	3 540(17.9)	4 695(23.8)
			χ²值	14.36	0.58	0.01
			P值	＜0.01	0.05	0.93
吃蔬菜/(次·d^-1)	＜1	2 678		138(5.2)	479(17.9)	648(24.2)
	≥1	22 809		1 059(4.6)	4 115(18.0)	5 408(23.7)
			χ²值	1.39	0.04	0.31
			P值	0.24	0.84	0.58
每天吃早餐	是	20 435		974(4.8)	3 647(17.8)	4 768(23.3)
	否	5 052		223(4.4)	947(18.7)	1 288(25.5)
			χ²值	1.12	2.21	10.46
			P值	0.29	0.14	＜0.01
每天中高强度运动≥60 min	是	5 994		257(4.3)	1 096(18.3)	1 409(23.5)
	否	19 493		940(4.8)	3 498(17.9)	4 647(23.8)
			χ²值	2.93	0.36	0.28
			P值	0.09	0.55	0.60
睡眠不足	是	12 637		581(4.6)	2 346(18.6)	2 889(22.9)
	否	12 850		616(4.8)	2 248(17.5)	3 167(24.6)
			χ²值	0.55	4.94	11.20
			P值	0.46	0.03	＜0.01
注：()内数字为检出率/%。

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表 3 中小学生营养状况的无序多分类Logistic回归分析(n=25 487)

Table 3. Multinomial Logistic regressions analysis of nutritional status among primary and middle school students (n=25 487)

自变量	分类	营养不良		超重		肥胖
自变量	分类	OR值(95%CI)	P值	OR值(95%CI)	P值	OR值(95%CI)	P值
性别	女	1.00		1.00		1.00
	男	1.70(1.50~1.91)	＜0.01	1.88(1.75~2.01)	＜0.01	2.48(2.32~2.64)	＜0.01
居住地	郊区	1.00		1.00		1.00
	城区	1.14(1.00~1.28)	0.04	0.87(0.81~0.93)	＜0.01	0.67(0.63~0.71)	＜0.01
学段	小学	1.00		1.00		1.00
	初中	1.38(1.17~1.63)	＜0.01	1.08(0.99~1.18)	0.07	1.37(1.27~1.48)	＜0.01
	高中	0.77(0.66~0.90)	＜0.01	1.01(0.92~1.10)	0.92	1.40(1.28~1.52)	＜0.01
每天吃早餐	否	1.00		1.00		1.00
	是	1.09(0.93~1.27)	0.30	0.91(0.83~0.99)	0.03	0.84(0.77~0.91)	＜0.01
喝含糖饮料/(次·d^-1)	＜1	1.00		1.00		1.00
	≥1	1.25(0.99~1.58)	0.06	1.08(0.93~1.24)	0.31	1.05(0.92~1.20)	0.44
吃油炸食物/(次·d^-1)	＜1	1.00		1.00		1.00
	≥1	0.76(0.56~1.02)	0.07	0.70(0.59~0.84)	＜0.01	0.93(0.79~1.08)	0.32
吃新鲜水果/(次·d^-1)	＜1	1.00		1.00		1.00
	≥1	0.85(0.74~0.98)	0.30	1.08(0.93~1.10)	0.31	1.02(0.91~1.10)	0.65
吃蔬菜/(次·d^-1)	＜1	1.00		1.00		1.00
	≥1	1.07(0.88~1.30)	0.52	1.10(0.98~1.23)	0.11	1.10(0.99~1.23)	0.07
每天中高强度运动≥60 min	否	1.00		1.00		1.00
	是	0.85(0.73~0.99)	0.03	0.92(0.85~0.99)	0.04	0.81(0.75~0.87)	＜0.01
睡眠不足	否	1.00		1.00		1.00
	是	0.83(0.73~0.95)	0.01	1.08(1.00~1.16)	0.04	1.07(1.00~1.15)	0.05

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