中国西部5省农村学校环境卫生状况

查玉娥; 符元证; 姚伟

doi:10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.07.029

中国西部5省农村学校环境卫生状况

doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.07.029

查玉娥^{1, 2},
符元证^{2, 3},
姚伟^1, ,

1.
中国疾病预防控制中心农村改水技术指导中心，北京 102200
2.
中国疾病预防控制中心环境与人群健康重点实验室/环境与健康相关产品安全所
3.
中国医科大学公共卫生学院

基金项目: 联合国儿童基金会项目

详细信息

作者简介:
查玉娥(1986-)，女，宁夏人，硕士，助理研究员，主要研究方向为环境卫生学、环境暴露组学

通讯作者:
姚伟，E-mail: yaowei@ncrwstg.chinacdc.cn

中图分类号: G478 R127 R123.1
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- 文章访问数: 573
- HTML全文浏览量: 257
- PDF下载量: 45
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-01-16
- 修回日期: 2021-02-19
- 网络出版日期: 2021-07-23
- 刊出日期: 2021-07-25

Rural school environment and sanitation in five provinces of western China

CHA Yu'e^{1, 2},
FU Yuanzheng^{2, 3},
YAO Wei^{1
, ,}

1.
National Center for Rural Water Supply Technical Guidance, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing(102200), China

摘要

摘要: 目的了解中国西部农村学校环境卫生情况，为改善学校卫生环境条件和促进学生健康发育提供数据支持和参考依据。方法以“学校全方位环境改善项目”为基础，于2018年9—12月在广西、贵州、重庆、云南、西藏各随机抽取12所小学，共60所小学38 087名学生，通过访谈、现场观察与询问等方法调查学校环境卫生，从而获得调查数据。结果所有学校均有供水，有80.0%(48所)的学校供水能够满足师生使用需求，91.7%(55所)的学校为学生提供饮水设施，93.3%(56所)的学校为学生提供洗手设施，66.7%(40所)的学校为学生提供肥皂等清洁用品。71.7%(43所)的学校有卫生厕所，40.0%(24所)的学校女厕所蹲位数合格，86.7%(52所)的学校厕所清洁，58.3%(35所)的学校厕所无臭味。学校垃圾处理方式以专业机构收集为主，定点堆放为辅，分别占45.0%(27所)和35.0%(21所)。学校生活污水排放方式采用明沟排放、暗沟排放和管道排放的均占30%左右(22，17和20所)。有93.3%(56所)的学校开设健康教育课程，91.7%(55所)的学校有校园卫生制度，70.0%(42所)的学校有饮用水卫生管理制度，41.7%(25所)的学校有厕所管理制度。结论学校基础环境卫生硬件设施配备较好，但在环境卫生管理制度制定、配备洗手清洁用品等方面有待改善。
- 环境监测 /
- 环境卫生 /
- 组织和管理 /
- 农村卫生
Abstract: Objective To understand environmen and sanitation of rural schools in western China, and to provide data support and reference for improving school environmental conditions and facilities and promoting the healthy development of students. Methods Based on the "School Comprehensive Environmental Improvement Project", a total of 38 087 students from 60 primary school from were randomly selected from 5 provinces in western China from September to December 2018. Environment and sanitation of schools was investigated through interviews, on-site observation and inquiry, so as to obtain the survey data. Results All schools had water supply, 80.0% (48) could meet the needs of teachers and students, 91.7% (55) provided drinking water facilities, 93.3% (56) provided hand-washing facilities, and 66.7% (40) provided soap and other cleaning supplies for students. 71.7% (43) of the schools had sanitary toilets, 40.0% (24) toilets were qualified for femail, 86.7% (52) were clean and 58.3% (35) were odorless. The garbage disposal Methods of schools are mainly collected by professional institutions, supplemented by fixed-point stacking, accounting for 45.0% (27) and 35.0% (21) respectively. About 30% (22, 17, 20) of school sewage is discharged by open ditch, underground ditch and pipeline. 93.3% (56) of schools offered health education courses, 91.7% (55) had sanitation system, 70.0% (42) had drinking water sanitation management system, and 41.7% (25) had toilet management system. Conclusion The basic environmental sanitation facilities in the school are well equipped, and there are some problems to be improved in the establishment of environmental sanitation management system and the provision of hand washing and cleaning supplies.
- Environmental monitoring /
- Environmental health /
- Organization and administration /
- Rural health

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表 1 不同组别学校饮用水设施具备率比较

Table 1. Comparison of the availability rate of drinking water facilities in different groups of schools

组别	选项	学校数	统计值	供水满足使用要求	提供饮水设施	提供洗手设施	提供清洁用品
地区	广西	12		7(58.3)	11(91.7)	11(91.7)	6(50.0)
	贵州	12		10(83.3)	8(66.7)	9(75.0)	7(58.3)
	新疆	12		9(75.0)	12(100.0)	12(100.0)	3(25.0)
	云南	12		10(83.3)	12(100.0)	12(100.0)	12(100.0)
	重庆	12		12(100.0)	12(100.0)	12(100.0)	12(100.0)
			χ²值	6.88	13.09	13.59	23.25
			P值	0.14	0.01	0.09	0.00
是否寄宿	是	32		22(68.8)	31(96.9)	32(100.0)	19(59.4)
	否	28		26(92.9)	24(85.7)	24(85.7)	21(75.0)
			χ²值	5.42	2.44	4.90	5.32
			P值	0.02	0.12	0.03	0.02
注：( )内数字为具备率/%。

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表 2 不同组别学校厕所卫生条件比较

Table 2. Comparison of the availability rate of toliet sanitary conditions different groups of schools

组别	选项	学校数	统计值	卫生厕所	蹲位合格		厕所卫生		厕所专人管理
组别	选项	学校数	统计值	卫生厕所	男厕	女厕	清洁	无臭味	厕所专人管理
地区	广西	12		12(100.0)	9(75.0)	2(16.7)	12(100.0)	9(75.0)	4(33.3)
	贵州	12		6(50.0)	8(66.7)	2(16.7)	12(100.0)	6(50.0)	0
	新疆	12		4(33.3)	10(83.3)	2(16.7)	4(33.3)	1(8.3)	0
	云南	12		9(75.0)	11(91.7)	9(75.0)	12(100.0)	7(58.3)	0
	重庆	12		12(100.0)	12(100.0)	9(75.0)	12(100.0)	12(100.0)	7(58.3)
			χ²值	21.01	6.00	20.42	36.92	22.63	22.71
			P值	0.00	0.20	0.00	0.00	0.00	0.00
是否寄宿	是	32		24(75.0)	26(81.3)	14(43.8)	26(81.3)	17(53.1)	6(18.8)
	否	28		19(67.9)	24(85.7)	10(35.7)	26(92.9)	18(64.3)	5(17.9)
			χ²值	0.38	0.21	0.40	1.74	0.12	0.01
			P值	0.54	0.64	0.53	0.19	0.73	0.93
注：( )内数字为百分率或合格率/%；云南省有2所学校既有卫生厕所又有非卫生厕所。

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表 3 不同组别学校垃圾处理及污水排放方式分布比较

Table 3. Comparison of School garbage treatment and sewage discharge mode

组别	选项	学校数	垃圾处理方式					污水排放方式
组别	选项	学校数	定点堆放	校内处理	专业机构收集	其他	χ²值	随意	明沟	暗沟	管道	χ²值
地区	广西	12	4(33.3)	1(8.3)	5(41.7)	2(16.7)	58.18^**	0	3(25.0)	5(41.7)	4(33.3)	22.51^*
	贵州	12	12(100.0)	0	0	0		0	5(41.7)	4(33.3)	3(25.0)
	新疆	12	2(16.7)	0	10(83.3)	0		1(8.3)	6(50.0)	0	5(41.7)
	云南	12	3(25.0)	3(25.0)	1(8.3)	5(41.7)		0	8(66.7)	3(25.0)	1(8.3)
	重庆	12	0	0	11(91.7)	1(8.3)		0	0	5(41.7)	7(58.3)
是否寄宿	是	32	5(15.6)	2(6.3)	19(59.4)	6(18.8)	12.03^*	1(3.1)	12(37.5)	8(25.0)	11(34.4)	1.18
	否	28	16(57.1)	2(7.1)	8(28.6)	2(7.1)		0	10(35.7)	9(32.1)	9(32.1)
注：( )内数字为构成比/%；P<0.05，*P<0.01。

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表 4 不同组别学校环境卫生管理制度报告率比较

Table 4. Comparison of school environmental sanitation management system

组别	选项	学校数	统计值	健康教育	饮用水卫生管理	厕所管理制度	校园卫生制度
地区	广西	12		11(91.7)	7(58.3)	3(25.0)	11(91.7)
	贵州	12		11(91.7)	11(91.7)	11(91.7)	12(100.0)
	新疆	12		11(91.7)	9(75.0)	3(25.0)	12(100.0)
	云南	12		12(100.0)	3(25.0)	0	8(66.7)
	重庆	12		11(91.7)	12(100.0)	8(66.7)	12(100.0)
			χ²值	1.07	20.32	26.74	13.09
			P值	0.90	0.00	0.00	0.01
是否寄宿	是	32		30(93.8)	21(65.6)	10(31.3)	30(93.8)
	否	28		26(92.9)	21(75.0)	15(53.6)	25(89.3)
			χ²值	0.02	0.63	3.06	0.39
			P值	0.89	0.43	0.08	0.53
注：( )内数字为报告率/%。

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