Volume 45 Issue 3
Mar.  2024
Turn off MathJax
Article Contents
LUO Yuzhu, TAO Shuman. Research progress on lifestyle-related dry eye in children and adolescents[J]. CHINESE JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH, 2024, 45(3): 443-447. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2024071
Citation: LUO Yuzhu, TAO Shuman. Research progress on lifestyle-related dry eye in children and adolescents[J]. CHINESE JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH, 2024, 45(3): 443-447. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2024071

Research progress on lifestyle-related dry eye in children and adolescents

doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2024071
  • Received Date: 2023-11-27
  • Rev Recd Date: 2024-01-13
  • Available Online: 2024-03-29
  • Publish Date: 2024-03-25
  • Dry eye is a multifactorial ocular surface disease characterized by tear film homeostasis imbalance, which usually causes eye discomfort and visual impairment. With the change of environment and lifestyle, the incidence of dry eye in children and adolescents has risen steadily. Epidemiological studies have confirmed that the incidence of dry eye is closely related to unhealthy lifestyle. Prevention should be given great priority to in avoiding lifestyle-related dry eye. The review summarizes the definition, epidemiology, risk factors and preventive measures of lifestyle-related dry eye, so as to provide a theoretical basis for improving the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of lifestyle related dry eye in children and adolescents.
  • loading
  • [1]
    HAKIM F E, FAROOQ A V. Dry eye disease: an update in 2022[J]. JAMA, 2022, 327(5): 478-479. doi: 10.1001/jama.2021.19963
    [2]
    金子群, 李从心, 温莹. 生活方式与儿童干眼相关性的研究进展[J]. 国际眼科杂志, 2023, 23(9): 1503-1506. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GJYK202309016.htm

    JIN Z Q, LI C X, WEN Y. Research progress on the relationship between lifestyle and dry eye in children[J]. Int J Ophthalmol, 2023, 23(9): 1503-1506. (in Chinese) https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GJYK202309016.htm
    [3]
    亚洲干眼协会中国分会, 海峡两岸医药卫生交流协会眼科学专业委员会眼表与泪液病学组, 中国医师协会眼科医师分会眼表与干眼学组. 中国干眼专家共识: 生活方式相关性干眼(2022年)[J]. 中华眼科杂志, 2022, 58(8): 573-583. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112142-20220509-00236

    Chinese Branch of the Asian Dry Eye Society, Ocular Surface and Tear Film Diseases Group of Ophthalmology Committee of Cross-Straits Medicine Exchange Association, Ocular Surface and Dry Eye Group of Chinese Ophthalmologist Association. Chinese expert consensus on dry eye: lifestyle-related dry eye (2022)[J]. Chin J Ophthalmol, 2022, 58(8): 573-583. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112142-20220509-00236
    [4]
    CHIDI-EGBOKA N C, GOLEBIOWSKI B, LEE S Y, et al. Dry eye symptoms in children: can we reliably measure them?[J]. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt, 2021, 41(1): 105-115. doi: 10.1111/opo.12762
    [5]
    邵毅, 陈鲁嘉, 邹洁. 干眼的诊断评估与治疗规范: 2021年专家共识解读[J]. 眼科新进展, 2022, 42(10): 757-762. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XKJZ202210001.htm

    SHAO Y, CHEN L J, ZOU J. Diagnostic evaluation and therapeutic specifications for dry eye: interpretation of the 2021 expert consensus[J]. Rec Adv Ophthalmol, 2022, 42(10): 757-762. (in Chinese) https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XKJZ202210001.htm
    [6]
    中华医学会眼科学分会角膜病学组. 干眼临床诊疗专家共识(2013年)[J]. 中华眼科杂志, 2013, 49(1): 73-75. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412-4081.2013.01.020

    Corneal Disease Group of the Ophthalmology Branch of the Chinese Medical Association. Consensus among clinical diagnosis and treatment experts for dry eyes(2013)[J]. Chin J Ophthalmol, 2013, 49(1): 73-75. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.0412-4081.2013.01.020
    [7]
    亚洲干眼协会中国分会, 海峡两岸医药卫生交流协会眼科学专业委员会眼表与泪液病学组, 中国医师协会眼科医师分会眼表与干眼学组. 中国干眼专家共识: 检查和诊断(2020年)[J]. 中华眼科杂志, 2020, 56(10): 741-747. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112142-20200714-00477

    Chinese Branch of the Asian Dry Eye Society, Ocular Surface and Tear Film Diseases Group of Ophthalmology Committee of Cross-Straits Medicine Exchange Association, Ocular Surface and Dry Eye Group of Chinese Ophthalmologist Association. Chinese expert consensus on dry eye: inspection and diagnosis[J]. Chin J Ophthalmol, 2020, 56(10): 741-747. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112142-20200714-00477
    [8]
    黎彦宏, 宋金鑫, 杨建刚, 等. 儿童与成人干眼临床表现的差异性研究[J]. 国际眼科杂志, 2019, 19(9): 1619-1622. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GJYK201909051.htm

    LI Y H, SONG J X, YANG J G, et al. Study on the difference of clinical manifestations of dry eye between children and adults[J]. Int Eye Sci, 2019, 19(9): 1619-1622. (in Chinese) https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GJYK201909051.htm
    [9]
    刘玉林, 吴护平. 儿童干眼症相关因素的研究进展[J]. 国际眼科杂志, 2018, 18(11): 1982-1985. doi: 10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2018.11.08

    LIU Y L, WU H P. Research progress on related factors of dry eye in children[J]. Int Eye Sci, 2018, 18(11): 1982-1985. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2018.11.08
    [10]
    赵军, 赵宏伟, 宫玉波, 等. Keratograph 5M综合眼表分析仪在评估低龄儿童干眼中的应用[J]. 医学研究杂志, 2020, 49(4): 180-182. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YXYZ202004039.htm

    ZHAO J, ZHAO H W, GONG Y B, et al. Application of the Keratograph 5M in the evaluation of dry eye in young children[J]. J Med Res, 2020, 49(4): 180-182. (in Chinese) https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-YXYZ202004039.htm
    [11]
    SCHAUMBERG D A, GULATI A, MATHERS W D, et al. Development and validation of a short global dry eye symptom index[J]. Ocul Surf, 2007, 5(1): 50-57. doi: 10.1016/S1542-0124(12)70053-8
    [12]
    WOLFFSOHN J S, ARITA R, CHALMERS R, et al. TFOS DEWS Ⅱ diagnostic methodology report[J]. Ocul Surf, 2017, 15(3): 539-574. doi: 10.1016/j.jtos.2017.05.001
    [13]
    JOHNSON M E, MURPHY P J. Measurement of ocular surface irritation on a linear interval scale with the ocular comfort index[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2007, 48(10): 4451-4458. doi: 10.1167/iovs.06-1253
    [14]
    CHALMERS R L, BEGLEY C G, CAFFERY B. Validation of the 5-Item dry eye questionnaire (DEQ-5): discrimination across self-assessed severity and aqueous tear deficient dry eye diagnoses[J]. Cont Lens Anterior Eye, 2010, 33(2): 55-60. doi: 10.1016/j.clae.2009.12.010
    [15]
    AMPARO F, SCHAUMBERG D A, DANA R. Comparison of two questionnaires for dry eye symptom assessment: the ocular surface disease index and the symptom assessment in dry eye[J]. Ophthalmology, 2015, 122(7): 1498-1503. doi: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2015.02.037
    [16]
    GULATI A, SULLIVAN R, BURING J E, et al. Validation and repeatability of a short questionnaire for dry eye syndrome[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2006, 142(1): 125-131. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2006.02.038
    [17]
    SCHIFFMAN R M, CHRISTIANSON M D, JACOBSEN G, et al. Reliability and validity of the ocular surface disease index[J]. Arch Ophthalmol, 2000, 118(5): 615-621. doi: 10.1001/archopht.118.5.615
    [18]
    林晨, 杨敏敏, 郑虔. 眼表疾病指数量表中文版的研制和性能评价[J]. 眼科新进展, 2013, 33(1): 38-40. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XKJZ201301013.htm

    LIN C, YANG M M, ZHENG Q. Development and evaluation of Chinese version questionnaires of ocular surface disease index[J]. Rec Adv Ophthalmol, 2013, 33(1): 38-40. (in Chinese) https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XKJZ201301013.htm
    [19]
    CHAO C, GOLEBIOWSKI B, CUI Y, et al. Development of a chinese version of the ocular comfort index[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2014, 55(6): 3562-3571. doi: 10.1167/iovs.14-14276
    [20]
    BEGLEY C G, CHALMERS R L, MITCHELL G L, et al. Characterization of ocular surface symptoms from optometric practices in North America[J]. Cornea, 2001, 20(6): 610-618. doi: 10.1097/00003226-200108000-00011
    [21]
    GROSS L G, POZZEBON M E, FAVARATO A P, et al. Translation and validation of the 5-Item dry eye questionnaire into Portuguese[J]. Arq Bras Oftalmol, 2022. DOI: 10.5935/0004-2749.2022-0197.
    [22]
    AKOWUAH P K, ADJEI-ANANG J, NKANSAH E K, et al. Comparison of the performance of the dry eye questionnaire (DEQ-5) to the ocular surface disease index in a non-clinical population[J]. Cont Lens Anterior Eye, 2022, 45(3): 101441. doi: 10.1016/j.clae.2021.101441
    [23]
    STAPLETON F, ALVES M, BUNYA V Y, et al. TFOS DEWS Ⅱ epidemiology report[J]. Ocul Surf, 2017, 15(3): 334-365. doi: 10.1016/j.jtos.2017.05.003
    [24]
    SHEPPARD J, SHEN L B, PERIMAN L M. Dry eye disease: identification and therapeutic strategies for primary care clinicians and clinical specialists[J]. Ann Med, 2023, 55(1): 241-252. doi: 10.1080/07853890.2022.2157477
    [25]
    MOON J H, KIM K W, MOON N J. Smartphone use is a risk factor for pediatric dry eye disease according to region and age: a case control study[J]. BMC Ophthalmol, 2016, 16(1): 188. doi: 10.1186/s12886-016-0364-4
    [26]
    宁玉贤, 赵少贞. 儿童干眼的患病率及危险因素[J]. 国际眼科纵览, 2020, 44(2): 117-120. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2020.02.008

    NING Y X, ZHAO S Z. Prevalence and risk factors of dry eye in children[J]. Int Rev Ophthalmol, 2020, 44(2): 117-120. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1673-5803.2020.02.008
    [27]
    DANA R, BRADLEY J L, GUERIN A, et al. Estimated prevalence and incidence of dry eye disease based on coding analysis of a large, all-age United States Health Care System[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2019, 202: 47-54. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2019.01.026
    [28]
    DONTHINENI P R, KAMMARI P, SHANBHAG S S, et al. Incidence, demographics, types and risk factors of dry eye disease in India: electronic medical records driven big data analytics report I[J]. Ocul Surf, 2019, 17(2): 250-256. doi: 10.1016/j.jtos.2019.02.007
    [29]
    UCHINO M, DOGRU M, UCHINO Y, et al. Japan Ministry of Health study on prevalence of dry eye disease among Japanese high school students[J]. Am J Ophthalmol, 2008, 146(6): 925-929. doi: 10.1016/j.ajo.2008.06.030
    [30]
    HAN S B, YANG H K, HYON J Y, et al. Children with dry eye type conditions may report less severe symptoms than adult patients[J]. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol, 2013, 251(3): 791-796. doi: 10.1007/s00417-012-2097-2
    [31]
    谢书浓, 许元弘, 韩雅玲. 昌都市14岁以下儿童干眼症患病情况调查及危险因素分析[J]. 国际眼科杂志, 2020, 20(10): 1830-1833. doi: 10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2020.10.36

    XIE S N, XU Y H, HAN Y L. Investigation and risk factors of dry eye in children under 14 years old in Changdu City[J]. Int Eye Sci, 2020, 20(10): 1830-1833. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2020.10.36
    [32]
    卢聪聪, 刘勤, 白惠玲, 等. 兰州市小学生干眼患病情况及相关因素分析[J]. 国际眼科杂志, 2018, 18(6): 1101-1104. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GJYK201806033.htm

    LU C C, LIU Q, BAI H L, et al. Prevalence and related factors of dry eye in primary school pupils in Lanzhou[J]. Int Eye Sci, 2018, 18(6): 1101-1104. (in Chinese) https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GJYK201806033.htm
    [33]
    刘院斌, 郭俊儿, 武忠华, 等. 汾阳市9~14岁儿童干眼患病现状及危险因素分析[J]. 中国学校卫生, 2015, 36(8): 1214-1216. http://www.cjsh.org.cn/article/id/zgxxws201508030

    LIU Y B, GUO J E, WU Z H, et al. Epidemiologic study of dry eye in Fenyang school children in Shanxi Province[J]. Chin J Sch Health, 2015, 36(8): 1214-1216. (in Chinese) http://www.cjsh.org.cn/article/id/zgxxws201508030
    [34]
    WAGNER R S. Smartphones, video display terminals, and dry eye disease in children[J]. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus, 2014, 51(2): 76. doi: 10.3928/01913913-20140220-02
    [35]
    任骁方, 肖林. 儿童视频终端综合征研究进展[J]. 国际眼科杂志, 2013, 13(12): 2427-2430. doi: 10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2013.12.18

    REN X F, XIAO L. Progress on visual display terminal syndrome in children[J]. Int Eye Sci, 2013, 13(12): 2427-2430. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2013.12.18
    [36]
    MOON J H, LEE M Y, MOON N J. Association between video display terminal use and dry eye disease in school children[J]. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus, 2014, 51(2): 87-92. doi: 10.3928/01913913-20140128-01
    [37]
    TSUBOTA K, NAKAMORI K. Dry eyes and video display terminals[J]. N Engl J Med, 1993, 328(8): 584.
    [38]
    林铁柱, 惠延年, 周健, 等. 视屏终端综合征的研究进展[J]. 国际眼科杂志, 2009, 9(10): 1945-1948. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-5123.2009.10.032

    LIN T Z, HUI Y N, ZHOU J, et al. Research advancement in visual display terminals syndrome[J]. Int J Ophthalmol, 2009, 9(10): 1945-1948. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-5123.2009.10.032
    [39]
    CHIDI-EGBOKA N C, JALBERT I, GOLEBIOWSKI B. Smartphone gaming induces dry eye symptoms and reduces blinking in schoo-aged children[J]. Eye (Lond), 2023, 37(7): 1342-1349. doi: 10.1038/s41433-022-02122-2
    [40]
    李新秀, 何书喜. 视频终端对眼表的损害[J]. 国际眼科杂志, 2015, 15(6): 1006-1009. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GJYK201506020.htm

    LI X X, HE S X. Damage of video display terminal to ocular surface[J]. Int J Ophthalmol, 2015, 15(6): 1006-1009. (in Chinese) https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GJYK201506020.htm
    [41]
    PELLEGRINI M, SENNI C, BERNABEI F, et al. The role of nutrition and nutritional supplements in ocular surface diseases[J]. Nutrients, 2020, 12(4): 952. doi: 10.3390/nu12040952
    [42]
    ASKARI G, RAFIE N, MIRAGHAJANI M, et al. Association between vitamin D and dry eye disease: a systematic review and Meta-analysis of observational studies[J]. Cont Lens Anterior Eye, 2020, 43(5): 418-425. doi: 10.1016/j.clae.2020.03.001
    [43]
    KURTUL B E, ÖZER P A, AYDINLI M S. The association of vitamin D deficiency with tear break-up time and Schirmer testing in non-Sjögren dry eye[J]. Eye (Lond), 2015, 29(8): 1081-1084. doi: 10.1038/eye.2015.96
    [44]
    OSAE E A, BULLOCK T, CHINTAPALATI M, et al. Obese mice with dyslipidemia exhibit meibomian gland hypertrophy and alterations in meibum composition and aqueous tear production[J]. Int J Mol Sci, 2020, 21(22): 8772. doi: 10.3390/ijms21228772
    [45]
    LI S, NING K, ZHOU J, et al. Sleep deprivation disrupts the lacrimal system and induces dry eye disease[J]. Exp Mol Med, 2018, 50(3): e451. doi: 10.1038/emm.2017.285
    [46]
    赵丁梦, 杨嘉玮, 朱思泉. 干眼与睡眠障碍关系的研究进展[J]. 国际眼科杂志, 2021, 21(5): 814-817. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GJYK202105016.htm

    ZHAO D M, YANG J W, ZHU S Q. Research progress on the relationship between dry eye and sleep deprivation[J]. Int Eye Sci, 2021, 21(5): 814-817. (in Chinese) https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GJYK202105016.htm
    [47]
    TANG L, WANG X, WU J, et al. Sleep deprivation induces dry eye through inhibition of PPARα expression in corneal epithelium[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2018, 59(13): 5494-5508. doi: 10.1167/iovs.18-24504
    [48]
    XU L, ZHANG W, ZHU X Y, et al. Smoking and the risk of dry eye: a Meta-analysis[J]. Int J Ophthalmol, 2016, 9(10): 1480-1486.
    [49]
    AKTAŞ S, TETIKOĜLU M, KOÇAK A, et al. Impact of smoking on the ocular surface, tear function, and tear osmolarity[J]. Curr Eye Res, 2017, 42(12): 1585-1589. doi: 10.1080/02713683.2017.1362005
    [50]
    LI J, ZHANG G, NIAN S, et al. Dry eye induced by exposure to cigarette smoke pollution: an in vivo and in vitro study[J]. Free Radic Biol Med, 2020, 153: 187-201. doi: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.04.007
    [51]
    EL-SHAZLY A A, EL-ZAWAHRY W M, HAMDY A M, et al. Passive smoking as a risk factor of dry eye in children[J]. J Ophthalmol, 2012, 2012: 130159.
    [52]
    蔡悠冉, 邹文进. 生活方式相关性干眼的研究进展[J]. 眼科新进展, 2022, 42(4): 333-336. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XKJZ202204016.htm

    CAI Y R, ZOU W J. Research progress of lifestyle-related dry eye[J]. Rec Adv Ophthalmol, 2022, 42(4): 333-336. (in Chinese) https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XKJZ202204016.htm
    [53]
    张丽, 马建霞, 王锋, 等. 夜戴型角膜塑形镜对青少年眼表功能的影响[J]. 国际眼科杂志, 2020, 20(11): 1987-1990. doi: 10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2020.11.33

    ZHANG L, MA J X, WANG F, et al. Night-wearing orthokeratology on adolescent ocular surface function[J]. Int J Ophthalmol, 2020, 20(11): 1987-1990. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3980/j.issn.1672-5123.2020.11.33
    [54]
    YAN Z P. Dry eye symptoms and signs in children wearing OK lenses for six months in China[J]. J Fr Ophtalmol, 2020, 43(3): 211-215. doi: 10.1016/j.jfo.2019.07.029
    [55]
    陆玉宇, 朱梦钧, 吴圣城. 配戴角膜塑形镜青少年的干眼症状调查[J]. 上海护理, 2022, 22(7): 25-28. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-SHHL202207006.htm

    LU Y Y, ZHU M J, WU S C. Investigation of dry eye symptoms in adolescents wearing orthokeratology lenses[J]. Shanghai Nurs, 2022, 22(7): 25-28. (in Chinese) https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-SHHL202207006.htm
    [56]
    KOJIMA T. Contact lens-associated dry eye disease: recent advances worldwide and in Japan[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2018, 59(14): DES102-DES108. doi: 10.1167/iovs.17-23685
    [57]
    赵宏伟, 朱雅娟, 刘怡, 等. 角膜塑形镜对泪膜及角膜生物学特性的影响[J]. 国际眼科杂志, 2017, 17(3): 532-534. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GJYK201703040.htm

    ZHAO H W, ZHU Y J, LIU Y, et al. Effect of orthokeratology on tear film and cornea biological characteristics[J]. Int J Ophthalmol, 2017, 17(3): 532-534. (in Chinese) https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-GJYK201703040.htm
    [58]
    朱莉. 早期干预在校大学生视屏终端性眼病效果评价[J]. 中国学校卫生, 2009, 30(5): 451-452. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2024054

    ZHU L. Early intervention effect on visual dispaly terminal (VDT) among undergraduate[J]. Chin J Sch Health, 2009, 30(5): 451-452. (in Chinese) doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2024054
    [59]
    韦福邦, 肖秀林, 许建峥, 等. 视屏终端作业者干眼症患病的调查[J]. 广西医学, 2009, 31(8): 1189-1190. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4304.2009.08.070

    WEI F B, XIAO X L, XU J Z, et al. A survey on the prevalence of dry eye disease among video screen terminal operators[J]. Guangxi Med J, 2009, 31(8): 1189-1190. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.0253-4304.2009.08.070
    [60]
    KAMØY B, MAGNO M, NØLAND S T, et al. Video display terminal use and dry eye: preventive measures and future perspectives[J]. Acta Ophthalmol, 2022, 100(7): 723-739. doi: 10.1111/aos.15105
    [61]
    MOLINA-LEYVA I, MOLINA-LEYVA A, RIQUELME-GALLEGO B, et al. Effectiveness of mediterranean diet implementation in dry eye parameters: a study of PREDIMED-PLUS trial[J]. Nutrients, 2020, 12(5): 1289. doi: 10.3390/nu12051289
    [62]
    KAWASHIMA M, NAKAMURA S, IZUTA Y, et al. Dietary supplementation with a combination of lactoferrin, fish oil, and enterococcus faecium WB2000 for treating dry eye: a rat model and human clinical study[J]. Ocul Surf, 2016, 14(2): 255-263. doi: 10.1016/j.jtos.2015.12.005
    [63]
    NAKAMURA S. Approach to dry eye in video display terminal workers (Basic Science)[J]. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci, 2018, 59(14): DES130-DES137. doi: 10.1167/iovs.17-23762
    [64]
    中华人民共和国教育部办公厅关于进一步加强中小学生睡眠管理工作的通知[EB/OL]. (2021-04-01)[2023-07-31]. http://www.moe.gov.cn/srcsite/A06/s3321/202104/t20210401_523901.html.

    General Office of the Ministry of Education of the PRC issued a circular on further strengthening the sleep management of primary and secondary school students[EB/OL]. (2021-04-01)[2023-07-31]. http://www.moe.gov.cn/srcsite/A06/s3321/202104/t20210401_523901.html. (in Chinese)
  • 加载中

Catalog

    通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com
    • 1. 

      沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院 沈阳 110142

    1. 本站搜索
    2. 百度学术搜索
    3. 万方数据库搜索
    4. CNKI搜索

    Article Metrics

    Article views (123) PDF downloads(28) Cited by()
    Proportional views

    /

    DownLoad:  Full-Size Img  PowerPoint
    Return
    Return