中国学校卫生

Obesity intervention studies in children and adolescents need compliance evaluation

WANG Haijun, YAN Shiyu

2023, 44(4): 481-484. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.04.001

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To curb the epidemic of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents, domestic and foreign scholars have carried out various intervention studies. But the effects of similar intervention measures are not consistent, which may be related to the compliance of intervention studies. Compliance evaluation can better explain the correlation between intervention measures and effects, and strengthening compliance can promote intervention effects. However, at present, there are some problems in compliance evaluation, such as a small number of studies, incomplete evaluation indicators, low quality of evaluation methods, and difficulty in specific implementation, which need to be further solved. In future studies, it is necessary to think about measures that can promote compliance before the intervention, and collect data as much detail as possible on compliance during the implementation process to better evaluate the effects of intervention.

Strategies to enhance the emergency management system for public health emergencies in schools

OU Qixiang, LIU Fagen

2023, 44(4): 485-488. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.04.002

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Schools are key sites for the prevention and control of public health emergencies. Through literature review, determinants of public health emergencies in schools include emergency management awareness, framework, capacity and health care resources. To further improve the emergency management system for public health emergencies in schools, the following measures are recommended: improving the laws and regulations, as well as organizational system for emergency prevention and control in schools, promoting multi-party coordination mechanism, enhancing emergency prevention and control capabilities, strengthening health resource protection, and strengthening the construction of emergency culture.

Relationship between physical activity, sleep duration and overweight, obesity with depressive symptoms among middle school students in Tianjin

SUN Zhiying, LIU Zhonghui, FENG Baojia, ZHANG Xianwei, XU Ke, CHEN Lu

2023, 44(4): 489-493. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.04.003

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Objective To investigate the relationship between physical activity, sleep duration, overweight, obesity and depressive symptoms among middle school students in Tianjin, and to provide the evidence for targeted prevention of depression. Methods In September 2019 to 2021, the stratified cluster sampling method was used to select 52 747 middle school students from 16 districts in Tianjin for questionnaire survey, including demographics, depressive symptom, sleep status and physical activity. The χ² test and multivariate Logistic regression were used to analyze the data. Results The prevalence of depressive symptoms among middle school students in Tianjin was 19.07%, with higher prevalence in female, urban areas, resident students and left-behind students (χ²=128.44, 155.77, 35.29, 19.15, P < 0.05). The prevalence of overweight and obesity were 20.64% and 22.13%, the proportion of students who met physical activity, outdoor activity, sleep duration guideline were 49.54%, 33.64%, 25.77%, respectively. Logistic regression results showed that meeting the guidelines on physical activity, outdoor activity, sleep duration and BMI were negatively correlated with depression symptoms, with sleep duration showed the highest protective effects on depressive symptoms(OR=0.60, 95%CI=0.57-0.63, P < 0.05). Compared with students who did not meet any guidelines, students who met 4 guidelines had a lower risk of depression symptoms(OR=0.39, 95%CI=0.34-0.46, P < 0.05). Conclusion The prevalence of depressive symptoms of middle school students in Tianjin is in moderate level, and the intervention should be comprehensively administered in terms of sleep duration, physical activity, outdoor activities, as well as overweight and obesity to reduce the occurrence of depression symptoms among middle school students.

The relationship among pubertal timing, overweight and obesity and eating disorders in adolescents

CHENG Yaohui, HAN Hui, HAN Wengeng, QI Zhiyuan

2023, 44(4): 494-497. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.04.004

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Objective To understand the relationship among pubertal timing, overweight and obesity, and eating disorders among Bengbu adolescents, and to provide a reference for obesity prevention. Methods Two nine-year schools were conveniently selected in Bengbu, with 683 students from grade 5 to grade 8. Puberty Development Scale (PDS) and Eating Disorders Inventory of Children (EDI-C) subscale were used, height and weight were measured. The associations between obesity, pubertal timing and eating disorders were analyzed. Results The prevalence of overweight and obesity was higher in boys than that in girls, and the rate of early pubertal timing, drive for thinness score, body dissatisfaction score and total eating disorder score were higher in girls than that in boys(χ²/t=28.69, 57.99, 3.47, 2.59, 3.30, P < 0.05). The differences in rate of overweight and obesity, bulimia score and total eating disorder score were statistically significant by grade(χ²/F=28.39, 5.11, 3.95, P < 0.01). There was a positive correlation among overweight obesity and early pubertal timing and eating disorder, and a positive correlation between early pubertal timing and eating disorder(r=0.18, 0.17, 0.14, P < 0.01). The mediating effect of early pubertal timing between overweiht, obesity and eating disorders partially contributed 14.25% to the total effect. Conclusion Overweight and obesity is associated with eating disorders, and early pubertal timing partially mediate the association between overweight obesity and eating disorders. Healthy lifestyle should be advocated in family and school to effectively prevent adolescents' obesity, pubertal timing, and eating disorders.

Evaluation of intervention effect of health education on overweight and obesity among middle school students in Guangzhou

LIANG Jianping, LIANG Yuelang, GUO Jiajia, GONG Zijun, CHENG Qi, LIU Li, YAO Zhenjiang

2023, 44(4): 498-501. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.04.005

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Objective To explore the effect of the comprehensive intervention on overweight and obesity among middle school students at the population level (health education lecture and official account push) and individual level (personalized dietary guidance), so as to provide a reference for preventing and controlling their overweight and obesity. Methods Three junior high schools and three senior high schools were randomly selected in Guangzhou in 2018 by convenience sampling. Through physical examination, 1 457 overweight and obese students aged from 12 to 18 years old were screened. Intervention was administered through "Student Personalized Dietary Guidance" manual, health tweets on the official accounts, and health education lectures from September 2018 to December 2019. The Chi-square test was used to compare the difference in overweight and obesity constituent ratio between the two groups before and after the intervention. And intervention effect was evaluated by analyzing the number needed to treated(NTT). Results The proportion of overweight before the intervention was 66.71% (972/1 457), and decreased to 59.92% (873/1 457) after the intervention; the proportion of obesity before the intervention was 33.29% (485/1 457), which decreased to 26.63% (388/1 457) after the intervention. Among obese students, the smallest NNT was seen in the girl group aged 12-13 years (NNT=2.6, 95%CI=1.9-4.1), while the largest NNT in the boy group aged 14-18 years (NNT=5.9, 95%CI=4.7-8.1). The NNT of the girls aged 12-13 years was the smallest (NNT=2.7, 95%CI=2.2-3.5), and the NNT of the boys aged 14-18 years was the largest (NNT=7.4, 95%CI=6.0-9.7). Conclusion Health education at population level (health education lectures, official account push) with individual level (personalized dietary guidance) can effectively intervene overweight and obesity among middle school students in Guangzhou.

The association between myopia with overweight and obesity in middle school students in Zhengzhou

CHEN Yanzhe, TIAN Xinjie, XING Yiyuan, LIU Yunbo, WANG Xian

2023, 44(4): 502-505. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.04.006

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Objective To understand associated factors of myopia among middle school students in Zhengzhou and to explore the correlation between myopia with overweight and obesity, to provide a scientific basis for myopia prevention. Methods A total of 3 297 middle school students from 8 middle schools in Erqi District, Zhongmu County and Xingyang County of Zhengzhou City were selected by a cluster random sampling method to participate in vision testing and questionnaire survey. Chi-square test, and Logistic regression analysis were used. Results Overall prevalence of myopia of middle school students was 80.5%, overweight 14.7%, obesity 10.1% in Zhengzhou. The prevalence of myopia differed significantly by schooling stage, parental myopia status and sex (χ²=18.34, 23.55, 8.98, 26.53, 27.46, 47.25, P < 0.05). Significant differences in myopia detection rate by after-school homework duration were observed in boys and the entire population(χ²=12.40, 15.25, P < 0.01), and significant differences in myopia detection rate by body mass index (BMI) were only observed in boys (χ²=6.32, P < 0.05). The distribution of myopia severity was statistically significant by sex among junior school students, and by BMI categories among high school students (χ²=22.71, 20.37, P < 0.01). Multivariate binary Logistic regression analysis showed that the risk for myopia among school students who were overweight and obese was 1.81 times higher than that of students who were not overweight and obese(P < 0.01). Conclusion Overweight and obesity might increase the risk of myopia among middle school students, targeted measures should be taken to maintain the healthy weight of middle school students and reduce the risk of myopia.

Effects of total daily physical activity on health improving among adolescents with metabolically unhealthy obesity

LIU Fuxian, ZHU Lin

2023, 44(4): 506-511. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.04.007

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Objective To explore the effect of all-day physical activity in a 4-week closed training camp on the improvement of body composition and cardiovascular metabolic risk in metabolic unhealthy obese adolescents (MUO), so as to provide stronger evidence for the health promotion of obese adolescents with different metabolic states. Methods From July to August 2019, 58 obese adolescents aged 10-17 years from a closed training camp in Shenzhen were recruited and their body composition, blood pressure, lipid profile, and fasting blood glucose before admission were measured. They were divided into MUO group(n=31) and metabolic healthy obese (MHO) group(n=27). Using an Actigraphw GT3xBT triaxial accelerometer, the physical activity of the two groups during the whole day from 9:00 to 19:00 in a closed training camp for four weeks was recorded. After the conclusion of the camp, the above indicators were detected to compare the differences between the two groups before and after the intervention and the changes within the group. Results A total of 51.6% of MUO adolescents transitioned to MHO adolescents; Body weight, BMI-Z score, body fat mass, SBP, TG, HDL-C, and FPG had time×group significant interactions(F=11.25, 11.25, 11.04, 4.89, 16.75, 5.92, 5.57, P < 0.05). The main effect of the group showed that before entering the camp, the BMI-Z score, SBP, TG, and FPG in the MUO group were higher than those in the MHO group, while the HDL-C was lower than those in the MHO group(F=5.60, 6.62, 20.21, 10.17, 31.04, P < 0.05). The main effect of time showed that the body weight, BMI-Z score, body fat mass, SBP, and TG of both groups decreased significantly(P < 0.05), and HDL-C only showed a significant increase in the MUO group(P < 0.01). There was no significant change in FPG in both groups before and after intervention(P>0.05). The time×group interactions of body fat ratio, DBP, TC, and LDL-C was not significant(P>0.05), and the main effect of the group was not significant(P>0.05), the main effect of time was significant(P < 0.01). Conclusion Increased physical activity in the form of closed training camps can help MUO adolescents reduce fat, MUO adolescents should increase physical activity in their daily life to reduce the risk of cardiovascular metabolic diseases.

Effects of a ketogenic diet combined with resistance training on body composition and glucolipid metabolism in the obese and female college students

CHEN Jinxia, CAO Qiaoan, MA Chunhua, SU Xiaoyun

2023, 44(4): 512-516. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.04.008

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Objective To investigate the effects of a ketogenic diet (KD) alone and in combination with resistance training (KD+RT) on body composition and glucolipid metabolism of obese and female college students, and to provide a theoretical basis for the application of KD+RT in obese patients. Methods Totally 45 obese and female college students in Wuyi University were recruited and randomly divided into KD group (n=23) and KD+RT group (n=22) in September 2021. After received training for 4 weeks, the changes of body composition and glucose and lipid metabolism of obese and female college students were compared before and after intervention. Results Both a 4-week KD and KD+RT led to decreases in weight, BMI, body fat mass, body fat percentage, waist to hip ratio, visceral fat area of obese female college students (t=16.19, 16.21, 12.42, 7.99, 2.10, 6.37; 18.82, 18.02, 17.80, 10.72, 3.41, 7.59, P < 0.01). The change of muscle mass was decreased in KD group(t=4.12, P < 0.01), but there was no statistically significant difference in KD+RT group(P>0.05). Both a 4-week KD and KD+RT significantly reduced the levels of the fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin and triglyceride (TG) of obese female college students (t=10.15, 8.94, 6.94, 7.63; 9.23, 12.75, 9.85, 9.09, P < 0.01), and increased the high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level(t=-7.36, -5.22, P < 0.01). However, only KD+RT group had a significant decrease in the level of LDL (t=5.27, P < 0.01), and there was no significant change in the level of TC both groups (P>0.05). After the intervention, there was no statistically significant difference between the KD+RT group compared to the KD group (P>0.05), except for a significant decrease in triacylglycerol (t=2.51, P < 0.05). Conclusion Both a short-term KD and KD+RT show beneficial changes in body composition and glucolipid metabolism in obese female college students. However, the KD+RT is superior to a KD in maintaining muscle mass and reducing the effects of lipid metabolism.

Analysis on the nutritional composition of prepackaged foods commonly consumed by children aged 6-12 in Chengdu

XIAO Xuyang, WU Dong, TAN Bingbing, LYU Ruiqi, QIAO Tian, CHENG Guo

2023, 44(4): 517-520. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.04.009

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Objective To analyze the current nutritional composition of commonly consumed prepackaged foods among children in Chengdu and to provide a scientific basis for health education among children and adolescents. Methods Based on the 3-day and 24-hour dietary data of children aged 6-12 in Chengdu of the Southwest China Childhood Nutrition and Growth Cohort from 2021 to 2022, the nutritional information of prepackaged foods was collected by combining offline and online methods. All foods were classified step by step, and the nutrient content of each 100 g or 100 mL food was counted and graded. Results A total of 1 902 children's prepackaged foods in 23 sub-categories of 10 major categories were investigated. Nuts and seeds, snack foods, instant foods and other dairy products had higher total energy(2 476, 2 027, 1 728, 1 816 kJ/100 g), with the nutrient reference value percentage(NRV%) exceeding 20%. Fish, poultry, meat, eggs and their products had the highest protein content(22.8 g/100 g) with an NRV% of 38%, nuts and seeds had the highest fat content(47.5 g/100 g) with an NRV% of 79%, confectionery and jelly had the highest carbohydrate content(82.1 g/100 g) with an NRV% of 27%, and seasoning flour products had the highest sodium content with an NRV% up to 118%. Seasoning flour products and instant foods were mostly high-sodium, high-fat and high-carbohydrate food. Baked and puffed foods were almost high-fat and high-carbohydrate. Fish, poultry, meat, eggs, beans and their products were rich in protein but mostly high in sodium. Beverages and cold drinks were low in other nutrients except carbohydrate. Conclusion The nutrient content of various prepackaged foods commonly consumed by children in Chengdu are quite different. Most of the foods consumed by children are high-sodium, high-fat and/or high-carbohydrate. Nutrition education should be strengthened to help children choose healthy foods.

Effects of orienteering exercises on myopia prevention and control of primary school students

WANG Long, LIU Jingru, LIU Yang

2023, 44(4): 521-524. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.04.010

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Objective To analyze the eye gaze pattern during the orienteering exercise and effects of orienteering exercises on myopia prevention and control in primary school students, so as to provide reference for the effective prevention and control of myopia. Methods Visual acuity screening was conducted on fifth grade students aged 10-11 years old in Shaanxi Normal University Primary School, and 120 primary school students with abnormal visual acuity were selected and randomly divided into experimental group (n=60) and control group (n=60). The experimental group practiced orienteering cross-country program on the basis of the control group, and compared the differences in myopia improvement between the two groups through the characteristics of eye changes tested by ETG spectacle-type oculomotor. Results The differences between the experimental group and the control group in naked eye visual acuity, refraction and visual fatigue before the intervention were not statistically significant (t=0.13, 1.94, 0.70, P>0.05); after ten weeks of intervention, the naked eye visual acuity, refraction and visual fatigue of the experimental group were better than those of the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (t=11.28, 15.03, -247.01, P < 0.05). During the process of map recognition and scene recognition, the differences in fixation time, number, frequency and saccade distance of the experimental group were statistically significant (t=-13.62, -7.83, 4.82, 7.15, P < 0.05); the students in the experimental group showed alternate eye gaze characteristics in the process of map recognition and scene recognition. Conclusion During orienteering exercises, map recognition and real-scene recognition mobilized eye following, sweeping, gaze, focus and alternate visual tracking, which have an improved effect on myopia prevention and control in primary school students.

Sexual assault and associated factors among middle school students in one city of Sichuan Province

CHEN Minyan, WANG Jinxin, CHENG Jing

2023, 44(4): 525-528. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.04.011

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Objective To understand the current situation and influencing factors of sexual assault among middle school students, and to provide a basis for promoting healthy psychosocial environment for children and adolescents. Methods A questionnaire survey was conducted among 1 471 middle school students in one city of Sichuan Province from April to May 2020 using multi-stage stratified cluster sampling. Results The proportion of middle school students who have been raped, indecent assault and sexual assault was 1.6%, 3.7% and 9.4%, respectively.About 23.8% of them had suffered two or more types of sexual assault; 75.1% to 82.1% of sexual assault occurred between the ages of 9 and 15.Between 36.3% and 62.3% of sexual assault subjects were acquaintances of the same generation.Pornography exposure was the same risk factor for the three types of sexual assault (rape: OR=9.93, 95% CI=3.09-27.57;sexual obscenity: OR=7.83, 95% CI=3.95-15.53;sexual harassment: OR=5.22, 95% CI=3.52-7.73, P < 0.01).Low gender identity was the same risk factor for both suffering sexual obscenity and sexual harassment (sexual obscenity: OR=2.37, 95% CI=1.31-4.29;sexual harassment: OR=1.73, 95% CI=1.16-2.58, P < 0.01).The long-term absence of mothers was a risk factor for suffering sexual rape among middle school students (OR=3.10, 95% CI=1.31-7.30), as well as father's sex education was a risk factor for suffering sexual obscenity among middle school students (OR=2.52, 95% CI=1.26-5.03)(P < 0.01). Conclusion Pornography exposure is the same risk factor for all types of sexual assault among middle school students.Low gender identity is the same risk factor for indecent assault and sexual harassment.Sexual education capabilities of families and schools should be improved, and attention should be paid to the gender identity and sexual mental health of middle school students.

Attempts to e-cigarettes use and associated factors among junior middle school students from grade 1 to 4 in Macao

YIN Qiqi, TANG Chiho

2023, 44(4): 529-532. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.04.012

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Objective To understand the current status and influencing factors of attempts to e-cigarettes use among Macao teenager, and to provide evidence for strategies to prevent and control the use of e-cigarettes among teenager. Methods Research data was 2 683 valid questionnaires collected from the"Macao Youth Tobacco Use Survey 2021", representing 19 480 teenagers from grade 1 to 4 in junior middle schools in Macao after sample weighting.Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the factors that may influencing attempts to e-cigarettes use. Results The total percent of attempt using e-cigarettes was 11.3%(95%CI=10.2%-12.6%), and male (12.1%) was higher than female (10.5%), the difference was statistically significant (χ²=11.01, P < 0.01).Older adolescents (14-16, ≥17 years old), having more pocket money per week, believing e-cigarettes to be less harmful, having been taught about the hazards of e-cigarettes within 12 months, definitely believing that e-cigarettes maked teenager more attractive, having been exposed to second-hand smoke at home within 7 days, having seen tobacco advertisements on the Internet within 30 days, smoking by either parent, smoking among best friends were positively associated with attempts to e-cigarettes use (OR=1.48, 3.01, 1.79, 1.34, 1.67, 1.27, 1.33, 1.34, 1.58, 3.53, P < 0.01). Conclusion Attempts to e-cigarettes use is common among Macao teenagers, and there are many complex influencing factors.It is recommended to strengthen whole society cooperation and promote the prevention and control of teenager's use of e-cigarettes through more targeted comprehensive measures.

Knowledge of comprehensive sexuality education and influencing factors among junior high school teachers

ZHU Guiyin, ZHU Fan, ZHAO Tianjie, JIA Bibo, WANG Pei, QI Tiantian, MA Yinghua

2023, 44(4): 533-537. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.04.013

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Objective To understand knowledge of comprehensive sexuality education and its associated factors among junior high school teachers in six provinces in China, in order to provide a scientific basis for teacher training. Methods From June to December 2021, a convenience sampling method was used to select 1 016 junior high school teachers from Beijing, Chongqing, Liaoning, Sichuan, Yunnan and Guangdong provinces.A structured questionnaire was used to investigate teachers'knowledge of comprehenswe sexuality education.Binary Logistic regression was used to analyze the related influencing factors of the knowledge of comprehensive sexuality education among junior high school teachers. Results The study showed that the knowledge rate of comprehensive sexuality education among middle school teachers was 58.1%, and the knowledge rate was higher in teachers who had conducted sexuality education to students (χ²=9.42, P < 0.01).The percentage of the correct answer on the prevention and control of sexually transmitted diseases (26.0%), the impact of inequality on love relationships (33.6%), and the impact of mass media on sexual cognition (68.8%) was the lowest.Regardless of whether they had implemented sexuality education for students, the knowledge and awareness rate of sexual knowledge among biology teachers, school doctors/health teachers and mental health teachers was higher (OR=2.32, 4.17, P < 0.05). Conclusion Knowledge of comprehensive sexuality education among middle school teachers still needs to be improved.It is advisable to strengthen the training of comprehensive sexuality education for middle school teachers and focus on teachers of subjects related to comprehensive sexuality education.

Personal audio device use and hearing impairment among high school students in Beijing

LIU Yuanyuan, WANG Yuan, CAO Chunting, CHEN Hui, ZHANG Chen

2023, 44(4): 538-540. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.04.014

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Objective To explore the use of personal audio devices and hearing impairment among high school students, so as to provide reference for the development of adolescent hearing health work. Methods The simple random sampling method was used to collect research data relating to 1 768 high school students.The situation of personal audio players, headphone and hearing damage were investigated by using a self-designed questionnaire, so as to identify the related factors of hearing impairment which were analyzed statistically by multivariate Logistic regression. Results The use rate of PAP and earphones was 98.64% and 94.12%, respectively, and the use rate of female students (99.68%, 96.42%) was higher than that of male students (97.43%, 91.43%)(χ²=16.69, 19.79, P < 0.01).Hearing impairment accounted for 13.35%.The Logistic regression analysis showed that PAP service years (OR=1.59, P < 0.05) were related to hearing impairment.Gender (OR=0.60), in-ear earphones (OR=1.38), earplug earphones (OR=1.37), and quiet use >1 h (OR=1.50) were independently influenced with symptoms of hearing impairment during/after earphone use (P < 0.05). Conclusion High usage rates of personal audio equipment among high school students lead to hearing impairment and related symptoms.Non-essential use should be reduced.

The correlation between physical activity and fitness of the Tibetan children and adolescents living on the plateau in China

ZHANG Liqiang, GAO Huina, LI Liqiang

2023, 44(4): 541-543. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.04.015

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Objective To learn about the characteristics of physical activity (PA) and physical fitness, and to provide basis for the health and development of the Tibetan students. Methods The cluster stratified random sampling was used, and 8 945 Tibetan students in Tibet were selected in May to June, 2019, and were administrated with questionnaire.Independent samples t-test, one-way ANOVA and Pearson correlation analysis were used. Results There were significant differences of PA, and physical fitness by gender, grade and living area among Tibetan adolescents (P < 0.05).The PA score of boys (2.79±0.58) was higher than that of girls (2.51±0.56), while the physical fitness level of girls (62.40±25.55) was higher than that of boys (59.26±26.55).The PA score (2.59±0.55) of rural Tibetan children and youth was lower than those of urban areas, while the physical fitness level (61.53±26.53) was only lower than that of county area; the PA score (2.60±0.58) of Tibetan children and youth was the lowest for grade 7 and 9, while physical fitness level (57.62±24.33) was the lowest for grade 5 and 6.PA was not significantly correlated with physical fitness of Tibetan adolescents (r=-0.01, P>0.05). Conclusion Lack of physical activity and poor physical fitness are observed in Tibetan adolescents.It is suggested that schools, families and society should cooperate in various aspects and actively take measures to improve the physical health level of Tibetan children and adolescents.

Effect of a blended learning mode of sleeping intervention for college freshmen

WANG Lianzhen, ZHAO Pei, YANG Xiaobo, SHI Huanxia

2023, 44(4): 544-548. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.04.016

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Objective To explore the impact of sleep education programs on freshman'sleep time, knowledge, attitudes, behavior and daytime sleepiness, so as to provide a reference for further improving the sleep status of college students. Methods By using the method of cluster sampling, freshmen were invited from a university in Beijing (288 at baseline, 187 at posttest and 108 at follow-up for experimental group (EG); 207 at baseline and 105 at posttest for control group (CG).The sleep education content was embedded into other courses and implemented in a blending learning mode for EG, lasting 10-weeks, while the CG received no intervention.Both groups were assessed using questionnaires at both baseline and 2 weeks after the intervention, and reassessed at 9 months follow-up after posttest for EG. Results After intervention, compared with CG, the weekday and weekend bedtime in EG was 21 min and 17 min earlier than that in CG respectively (t=-2.78, -2.15, P < 0.05).The sleep duration at night on weekday in EG was 19 min longer than that in CG (t=3.51, P < 0.01).In EG, the phenomenon of going to bed with electronic products before sleep, no delay in falling asleep, sleep knowledge, sleep attitude, sleep habit and daytime sleepiness were significantly better than those in CG (χ²/t=9.15, 2.82, 5.71, 3.98, 2.41, -4.90, P < 0.05).After intervention, comparing with that at baseline, the weekday and weekend bedtime in EG were significantly earlier by 11 min and 17 min respectively (t=3.50, 3.67, P < 0.01), the sleep duration at nights on weekdays and weekend increased by 13 min and 18 min, respectively (t=-3.01, -3.67, P < 0.05), and the daytime sleepiness, going to bed with electronic products before sleep, no delay in falling asleep, sleep knowledge, sleep attitude and sleep habit were significantly improved (χ²/t=4.64, 15.19, -2.08, -9.31, -3.28, -2.14, P < 0.05).At the 9 months follow-up after the posttest, the bedtime on working day was significantly advanced by 8 min (t=2.00), the sleep duration at night on working day was prolonged by 9 min (t=-2.15), and the phenomenon of going to bed with electronic products before sleep and sleep knowledge were still significantly improved (χ²/t=21.50, -6.26)(P < 0.05). Conclusion Sleep education programs embedded in other courses and implemented in a blending learning mode can improve students'sleep knowledge, sleep attitude and some habits, and reduce daytime sleepiness.

Effects of stage recovery training on children with autism spectrum disorder

SHANG Jian, WANG Xiaofang

2023, 44(4): 549-552. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.04.017

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Objective To explore the impact of stage recovery training on children with autism spectrum disorder, and to provide reference for the scientific and rational rehabilitation and recovery training plans. Methods A total of 59 children with autism spectrum disorder in Luzhou were recruited and randomly divided into control group, intervention group Ⅰ and intervention group Ⅱ for 4 stages of T1-T4 recovery training.Before and after the training, Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC) was used to assess child's sensation, language, motor, communication and self-care ability. Results There was no significant difference in the overall score of the ABC among the three groups in T1 and T2 stages (P>0.05), but there was significant difference in T3 and T4 stages (F=3.98, 5.09, P < 0.05), which showed the intervention group Ⅰ and Ⅱ were lower than the control group.In terms of dimensions, in addition to the insignificant difference in language scores (P>0.05), there were significant differences in feeling, communication, movement, and self-care scores (P < 0.05).Overall score of the ABC in intervention group Ⅰ and group Ⅱ was lower than the control group (P < 0.05).Compared with the control group, the overall scores of children in intervention Ⅰ and intervention Ⅱ were significant in both T3 and T4 stages (P < 0.05).Compared with T1 stage, there were no significant differences in the overall scores of children in the control group in T2 stage, T3 stage and T4 stage (P>0.05), while significant difference was observed in the intervention group Ⅰ and group Ⅱ in T2-T4 stage (P < 0.05). Conclusion Stage recovery training might help to alleviate the overall symptoms of children with autism spectrum disorder in sensation, communication, motor development and self-care behaviors.The stage recovery training focusing on physical exercise can effectively alleviate the physical function of the child, while those focusing on social interaction is more conducive to improving child's social ability.

Parental willingness to vaccinate their children with the influenza vaccine in Guangzhou, China

ZHENG Yiying, KUANG Yuxian, CHEN Weiye, MA Zhenxin, LIU Li, LIANG Jianping

2023, 44(4): 553-557. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.04.018

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Objective To investigate the factors influencing parents'willingness to vaccinate their children against influenza in Guangzhou, and to provide a scientific basic for effectively improving the coverage rate of influenza vaccine in children. Methods According to economic level, one secondary school and one elementary school in each of the central administrative and peripheral districts of Guangzhou were selected by stratified cluster sampling.A questionnaire survey was conducted among 5 133 parents of the school students.Questionnaire content included the basic characteristics of children and their parents, and parents'knowledge of influenza vaccination for children. Results A total of 14.57%(748/5 133) of parents were unwilling to have their children vaccinated against influenza.The results of the multivariate Logistic regression analysis found that, compared with parents aged ≤35 years old, parents aged 41-45 years and ≥46 years were 49%(adjusted OR=1.49, 95% CI=1.11-2.00) and 86%(adjusted OR=1.86, 95% CI=1.33-2.60), respectively, more likely to refuse vaccinating their children.Parents with an annual income ≥200 000 yuan were 52% more likely to be unwilling to vaccinate their children than those with annual income < 100 000 yuan (adjusted OR=1.52, 95% CI=1.12-2.06).Parents living within a walking distance ≥30 minutes from the vaccination clinic were 52% more likely to be vaccine-reluctant than those living within a walking distance of ≤10 minutes (adjusted OR=1.52, 95% CI=1.16-1.99).Compared with parents who regarded the vaccine as safe, parents who did not believe that it was safe or who were unsure of its safety were more likely to refuse vaccinating their children, with adjusted OR (95% CI) of 12.75(9.44-17.23) and 3.37(2.73-4.15), respectively (P < 0.01). Conclusion Parents'age, annual income, recognition of the safety of influenza vaccines, and walking distance to the vaccination clinic are associated with parents'willingness to vaccinate children against influenza.Hospitals, communities and schools should cooperate to carry out vaccination and popular science propaganda, and arrange vaccination sites rationally to improve the coverage of influenza vaccines.

The relationship between mobile phone dependence and academic burden among junior middle school students in Guizhou Province

WU Rong, REN Pengyu, MA Chencui, ZHU Jintao, LUO Yuan, LEI Tinglian, YANG Xiantao, YAN Zheng

2023, 44(4): 558-562. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.04.019

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Objective To explore the relationship between mobile phone dependence (MPD) and academic burden among junior middle school students in Guizhou Province, under the"double reduction"policy by using a multi-level model, so as to provide a basis for preventing the occurrence of MPD. Methods From December 2021 to January 2022, 7 868 students from grade 1 to grade 3 in 3 cities (prefecture) of Guizhou Province were selected by multi-stage stratification random sampling method, and on-site investigation was conducted by self-compiled questionnaire and Self-rating Questionnaire for Adolescent Problematic Mobile Phone Use (SQAPMPU).Using MLwiN 2.30 to fit a multi-level model of the relationship between MPD and academic burden among junior middle school students. Results The MPD detection rate of junior middle school students in Guizhou Province was 20.9%.The multi-level model revealed that MPD of junior middle school students was clustered at the level of school and class (χ²=1 565.32, P < 0.01), and high perceived academic pressure had a positive predictive effect on MPD among junior middle school students (β=1.96).Homework duration ≥90 min/d at weekends had a negative predictive effect on MPD (β=-0.55), while participation in off-campus training on learning days had a positive predictive effect (β=1.66)(P < 0.05). Conclusion The MPD occurrence level is higher among junior middle school students in Guizhou Province.Perceived academic pressure, time spent on homework during weekends, off-campus training and other academic burdens have an impact on MPD among junior middle school students, which should be a cause of concern for schools, families and social departments.

Screening for hearing health and associated factors among students from 4 universities in Taiyuan

LIU Aimei, ZHOU Liyuan, WANG Huijuan

2023, 44(4): 563-566. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.04.020

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Objective To investigate the current situation of hearing health among college students and associated factors, and to provide a basis for universities and relevant departments to carry out hearing health work. Methods By using stratified random sampling method, 1306 students from 4 universities in Taiyuan were screened for hearing loss and were investigated with a questionnaire from March to November 2021.Data were analyzed by using the SPSS 19.0 statistical. Results The detection rate of hearing loss was 31.70%.The majority (51.91%) failed to pass the 4 000 Hz hearing screening.The total awareness rate of hearing problems was 58.96%.Logistic regression analysis showed that the total daily usage time of earphones >4 h/d, the duration of using earphones >1 h/time were positively correlated with positive screening for hearing loss among college students (OR=1.23, 1.14, P < 0.01), and good awareness of hearing health care and highest education of parents were negatively correlated with positive screening for hearing loss among coollege students (OR=0.54, 0.76, 0.37, P < 0.05). Conclusion The awareness of hearing health care among college students is low.Universities and relevant departments should take targeted measures to provide the best hearing health care services.

International research hotspots on suicide prevention and intervention among students in the past decade

LIU Quzhi, JIANG Xiuya

2023, 44(4): 567-571. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.04.021

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Objective To explore research hotspots and trends on suicide prevention and intervention among students in the past decade, and to provide a reference for relevant domestic research and practice. Methods The CiteSpace software was used to visually analyze 1 559 articles on student suicide prevention and intervention in Web of Science core collection database from 2013 to 2022. Results The number of articles on student suicide prevention and intervention increased from 84 in 2013 to 254 in 2021. Among them, the United States ranked first with 825 articles, and China ranked second with 221 articles. High frequency keywords included risk factors, suicidal ideation, depression and mental health. And high centrality keywords included harm, life, homosexuality and identity. Cluster analysis yielded 17 class groups. By exploring keyword, we found that the popularity of research topics on student suicide prevention and intervention in the past ten years increased rapidly, covering students from different academic backgrouds, which included suicide risk factors and assessment, help seeking for suicide victims, suicide prevention and intervention methods. Conclusion Learning from international experience, we should strengthen research on student suicide prevention and intervention, pay special attention to the efficeiency of student suicide screening, the gap betweeen the incidence of problems and the rate of help, and try to construct support systems for them.

Association between bedroom night light exposure during sleep and children's emotional symptoms

DONG Xiuqing, ZHOU Yi, WANG Dongmei, XU Yuxiang, HUANG Wenjuan, WU Peipei, SUN Ying

2023, 44(4): 572-576. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.04.022

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Objective To explore the association between exposure to bedroom night light during sleep and emotional symptoms in children and provide a scientific basis for subsequent effective prevention and intervention. Methods In December 2021, 1 926 students from grades 4 to 6 were recruited to conduct a student questionnaire survey in two primary schools in Tianchang of Chuzhou City, Anhui Province. The data, including general demographic information, use of night lights and curtains, emotional symptoms, and other information, was collected. Binary Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the correlation between night light use and children's emotional symptoms. Results The reporting rates of depression symptoms, generalized anxiety symptoms, social phobia, and obsessive-compulsive symptoms of the children were 2.5%, 2.6%, 3.4% and 2.5%, respectively. About 12.6% of children often sleep with a night light on, and 22.0% of children did not close the curtains. Binary Logistic regression analysis revealed that frequent sleep with night lights was associated with an increased risk of depression symptoms(OR=2.29, 95%CI=1.04-5.03), social phobia (OR=1.93, 95%CI=1.02-3.64) and obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OR=3.44, 95%CI=1.72-6.88) in children(P < 0.05). Conclusion There is a positive correlation between bedroom night light exposure during sleep and the detection rate of children's emotional symptoms. The attention should be paid to bedroom light environment of children during sleep to reduce the adverse effects of night light exposure on the mental health.

A four-year follow-up study on mental health of impoverished college students in Dongguan

YU Qiong, LIU Yuan, LIU Runxiang

2023, 44(4): 577-581. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.04.023

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Objective To explore the changes of mental health of impoverished college students from the first year to the last year, to provide reference for improving mental health of impoverished college students. Methods The cluster sampling method was used to conduct a longitudinal follow-up survey in October of each year from 2018 to 2021. Mental health status of 403 impoverished and 3 559 non-impoverished college students in a university from Dongguan in 2018 grade was assessed using the SCL-90 scale. Results During the past four years, mental health status of poor college students has significantly improved by year, and both the total and positive mean scores of SCL-90 were reduced (F=106.60, 96.37, P < 0.01). Sex difference in mental health score among poor college students gradually decreased over time. In the first two years, total score, positive score, somatization, depression, anxiety, phobia factor scores were higher than male students (t=-3.97--2.21, P < 0.05), while since the third year in college, no similar differences in SCL-90 total mean score, positive average, average score of most factors and detection rate were observed (P>0.05). In the past four years, there was also no significant difference between poor and non-poor college students in mental health score (P>0.05). Conclusion For the past 4 years, the mental health status of poor college students has significantly improved. The sex difference in mental health status among poor college students, and between poor and non-poor college students gradually disappear. Subsequent researchers should explore more positive psychological characteristics of poor students from the perspective of positive psychology.

Relationship between sensory characteristics and gray matter volumes in children with autism spectrum disorders

ZHU Ting, WANG Longlong, WANG Yarong, WANG Lei, QIAO Letian, ZHANG Xinyue, LIU Zhanhui, QIAO Xiangyang, WANG Yanping, YANG Shuhan

2023, 44(4): 582-585. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.04.024

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Objective To investigate the potential relationship between sensory characteristics and gray matter volumes in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD), to provide a basis for the diagnosis and treatment of children with ASD. Methods A total of 40 ASD children who were treated or recovered in Xi'an medical institutions and 16 typically developing (TD) children who were from several kindergatens in Xi'an were invited for participation. Sensory characteristics were evaluated by the sensory processing and self-regulation checklist, 3D structural brain images were obtained with TIWI, and gray matter volumes were analyzed by voxel-based morphometry. Sensory characteristics and gray matter volumes were compared between groups and the relationship between sensory characteristics and different gray matter volumes were analyzed. Results The scores of auditory, visual, tactile, sensory processing ability and sensory under-responsivity in the ASD group were lower than those in the TD group (Z/t=-2.63, -2.57, -3.11, -2.19, -3.83, P < 0.05). Gray matter volumes in nine brain regions increased in the ASD group compared to the TD group, including the left and right posterior inferior lobe, right parahippocamal gyrus, left insula, left media frontal gyrus, left superion occipital gyrus, right superion occipital gyrus, right superion parietal lobe, and right posterion central gyrus (t=3.53, 3.69, 3.37, 3.86, 3.61, 3.37, 4.04, 3.38, 3.16, P < 0.01). In the ASD group, the scores of visual, vestibular, proprioceptive, sensory processing ability, sensory-seeking behavior and sensory over-responsivity were negatively correlated with gray matter volumes of left superior occipital gyrus (r=-0.36, -0.40, -0.39, -0.36, -0.40, -0.36), and the scores of visual, vestibular, and sensory over-responsivity were negatively correlated with gray matter volumes of the right superior parietal lobule (r=-0.36, -0.50, -0.42)(P < 0.05). Conclusion The presence of paresthesia in children with ASD is associated with gray matter volumes of the left superior occipital gyrus and right superior parietal lobule.

Relationship between social short-form video usage and mental health-related behaviors among college students

ZHANG Qiang, WANG Aohang, ZHANG Jue

2023, 44(4): 586-589. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.04.025

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Objective To understand the impact of social short-form videos on the health of college students, and to provide a basis for health education. Methods A total of 1 369 college students in 5 universities from Songjiang University Town in Shanghai, participated in this study. A cluster sampling method was employed and questionnaires were designed using a short video social media dependence scale and the Symptom Checklist-90(SCL-90). Data were analyzed and processed by independent sample t test. Results Participants who were dependent on social short-form videos accounted for 31.99%, and significant differences in mental and physical health were found between participants who were dependent on short-video use and those who were not dependent. Among short-video use dependents, scores corresponding to negative mental health symptoms, such as anxiety (1.73±0.67), were higher than those in the non-dependent group (1.64±0.42). Furthermore, scores corresponding to smoking, drinking, eating sweet food (1.88±0.40, 1.91±0.32, 2.15±0.51) and other physiological health factors were higher in the dependent group than the non-dependent group (1.70±0.33, 1.79±0.29, 1.54±0.47)(P < 0.05). Conclusion The use of short-video social media platforms has a negative impact on the physical and mental health of college students. It is suggested that the critical ability of short-video media through psychological counseling, strengthen the check ability of short video social media platforms, so as to help college students to develop coping strategies to diminish their dependence on short-video social media.

Comparison of disinfection quality in nurseries of Nanjing during 2019-2021

LU Moyuan, WANG Chong, ZHANG Yan, WANG Bairu, CHEN Hang, ZHANG Shougang

2023, 44(4): 590-593. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.04.026

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Objective To analyze the disinfection quality and influencing factors of nurseries in Nanjing during 2019-2021, so as to provide a scientific basis for optimizing preventive disinfection strategies and measures in nurseries. Methods Environmental samples from 389 nurseries in Nanjing from January 2019 to December 2021 were tested, and the change of disinfection quality qualification rate was compared. Results The overall disinfection qualification rate of nurseries of year 2019-2021 were 96.32%, 95.85% and 94.60%, respectively, showing a downward trend (χ_trend²=8.67, P < 0.05). Specifically, disinfection qualification rate of object surfaces, staff hands and tableware showed a downward trend, while the disinfection qualification rate of dynamic air showed an upward trend, and the differences were statistically significant (χ_trend²=23.17, 12.32, 5.37, 21.48, P < 0.05). The total qualification rate of disinfection in Jiangning and Liuhe districts increased during 2019-2021(χ_trend²=21.46, 24.05, P < 0.05). Conclusion Disinfection quality of nurseries in Nanjing has declined by year during 2019-2021, especially the object surfaces and staff hands. It is urgent to optimize and refine the strategies and measures for preventive disinfection in nurseries, strengthen the training of personnel on disinfection knowledge, and ensure the quality of disinfection in nurseries.

YIN Ding, WANG Hui, ZHAI Suo

2023, 44(4): 594-598. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.04.027

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Objective To investigate the incidence and influencing factors of abnormal body posture among urban primary school students in Yinchuan City, and to provide evidence for the prevention and treatment of abnormal body posture. Methods A multi-stage stratified cluster random sampling method was adopted to select 1 947 urban primary school students aged 7-12 years from 9 schools in Yinchuan City. Body Style(Model.S-8.0) instrument was used to screen abnormal body posture and questionnaire was designed to investigate related factors. Results The comprehensive body posture score of urban primary school students in Yinchuan City was(22.07±2.87), and the detection rate of abnormal posturing was 71.29%;which varied significantly by gender, age, body mass index (BMI)(χ²=9.84, 13.47, 6.46, P < 0.05). Specially, the rate of girls (73.54%) was higher than that of boys(69.07%); the abnormal rate of children aged 7-8(68.24%) was lower than that of 9-10(72.17%) and 11-12(73.54%); obese children (74.91%) was higher than that of overweight (72.64%) and normal weight children(70.28%). The high and low shoulders (40.73%), pelvis forward (39.39%) and X/O legs (38.57%) were the most common indicators of abnormal posture; the composition of the overall body posture abnormalities was higher in mild (54.32%) than moderate (37.82%) and severe (7.85%).Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that girls(OR=1.23), being older(9-10 years old OR=1.89, 11-12 years old OR=2.48), overweight (OR=1.39) and obesity(OR=2.34), occasionally participate in physical exercise (OR=2.96), exercise duration < 30 minutes daily (OR=2.77), video duration ≥2 h daily (OR=2.84), almost no dairy products (OR=1.79), almost no food Fish consumption (OR=1.77), almost no vegetables (OR=2.14), drinking carbonated beverages daily (OR=2.97), and sleeping time < 6 h daily (OR=2.56) were the related factors of body posture development of urban primary school students(P < 0.05). Conclusion The abnormal body posture of urban primary school students in Yinchuan City is prevalent, which is related to the timely length of physical exercise, nutrition, video screen and sleep duration, and should be paid enough attention.

Factors associated with hyperopia reserve among preschoolers in Suzhou High-tech Zone

WANG Yu, ZHU Hong, ZHU Guangwei, PAN Hong, QIAN Dengjuan, LI Juan, GAO Hongqin

2023, 44(4): 599-601. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.04.028

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Objective To investigate the influencing factors of preschoolers' hyperopia reserve, and to provide a scientific basis for preschoolers to prevent myopia. Methods Visual screening and a questionnaire survey were conducted on 5 087 4-year-old children in Suzhou High-tech Zone from September to December in 2020. The influencing factors of children's hyperopia reserve were analyzed by univariate analysis and Logistic regression model. Results A total of 997(19.6%) children had hyperopia reserve deficiency. Logistic regression showed that the negative factors associated with hyperopia reserve included being girl(OR=0.81, 95%CI=0.70-0.93), no food allergy(OR=0.78, 95%CI=0.63-0.96); and the positive factors included father myopia(OR=1.20, 95%CI=1.03-1.39), mother myopia(OR=1.17, 95%CI=1.01-1.36), exposure of night lights(for less than 1 hour: OR=1.53, 95%CI=1.21-1.92; for 1 to 3 hours: OR=1.48, 95%CI=1.09-2.00), insufficient vegetable intake(OR=1.26, 95%CI=1.07-1.46)(P < 0.05). Conclusion Parental myopia, nighttime sleep environment and dietary factors have potential associations with hyperopia reserve deficiency among children. Corresponding measures should be actively taken to improve the preschoolers' hyperopia reserve.

Analysis of an outbreak of influenza A in a primary school in Jing'an District, Shanghai

NI Xiaofen, CHEN Hong, ZHOU Zhou, CAI Mingyi, YAO Huijie

2023, 44(4): 602-605. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.04.029

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Objective To investigate the epidemiological data of an outbreak of influenza A in a primary school in Shanghai, to provide reference for targeted prevention and control measures. Methods A field epidemiological method was used to investigate and collect the data of influenza A outbreak in a primary school in Jing'an District from November 8 to December 6, 2022, through on-site follow-up and telephone return visit to health teachers and cases. The distribution characteristics of the epidemic were analyzed by descriptive epidemiology. Results The first case developed symptoms of cough, sore throat, and fever on the morning of November 8th 2022, with a maximum body temperature of 38.6 ℃. Later, the clinical diagnosis was influenza A. The total number of influenza like cases reported in this outbreak is 99, including 92 students and 7 teachers. The total incidence rate was 9.45%. The clinical symptoms of all cases were fever, sore throat, and cough; 27 cases of influenza A were diagnosed by hospital rapid diagnostic reagents. The second grade students had the highest case incidence rate(24.46%), and there was a statistically significant difference in case incidence rates among students of different grades (χ²=48.28, P < 0.01). The case incidence rate on the second floor was the highest (23.47%), and there was a statistically significant difference between the case incidence rates on different floors (χ²=52.38, P < 0.01). Etiological testing showed that the influenza virus causing this outbreak was type A H3N2 virus. Conclusion This outbreak is a campus cluster outbreak caused by influenza A (H3N2) virus. The health and education departments should strengthen cooperation to effectively implement prevention and control measures of infectious diseases, and timely identify the source of infection and cut off the transmission route.

Research hotspots and frontiers of childhood hypertension

BAI He, ZHOU Jiali, CHENG Siqing, CAO Jin, XIAO Wenhan, AN Lin, ZHAO Dong, ZHANG Ronghua, SONG Peige

2023, 44(4): 606-611. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.04.030

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Objective To analyze the research status, hotspots and frontier progress of hypertension in children in English and Chinese literature, so as to provide reference for the early prevention of hypertension in children. Methods The Web of Science core collection database and CNKI database were searched to collect the literature related to the study of hypertension in children from 2000 to 2021, and the CiteSpace 5.8.R3 and VOSviewer 1.6.18 visualization tools were used to analyze the literature characteristics including publications, authors, regions, institutional cooperation, research hotspots and frontiers. Results A total of 22 687 English studies and 4 440 Chinese studies were finally included. According to the analysis results, the number of articles published on hypertension in children was on the rise. The published English articles were mainly University of Toronto and University of Colorado. The main publishing institution of Chinese articles was the First Affiliated Hospital of Peking University. The United States and China took the lead in the number of core journals published in the field of hypertension in children, the United States ranked first in terms of the influence of publications. Keyword co-occurrence analysis showed that the high-frequency keywords in the English literature included prevalence, risk, obesity, risk factor, body mass index, insulin resistance, overweight, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease and mortality. Chinese high-frequency keywords in the literature include obesity, risk factors, adiposis, influencing factors, overweight, prevalence, diabetes, treatment, health education and body mass index. The analysis of keywords showed that 25 burst terms were obtained separately in English and Chinese literature. Conclusion In recent years, the research interest on hypertension in children continues to grow and keeps updated, with the research scope expanding significantly, regarding obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.

Current status on independent school health department in the centers for disease control and prevention across China

LIU Yao, ZHANG Yujing, YANG Han, TANG Xiaozhe, LIN Lin, ZHANG Li, ZHAO Chenshan, LIU Dongshan

2023, 44(4): 612-616. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.04.031

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Objective To understand the current status of main professional work in independent school health departments of Chinese centers for disease control and prevention, so as to provide reference and suggestions for the further development of school health work in China. Methods Electronic questionnaire was used to collect the basic work of school health, the monitoring work, the intervention action of common diseases and the development of health intervention among students in independent school health departments of centers for disease control and prevention in China. Results Among the 357 institutions that have set up independent school health departments, the implementation rates of school mental health work, safety emergency and risk avoidance health intervention were low, which were 11.8% and 11.5%, respectively. Relying on the project "national monitoring and intervention of common diseases and health influencing factors of students", the overall implementation of health monitoring in schools nationwide was successful, but the overall implementation rate of students' nutritional status monitoring and "healthy parents action" were low, accounting for 44.5% and 24.4%, respectively. At the same time, there were still as many as 27.2% institutions that had not carried out the intervention action for common diseases of students which advocated in the monitoring program. The failure rate of county-level institutions was higher than that of provincial-level and prefecture-level institutions, and the failure rate of the central and western institutions was much higher than that of the eastern institutions; the difference was statistically significant(χ²=30.1, 41.6, P < 0.05). Conclusion We should increase support including policy preference, fund guarantee, technical guidance and so on for the school health work of disease control institutions at the grass-roots level and in economically underdeveloped areas, so as to ensure the healthy growth of children and adolescents in all respects.

Quantitative analysis of policies aimed at the prevention and control of myopia in Chinese children and adolescents

WANG Renwei, ZHOU Mingjun, WU Xiaoyan, XIANG Xiaoli, YAN Jing

2023, 44(4): 617-621. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.04.032

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Objective To analyze the policies that are aimed at the prevention and control of myopia in children and adolescents, and to provide a reference for the adjustment and optimization of follow-up policies. Methods Based on policy tool theory, content analysis was performed to construct a two-dimensional framework of "policy tools-policy objects" and a quantitative analysis of 43 national-level policy texts related to the prevention and control of myopia in children and adolescents. Results From the perspective of policy tools, environment-oriented policy tools were the most widely applied (48.36%), followed by supply-oriented tools (26.39%) and demand-oriented tools (25.25%) which were used closely in frequency. From the perspective of policy objects, the texts put forward requirements in schools (26.15%) were the most and in society the least (6.18%). Conclusion The policies for the prevention and control of myopia in children and adolescents should aim to improve the efficacy of supply-based policy tools and increase the frequency with which demand-based policy tools are adopted, while scientific research should be applied to optimize the quality of environment-based policy tools.

Research status and progress of health literacy for children and adolescents

JIA Bibo, WANG Pei, ZHU Guiyin, LI Yuancheng, ZHU Fan, ZHAO Tianjie, MA Yinghua

2023, 44(4): 622-626. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.04.033

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Improving health literacy can effectively reduce the risk of health risk behaviors and adverse health outcomes in children and adolescents. Global research on health literacy of children and adolescents has been increasing in recent years. The paper reviews the existing research and proposes that there is no universal definition and connotation of health literacy for children and adolescents, most of the studies use or make some revisions on the definition of adult health literacy in child and adolescent health literacy, failing to consider developmental characteristics and unique health needs of children and adolescents. Moreover, the assessment index system and instruments are diversified, making the research findings from different studies difficult to compare, and to obtain consistent and reliable conclusions. Future endeavors are encoouraged to expand health literacy researches and to update more comprehensive and practical definition, and to develop a standardized assessment instrument that can be validated in Chinese culture.

Impact of social network usage on depression in adolescents

DENG Yongguang, SHEN Lulu

2023, 44(4): 627-631. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.04.034

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Increased attention has been paid to the impact of social network usage on adolescent depression. This article focuses on the psychological mechanism in the association between usage of social networks with adolescent depression, and systematically reviews recent national and international studies regarding two areas: inappropriate usage of social networks and adaptation to adolescent social networks usage. Adolescent addiction to social networks and passive use of social networks with increased risk of adolescent depression. Social comparison, self-concept and self-esteem play important role in the association between adolescent social network usage and depression.

Research progress on the effects of meal timing and frequency for overweight and obesity among children and adolescents

FU Yimeng, YANG Titi, GAN Qian, ZHANG Qian

2023, 44(4): 632-635. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.04.035

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The prevalence of overweight and obesity among children and adolescents in China is increasing during recent years, which could be influenced by multiple factors such as genetics, diet and lifestyle. To understand the relationship between meal timing, frequency with childhood overweight and obesity, the paper reviews recent studies on the relationship between meal or snack timing, frequency with overweight and obesity among children and adolescents, so as to provide scientific evidence for obesity prevention and control.

Progress in the pathogenesis and treatment of non-suicidal self-injury in adolescents

HUAN Zongsu, HE Xubin, DU Na, WU Dongmei, YUE Yuchuan

2023, 44(4): 636-640. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.04.036

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Abstract:
Non-suicide self-injury is highly common in adolescents, which is seriously threatening their physical and mental health. It is an important predictor of future suicide, and has become a focus of global public health concern. At present, the research on adolescent non-suicidal self-injury is still in its infancy, and its formation process is complex. The pathogenesis is not completely clear, and the relevant treatment studies are relatively few. The paper expounds the pathogenesis and treatment of the nonsuicidal adolescent NSSI from the perspectives of genetics, neurobiology, neuroimage and social psychology, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for adolescent NSSI prevention and intervention.

2023 Vol. 44, No. 4