2023 Vol. 44, No. 2

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Mental health considerations for children and adolescents in China
JING Jin
2023, 44(2): 161-166. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.02.001
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In recent years, the incidence of mental disorders among children and adolescents has been increasing worldwide. To decrease the incidence of mental health problems, many relevant policies and regulations have been successively issued and mental health services have been implemented in China. The article focused on the development and progression of mental health problems during the transition from childhood to adolescence, emphasized possible determinants on the association between physical and mental health, and presented causality in psychiatry and related models. Especially, the article highlighted some viewpoints from the clinical perspective and put forward relevant considerations and suggestions.
A consensus on the management of allergy in kindergartens and primary schools
HUA Ziyu, TANG Ping, LIU Shunan, ZHOU Weikang, LI Jun, ZHONG Yan, HU Yan, SU Mei, CHENG Yue, LI Jing, CHEN Min, ZHANG Xiaoyue, LIAO Lili, ZHOU Rong, CHEN Junyi, LUO Shuquan, XIONG Ying, HUANG Chen, GAN Mengli, LUO Xiaoyan, ZHANG Xuan, CAI Tao, WANG Qian, WANG Nianrong, HE Chunyan, LIU Xiaorong, SONG Zhiqiang, WANG Rupeng, LEI Xia, LUO Jiamei, LIU Yueyang, YANG Xinyi, TAN Zhiyu, HUANG Min, HUANG Haoran, ZHANG Tianyan, YU Jin, ZENG Dan, ZENG Xiaoli, LI Shuang, ZHOU Wei, TIAN Jing, HUANG Yunxia, ZHU Yeqing, CUI Juanzi
2023, 44(2): 167-172. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.02.002
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Allergic diseases can occur in all systems of the body, covering the whole life cycle, from children to adults and to old age, can be lifelong onset and even fatal in severe cases. Children account for the largest proportion of the victims of allergic disease, Children's allergies start from scratch, ranging from mild to severe, from less to more, from single to multiple systems and systemic performance, so the prevention and treatment of allergic diseases in children is of great importance, which can not only prevent high-risk allergic conditions from developing into allergic diseases, but also further block the process of allergy. At present, there is no consensus on the management system of allergic children in kindergartens and primary schools. The "Consensus on Allergy Management and Prevention in Kindergartens and Primary Schools", which includes the organizational structure, system construction and management of allergic children, provides evidence-informed recommendations for the long-term comprehensive management of allergic children in kindergartens and primary schools, and provides a basis for the establishment of the prevention system for allergic children.
School Feeding Programs in the United States during 1853-2010
MA Jinxia, LIU Chengyuan
2023, 44(2): 173-175. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.02.003
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The Children's Aid Society of New York has been providing free food to students at local vocational schools since 1853. It wasn't until 1975 that the school lunch program was permanently mandated by Congress. The National School Lunch Program in America has gone through a historic process from its inception and establishment to its development. The continued interest and oversight of the American people, public opinion guidance by progressive people like nutrition reformers, home economics and other are external factors in the continued development of this program. The timely enactment of the bill by the federal government and the high concern of senior leaders on this project is an important prerequisite for continued development. Integrating this program into the national agricultural development strategy and realizing the overall development philosophy is the key to the sustainability of this program. Paying attention to children's physical health is the core reason why American School Feeding Programs focus on children's diet quantity to children's nutritional quality. All of these factors contribute to the development of this project.
Association between motor coordination and core symptoms in children with autism spectrum disorder
JIN Chengkai, CAO Muqing, GU Tingfeng, LI Xiuhong, JING Jin
2023, 44(2): 176-180. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.02.004
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  Objective  To study the relationship between motor coordination, social communication impairment, and restricted/repetitive behaviors (RRBs) in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).  Methods  A total of 123 ASD children aged 2-12 were recruited from rehabilitation service institutions for autistic children in Guangzhou, including 105 boys and 18 girls. The Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire, Social Communication Questionnaire, and Restrictive Behavior Scale-Revised were collected to measure motor coordination, social communication skills and RRBs, respectively. Multiple linear regression was used to explore the association between motor coordination and core symptoms.  Results  In children aged 2-5 years old, those without motor coordination deficits scored lower in social interaction (7.73±4.00) than others (9.76±2.90)(Z=-2.29, P < 0.05). In children aged 6-12 years old, those without motor coordination deficits scored lower in restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behavior (4.22±1.93), repetitive sensory-motor behaviors (3.91±2.63), and insistence on sameness (13.52±10.59) than those with motor coordination deficits (6.11±1.54, 14.00±8.49, 31.33±15.05)(Z=-2.48, -3.83, -3.28, P < 0.01)。Multiple linear regression analysis showed that fine motor/handwriting and control during movement were negatively correlated with the severity of social communication impairment and RRBs respectively among children aged 2-5 and 6-12(β=-0.85--0.03, -2.98--0.17, P < 0.05).  Conclusion  Among autistic children, those with motor deficits suffered from more severe core symptoms. Motor assessment should be included in the ASD screening, diagnosis and management. Motor intervention should also be promoted in the rehabilitation in order to improve the prognosis and life quality.
Effect of types of educational institutions on social-communication functions among children with autism spectrum disorder: an observation study
GU Tingfeng, CAO Muqing, JIN Chengkai, WANG Xin, JING Jin
2023, 44(2): 181-185. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.02.005
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  Objective  To explore changes in the social interactions of school-aged children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) enrolled in ordinary schools and special education institutions during a one-year observation period.  Methods  A total of 44 children with ASD were recruited from the Research Center of Children and Adolescent Psychological and Behavioral Development in the Department of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, during 2017 and 2018. At the baseline and follow-up periods, a self-report questionnaire (completed by parents) was administered in order to collect demographic information related to the children, the survey included the Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS), Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), Social Communication Questionnaire (SCQ), Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorder (SCARED) and the Swan-son Nolan and Pelham, Version Ⅳ Scale(SNAP-Ⅳ).  Results  At baseline, compared with children in ordinary schools, the total score of SRS (114.56±6.02, 93.63±3.82) and its subscale scores (social awareness: 13.54±0.71, 11.02±0.45; social cognition: 22.73±1.16, 18.19±0.73; social interaction: 37.47±2.12, 30.40±1.35; autistic mannerisms: 23.11±1.70, 19.02±1.08) were higher in children attending special education institutions, as well as the SCQ total score (20.37±1.60, 12.92±1.02) and its subscale scores(social interaction domain: 8.77±0.92, 4.23±0.58; social communication domain: 6.07±0.55, 4.19±0.35)(P < 0.05). Further comparison of baseline and follow-up results showed no significant difference in time effect or in the interaction between time and the educational environment(P>0.05).  Conclusion  Compared with special education institutions, school-aged children with ASD in ordinary schools had lower levels of social impairment. During the one-year observation period, there was no correlation between the educational environment and changes in symptoms of children and their parents. Parents should choose an appropriate educational environment according to the children's abilities, and ordinary schools and teachers should be prepared for inclusive education.
Association between parenting style and sleep problems among school-aged children with autism spectrum disorder
WANG Xin, CHEN Jiajie, LIN Lizi, ZHAN Xiaoling, LIU Siyu, JIN Chengkai, LI Xiuhong, JING Jin
2023, 44(2): 186-190. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.02.006
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  Objective  To investigate the association between parenting style and sleep problems among school-aged children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).  Methods  A total of 98 children with ASD aged 6-10 years old and 98 age-and gender-matched typically developing (TD) children from mainstream schools were recruited. Parenting style and sleep problems were measured via Parent Behavior Inventory (PBI) and Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire(CSHQ), respectively. The symptom severity and intelligence level were also evaluated. Generalized linear model was used to analyze the relationship between parenting style and sleep problems.  Results  There was no statistically significant difference in the parenting style of the two groups of children(P>0.05); weekend sleep time of children with ASD was significantly shorter than that of the TD group [(9.1±0.7)(9.5±0.8)h, P < 0.01], and the score of sleep onset delay was significantly higher than that of the TD group[(1.8±0.7)(1.5±0.7), P < 0.01]. However, there was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of total sleep problems and various problems between the two groups of children(P>0.05). The parental support/engagement of children with ASD was negatively associated with the total score of sleep problems(β=-2.68, 95%CI=-4.88--0.47), bedtime resistance (β=-1.65, 95%CI=-2.54--0.77) and sleep anxiety(β=-1.01, 95%CI=-1.70--0.32). The parental hostility/coercion was positively correlated with score of daytime sleepiness(β=1.41, 95%CI=0.53-2.29)(P < 0.05).  Conclusion  Parenting style of support/engagement is associated with lower sleep problems in children with ASD, while hostile/coercion is associated with higher sleep problems. It should be improve parental style to reduce the sleep problems in children with ASD.
Social functioning characteristics of children with co-occurrence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and oppositional defiant disorder
CHEN Qiang, LI Dexin, LI Jing, QI Yangyang, LIU Hui, CHEN Shumei, LIAO Yuanhang, ZHONG Jieqiong, LI Xiuhong
2023, 44(2): 191-194. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.02.007
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  Objective  To explore the social functioning characteristics of children with co-ocurrence of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) for intervention reference.  Methods  The Chinese Version of Swanson Nolan and Pelham, Version Ⅳ Scale-Parent Form(SNAP-Ⅳ), the Chinese Version of Weiss Functional Impairment Scale-Parent(WFIRS-P), and the Questionnaire-Children with Difficulties (QCD) were applied to 192 children with ADHD, 243 children with co-occurrence of ADHD and ODD, who firstly visited the Department of Children Psychological Health of Zhuhai Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, and 118 healthy control children from a school in Zhuhai.  Results  The scores of attention deficit factor in SNAP-Ⅳ scale of children in three groups were[1.9(1.7, 2.1), 1.8(1.6, 1.9), 1.0(0.6, 1.2)], the scores of hyperactive impulsivity were[1.8(1.4, 2.1), 1.6(1.1, 1.8), 0.7(0.2, 1.0)] the scores of oppositional defiant were[1.6(1.5, 1.9), 1.0(0.8, 1.1), 0.8(0.5, 1.0)], the differences were statistically significant(H=268.44, 237.97, 418.66, P < 0.01). The dimensions and total scores of the three groups of children's WFIRS-P scale were family[0.8(0.6, 1.1), 0.6(0.3, 0.8), 0.3(0.1, 0.6)]; learning and school[0.8(0.5, 1.1), 0.8(0.5, 1.0), 0.3(0.1, 0.5)]; life skills[1.0(0.7, 1.2), 0.8(0.6, 1.0), 0.6(0.4, 0.8)]; self-management [1.0(0.3, 1.0), 0.7(0.3, 1.0), 0.3(0.0, 0.7)]; social activities [0.7(0.4, 1.0), 0.6(0.3, 0.9), 0.3(0.0, 0.4)]; adventure activities[0.3(0.2, 0.5), 0.2(0.1, 0.4), 0.1(0.0, 0.2)]; the total score[0.8(0.6, 1.0), 0.6(0.5, 0.8), 0.4(0.2, 0.6)], the difference between the groups was statistically significant(H=108.82, 122.45, 60.17, 40.58, 96.17, 76.57, 138.30, P < 0.01). The difference between the QCD scale scores of children in the three groups was statistically significant[30.0(24.0, 37.0), 32.0(27.0, 40.0), 47.0(37.0, 52.3), H=124.65, P < 0.01). Multiple regression analysis showed that attention deficit, and oppositional defiant symptoms were associated with both the total WFIRS-P score and the QCD score of children(R2=0.40, 0.25, P < 0.05).  Conclusion  Children with co-occurrence of ADHD and ODD have more severe deficits in all dimensions of social functioning than children with ADHD, which might be associated with attention deficit and oppositional defiant symptoms.
Correlation between early-life exposure to PM2.5 and risk of autism spectrum disorder among school-aged children
ZHAN Xiaoling, CHEN Yujing, OU Xiaoxuan, WANG Xin, LI Xiuhong, LIN Lizi, JING Jin
2023, 44(2): 195-199. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.02.008
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  Objective  To investigate the associations between early-life exposure to particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) and the risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) among school-aged children.  Methods  A total of 165 children with ASD and 165 age-and gender-matched typical development (TD) children were recruited. Children's basic information were obtained via questionnaires, and the severity of ASD symptoms was assessed with Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS). Early-life PM2.5 exposure (preconception, entire pregnancy, and the first two years after birth) were extracted from the Tracking Air Pollution in China (TAP) datasets. Conditional Logistic regression and generalized linear model were used to evaluate the associations of early-life exposure to PM2.5 with the risk and the ASD severity symptoms, respectively.  Results  The PM2.5 exposure of ASD group during preconception[(55.08±9.34)μg/m3], entire pregnancy[(50.44±8.71)μg/m3], the first year after birth [(45.04±8.25)μg/m3] and the second year after birth [(40.19±7.12)μg/m3] were significant higher than those in TD children [(47.66±7.63, 44.19±7.16, 38.95±6.07, 35.76±5.65)μg/m3](t=7.94, 7.13, 7.70, 6.32, P < 0.05). After adjusting for potential confounding, each increase of 1 μg/m3 in PM2.5 was associated with higher risk of ASD during preconception (OR=1.21, 95%CI=1.13-1.29), entire pregnancy(OR=1.18, 95%CI=1.11-1.26), the first year after birth (OR=1.30, 95%CI=1.18-1.43) and the second year after birth (OR=1.29, 95%CI=1.17-1.42). No similar results were observed regarding the analyses of SRS total and sub-scale scores(P>0.05).  Conclusion  Early-life exposure to PM2.5 is relate to the risk of ASD, these findings indicated that more attention should be paid to ambient PM pollution in the early-life prevention and control of ASD.
Prevalence and relevant factors of physical and emotional abuse by parents among children with autism spectrum disorder
CUI Lihua, DU Wenran, LI Huimin, DONG Jingyi
2023, 44(2): 200-204. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.02.009
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  Objective  To explore the prevalence and relevant factors of physical and emotional abuse by parents among children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), so as to provide basis for intervention program of children abuse.  Methods  A total of 221 ASD children from 3 special education institutions in Tangshan were investigated from March to October in 2021, 395 non-ASD children from two kindergartens in urban and rural areas were selected by convenient sampling. Parents of these children were invited for online and on-site questionnaire survey. The self-designed violence questionnaire, Childhood Autism Rating Scale and Patient Health Questionnaire-9 were used to assess violence, severity of autism, depression of parents. Chi-square test, Fisher's exact probability method and Logistic regression were used to analyze the influencing factors of violence.  Results  About 81.9% of children with ASD and 72.9% of non-ASD children experienced violence(P < 0.05). The reported rates of physical and emotional violence in ASD children were 74.2% and 73.8% respectively, which in non-ASD children were 58.7% and 65.8% respectively. There were significant differences in the 3 types of violence rate between the two groups (P < 0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that boys (OR=1.70, 95%CI=1.12-2.60), annual per capita income < 10 000 yuan(OR=2.43, 95%CI=1.45-4.08), and parental depression (ORmild=11.01, 95%CI=5.38-22.49; ORmoderate =69.97, 95%CI=24.25-201.93) were the risk factors for child violence exposure; ASD disease (OR=1.96, 95%CI=1.32-2.92), older age (OR=1.19, 95%CI=1.01-1.41) and parental depression(ORmild=7.83, 95%CI=3.67-16.74; ORmoderate=14.37, 95%CI=6.17-33.46) were risk factors for physical violence; boys (OR=1.62, 95%CI=1.11-2.36), mothers who work in manual labor (OR=1.68, 95%CI=1.09-2.59) and parental depression (ORmild=7.69, 95%CI=3.74-15.81; ORmoderate=25.37, 95%CI=10.80-59.63) were risk factors for emotional violence(P < 0.05).  Conclusion  The reported rate of parental violence against children with ASD is high. Mental health promotion and social support for families with ASD should be strengthened.
Social ecological model-based analysis of sport exercise behaviors and associated factors among children and adolescents in Ningxia
HUANG Zirui, ZHAO Haiping, ZHANG Hui, ZHANG Shujing, PAN Tingting
2023, 44(2): 205-207. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.02.010
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  Objective  To understand the influencing factors underlying physical exercise behavior among children and adolescents aged 9-18 years in Ningxia, China, in 2019, and to provide suggestions for physical exercise among children and adolescents by adopting a social ecological model.  Methods  Based on data related to 12 018 children and adolescents in Ningxia aged 9-18 years old which were obtained from the National Survey on Students' Constitution and Health in 2019, the survey questions scored based on the four levels of the social ecological model.  Results  The proportion of children and adolescents who engaged in physical exercise for less than 1 hour a day accounted for 55.97% of the total number of people in Ningxia. Regardless of whether they were able to engage in enough physical activity, individual factors played a dominant role in influencing the behavior of the children and adolescents, and an interaction was found between influencing factors at different levels(r=-0.01, 0.01, -0.08, 0.04, P < 0.01). The results of the stepwise regression analysis showed that the personal factors e.g. sports makes me healthy, I don't have enough time, muscle strength exercise, I have no movement of any relationship partner, sports make me know partner, policy in the number of physical education, number of sports meeting in a school year, the average daily lesson hold number all affect children's sports activities in time(B=-0.05-0.16, P < 0.01).  Conclusions  The lack of physical exercise among children and adolescents in Ningxia is the result of multiple factors. Comprehensive and diversified intervention should be administered from a socio-ecological framework to promote the formation of physical exercise habits among children and adolescents.
A qualitative study of knowledge and health education demands in depression among college students
FU Qinhuai, WANG Hong
2023, 44(2): 208-210. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.02.011
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  Objective  To understand knowledge and health education demands in depression among college students, and to provide reference for depression intervention.  Methods  Fifteen college students were interviewed with the semi-structured interview by using phenomenological approach, and the data were analyzed and sorted out.  Results  College students have some superficial understanding of depression, while are lack of in-depth understanding. It is generally believed that depression has adverse health effects on college students. In contrast, the attitudes and behaviors towards depression among some of this population are biased, and the coping style in depression diagnosed students are sometimes irregular and unscientific. Suggestions and demands for health education on depression among college students are in urgent need, due to lack of sufficient, professional and systematic sources of depression information. The expected ways for access to depression health education.  Conclusion  The current situation of KAP on depression among college students is not optimistic, but they have positive and urgent needs. It is necessary to improve the cognitive level of depression in college students, combine with their positive demand attitude, and strengthen the multi-channel and multi-range health education of the medical and school united.
Prevalence and influencing factors of behavioral problems among adolescents aged 12-16 years in Guizhou Province
XIE Hongya, LI Xiuling, WANG Wen, CHEN Taihao, LUO Peng, ZHANG Jiangping
2023, 44(2): 211-214. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.02.012
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  Objective  To explore the current status related to behavioral problems among children and adolescents aged 12-16 years old in Guizhou Province, China, and to provide a reference for timely prevention and intervention measures.  Methods  To capture different economic development levels, a multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method was used. A total of 3 217 children and adolescents aged 12-16 years old from six middle schools and six primary schools in Guiyang, Duyun, Kaili City from Guizhou Province participated in this study. The Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) and a self-designed questionnaire were administered between August and December 2021.  Results  The overall detection rate of behavioral problems among the students was 16.60%, and the rate was 14.41% and 18.62% among male and female students, respectively. The results of the Logistic regression analysis showed that good peer relationships (OR=0.25, 0.16, P < 0.05) were associated with a lower risk of behavioral problems in children and adolescents. However, the following factors were associated with an elevated risk of behavioral problems: nonparents as the main caregivers(OR=1.44); children's daily screen time was 1-2 h (OR=1.47) or more than 2 h(OR=2.75); children who had no sports hobbies(OR=1.36); father parenting for doting or neglect(OR=1.85, 2.01); maternal parenting for doting(OR=2.12); father had bad life habits(OR=1.69); father and mother were occasionally sick(OR=1.30, 1.38)(P < 0.05).  Conclusion  Behavioral problems among children and adolescents in Guizhou Province is related to children's unhealthy living habits and various factors in the family environment. It is suggested that families, schools and relevant functional departments give full play to their own advantages and take comprehensive measures to prevent the occurrence of behavioral problems among children and adolescents.
Attentional bias for food cues in overweight children
HUO Mingzhu, YIN Pengjiao, WU Yunxia, LI Wenhui
2023, 44(2): 215-218. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.02.013
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  Objective  To explore the characteristics of overweight children's attention bias to food cues, so as to provide a theoretical basis for the behavior and life intervention of overweight children.  Methods  From September to October 2017, 28 normal-weight children and 28 overweight children in grades 3 to 4 of a primary school in Shenyang were screened by body mass index (BMI). The point detection paradigm was used to evaluate the attention bias of overweight children to food cues.  Results  There was no significant difference between overweight children and control children in the score of attention bias to food cues [F(1, 52)=0.01, P>0.05, ηp2 < 0.01]; there was significant difference between overweight children and normal-weight children in the score of facilitated attention to food cues[F(1, 52)=5.94, P < 0.05, ηp2=0.10], normal-weight children had higher score of facilitated attention to food cues than that of overweight children; there was significant difference between overweight children and normal-weight children in the score of difficulty in disengaging to food cues[F(1, 52)=7.74, P < 0.05, ηp2=0.13], overweight children had higher score of difficulty in disengaging to food cues than that of normal-weight children.  Conclusion  Compared with normal-weight children, overweight children didn't have higher attention bias to food cues; in the specific indicators of attention bias to food cues, normal-weight children are more alert to food cues, while overweight children are more difficult to remove attention from food cues.
Construction of nutrition health educational guidance outline for primary and secondary school students in Shanghai
LIU Hanqing, XUE Kun, CHEN Bohao, TANG Biaoqian, LI Yiyang, YAO Shuxian, JIANG Hong, WANG Shumei
2023, 44(2): 219-223. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.02.014
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  Objective  Develop a nutrition health educational guidance outline for primary and secondary school students which is adapted to the characteristics of Shanghai and meets the cognitive level of students at different levels, so as to provide a reference for planning the content and target of nutrition health education among students of different school stages.  Methods  Through literature search and qualitative interviews, the framework of nutrition health education for primary and secondary school students in Shanghai was developed, and 21 experts in the fields of nutrition, school health and health education were invitied to conduct a Delphi consultation, and determined the content of nutrition and health education for students in each school section based on the consultation results.  Results  The recall rate for both rounds of consultation was 100%, the degree of expert authority was 0.74 and 0.89, and the coordination coefficients were 0.31 and 0.33(P < 0.01), suggesting high credibility of expert opinion. The resulting guidance outline included 2 first-level entries, 6 second-level entries, 60 third-level entries and corresponding entry explanations. The 2 first-level entries were rational nutrition and food safety; the 6 second-level entries were food and nutrients, balanced diet, good eating habits, nutritional practices, good hygiene habits and food-borne diseases; the 60 third-level entries needed to be studied in Level 1 were 24, Level 2 were 41, Level 3 were 55, and Level 4 were 59.  Conclusion  The nutrition health educational guidance outline for primary and secondary school students in Shanghai developed in this study focuses on key nutrition knowledge, rational dietary behaviors and nutrition practice skills, which can provide a reference and basis for the phased implementation of nutrition health education in primary and secondary schools.
Association of sleep quality, depressive symptoms with non-suicidal self-injury among rural middle school students
LUO Yunjiao, YAN Na, PEI Yifei, CHEN Qian, WANG Jingjing, TANG Jie, WANG Yuhao, WANG Wei
2023, 44(2): 224-228. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.02.015
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  Objective  To investigate the association of sleep quality, depressive symptoms and their interaction with non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) among rural middle school students, so as to provide a reference for early prevention and control of NSSI among rural middle school students.  Methods  A multi-stage cluster sampling method was used to randomly select four rural middle schools in Xuzhou, Jiangsu Province. A total of 1 723 middle school students were investigated according to the principle of grade stratification and class random selection. Paper questionnaires (including demographic factors, Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Short Scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, Patient Health Questionnare-9) were used to conduct the questionnaire survey. Logistic regression model was used to analyze the association of sleep quality, depressive symptoms and their interaction with NSSI among rural middle school students.  Results  Totally 30.5% of middle school students had NSSI. Univariate results showed that girls (33.0%) had a higher incidence of NSSI than boys(27.3%), and those with sleep disorders and depressive symptoms had a higher incidence of NSSI, which was 46.8%, 43.6%. The results of multivariate Logistic regression showed that the risk of NSSI in students with sleep disorder was 1.80 times that in those without sleep disorder(OR 95%CI=1.42-2.28, P < 0.01). The risk of NSSI in students with depressive symptoms was 3.32 times higher than that in those without depressive symptoms(OR 95%CI=2.60-4.24, P < 0.01). The interaction results showed that there was additive interaction between sleep disturbance and depressive symptoms on the occurrence of NSSI behavior in rural middle school students, and the relative excess risk, attributable proportion and synergy index were 1.80, 0.30 and 1.57, respectively.  Conclusion  Sleep disorder and depressive symptoms are risk factors for NSSI among rural middle school students, and there is additive interaction between them.
Association between childhood maltreatment and the Big Five personality traits in middle school students
PAN Junyan, LI Min, SHAN Fangling, HE Muran, LI Yuan, WEN Xue, WANG Jun, SU Puyu, WANG Gengfu
2023, 44(2): 229-232. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.02.016
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  Objective  The study aimed to explore the relationship between childhood maltreatment (CM) and the Big Five personality traits of middle school students, so as to provide scientific evidence for promoting the healthy development of middle school students' personality.  Methods  A total of 5 724 middle school students from Xuancheng, Hefei and Huaibei of Anhui Province were selected by using a multi-stage stratified cluster sampling method to conduct a questionnaire survey, including demographic characteristics, CM experience and Big Five personality traits. Linear regression analysis and canonical correlation analysis were used to explore the associations between CM and the Big Five personality traits.  Results  Physical abuse, emotional abuse, sexual abuse, physical neglect, and emotional neglect of middle school students were significantly associated with conscientiousness (β=-1.71--2.55) and neuroticism (β=1.93-3.87) personality traits(P < 0.05). Except physical abuse, all other types of CM were significantly associated with extraversion (β=-1.04--2.32) and agreeableness (β=-1.07--1.37) personality traits(P < 0.05), and only sexual abuse was associated with openness personality trait(β=-0.70, P < 0.05). Except for openness personality trait, the relationship between the number of CM experience and the personality traits of middle school students was statistically significant; there was a dose-response relationship between the number of CM experiences and the scores of personality traits each dimension(P < 0.05). In the canonical correlation analysis, the canonical correlation coefficient was -0.375(P < 0.05). CM experiences were mainly reflected by emotional abuse, emotional neglect and physical neglect (canonical load coefficient was 0.556-0.951). The Big Five personality traits were mainly reflected by neuroticism, conscientiousness and extraversion (canonical load coefficient was -0.702-0.639).  Conclusion  There is a correlation between CM and the personality traits of middle school students, and prevention of CM is of great significance for promoting the healthy development of middle school students' personality.
Relationship between middle school students' bullying behavior and family environment and education style
HUA Long, LI Ning, CHANG Weiwei, TONG Jiani, ZHOU Mengjie, ZHU Lijun, YAO Yingshui, JIN Yuelong
2023, 44(2): 233-236. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.02.017
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  Objective  To understand the status quo of school bullying among middle school students in Anhui Province and its correlation with family environment and education methods of students related to school bullying, so as to provide corresponding prevention and controlling measures against school bullying.  Methods  The investigation has been conducted on the occurrence of school bullying among middle school students ranging from junior grade one to senior grade three in Hefei, Wuhu, Fuyang of Anhui Province, during which up to 1 826 students information has been gathered through Questionnaire Atar Platform using the school bullying scale and self-designed questionnaire. SPSS 26.0 statistical software has been applied for data analysis.  Results  The incidence of bullying was 41.40%, and among them, 14.46% were reported to bully others, 39.59% of them were of being bullied, and 12.65% of them were reported of bullying others and being bullied at the same time. Multivariate Logistic regression corrected model showed that quiet relationship with mother (OR=1.76, 95%CI=1.22-2.53) was a risk factor for the bully, quiet relationship with father(OR=1.89, 95%CI=1.47-2.43), reorganized family (OR=2.28, 95%CI=1.22-4.29) were the risk factors for the bullied, quiet/poor relationship between parents (OR=1.52, 95%CI=1.06-2.17; OR=3.15, 95%CI=1.79-5.57) was a risk factor for the bully-bullied; Punishment and abuse(OR=1.45, 95%CI=1.10-1.90; OR=1.82, 95%CI=1.48-2.23; OR=1.47, 95%CI=1.10-1.96) were risk factors for the above three behaviors(P < 0.05).  Conclusion  The incidence of school bullying is influenced by family environment and rearing style. In daily life, parents should be mindful of maintaining a good family relationship, fostering active communication with child, which can reduce the occurrence of school bullying.
Relationship among perceived social support, bullying defender and depression symptoms in middle school students
WANG Hongyi, ZHANG Shanshan, WU Jiayu, LIU Zhihong
2023, 44(2): 237-241. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.02.018
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  Objective  To identify potential categories of perceived social support for middle school students and further analyze the association of different categories with bullying defender and depressive symptoms, so as to provide a reference for promoting protection for primary school bullying and reducing depression.  Methods  From September to November 2021, a total of 1 021 junior high school students and senior high school students from there middle schools in Liaoning Province by convenient whole-group sampling method were taken as the object of the research. Students completed the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS), Participant Role Questionnaire (PRQ) and Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS). Latent Profile Analysis, the R3STEP method and the DU3STEP method and Logistic regression analysis were used to analyze the data.  Results  Middle school students' perceived social support was classified into four potential categories: low perceived social support group (8.03%, 82), perceived friendship support group(15.38%, 157), moderate perceived social support group (35.26%, 360) and high perceived social support group(41.33%, 422). Logistic regression analysis showed that girls and junior high school students had greater proportions in the perceived friendship support group(OR=0.65, 0.52, P < 0.05). There were significant differences in bullying defender and depression symptom among middle school students among different potential categories of perceived social support (χ2=47.99, 48.80, P < 0.01). The score of bullying defending the low perceived social support group was the lowest(33.75±0.82), but the highest in depressive symptoms(49.82±0.72).  Conclusion  There is heterogeneity in perceived social support among middle school students. By consciously improving the level of perceived social support for middle school students, families and schools can effectively promote bullying defender and reduce depressive symptoms.
A qualitative study of experiences of non-suicidal self-injury in adolescents with depression
PENG Jianyan, WU Dongmei, CHEN Qingyun, ZHOU Ying, YE Zixiang
2023, 44(2): 242-245. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.02.019
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  Objective  To understand the real experience and feelings of self-injurious cutting in adolescents with depression, to provide guidance for clinical targeted interventions.  Methods  During November 2021 to May 2022, 19 adolescent patients with depression who had cut themselves as the type of non-suicidal self-injury were recruited from a tertiary first-class psychiatric hospital in Chengdu, Sichuan Province. All the participants were interviewed in a semi-structured manner, which used the interpretative phenomenological analysis to analyze the transcription data.  Results  The experience and feelings of non-suicidal self-injury in adolescent with depression could be summarized into five themes: self-injury thoughts that arise under external interference; self-injurious behavior in a thousand thoughts; painful but a happy experience of self-injury; cutting as the most frequently selected form of non-suicidal self-injury; decreases in self-injurious behavior reduced when they feel love and responsibility.  Conclusion  Non-suicidal self-injury of adolescent patients with depression are affected by various factors. Clinicians should provide targeted clinical care according to the characteristics of patients, as well as the no-suicide contract, alternative skills of non-suicidal self-injury behaviors, and a multi-dimensional social support platform with the families of patients.
Current situation and related factors of screening for early warning signals in psychopathology in kindergarten children in Jinniu District of Chengdu
BAI Fengyi
2023, 44(2): 246-250. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.02.020
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  Objective  To describe screening situation and associated factors of early warning signals in psychopathology in kindergarten children, so as to provide reference for effective prevention and treatment strategies.  Methods  From October to December 2021, a cross-sectional study was conducted in kindergartens in Jinniu District of Chengdu. The age-appropriate early warning signals were screened among 20 417 kindergarten children for developmental problems. Chi-square test and Logistic regression were used for univariate and multivariate analysis of positive early warning signs screening, respectively.  Results  The positive screening of early warning signals among 2-year-old children was mainly distributed in the language domain (6.12%), personal-social domain for 2.5-year-old (1.70%) and 3-year-old children (1.76%), and fine-motor domain for 4-year-old (2.04%) and 5-year-old children (1.03%). Univariate and multivariate analysis showed that factors associated with positive screening of early warning signals included gender, family structure, history of diseases, electronic screen exposure >2 h/d, sleep duration at night, and age of children(P < 0.05).  Conclusion  It is necessary to carry out regular screening for early warning signals for psychopathology in kindergartens. Age-appropriate health education for early childhood development should be carried out against nurses and kindergarten teaching staff. Similarly, more attention should be paid to healthy sleep and media usage to improve physical and mental wellness among preschool children.
Bidirectional associations between cellular phone use behaviors and depressive symptoms in college students: a follow-up study
LI Renjie, TAO Shuman, WU Xiaoyan, YANG Yajuan, ZOU Liwei, XIE Yang, LI Tingting, ZHANG Dan, ZHAI Shuang, QU Yang, TAO Fangbiao
2023, 44(2): 251-255. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.02.021
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  Objective  The study aimed to describe the prevalence of mobile phone use and depressive symptoms and to examine the bidirectional associations between the two among college students, providinb evidence for mental health promotion among college students.  Methods  A longitudinal study with follow-up at 6-month intervals was conducted in 1 135 students from 2 universities in Hefei, Anhui Province and Shangrao, Jiangxi Province who were selected between April and May 2019. The last follow-up was conducted between April and May 2021 based on questionnaire survey, and 999 valid participants were obtained after matching. The self-designed questionnaire was used to investigate the duration of cellular phone use and use of cellular phone functions among college students. The Self-rating Questionnaire for Adolescent Problematic Mobile Phone Use (SQAPMPU) and the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) were used to assess cellular phone dependence and depressive symptoms among college students. Pearson correlation analysis was used to examine the correlation between cellular phone use behavior and depressive symptoms at baseline and 2 years later; linear regression model was used to analyze the linear association between cellular phone use behavior and depressive symptoms scores; autoregressive cross-lagged model was used to analyze the bidirectional associations between cellular phone use behaviors and depressive symptoms among college students over time.  Results  The prevalence of mobile phone dependence and depressive symptoms among college students at baseline were 24.3% and 42.4%, respectively. The mean duration of mobile phone use among college students at baseline and the 2-year follow-up were (2.84±0.90)h/d and (2.02±1.05)h/d, respectively; the mean scores of mobile phone dependence were (23.30±9.00) and (23.29±10.45), respectively; the mean scores of mobile phone function use were (30.12±6.66) and (29.12±7.27), respectively; and the mean scores of depressive symptoms were (4.51±4.76) and (2.61±4.40), respectively. Pearson correlation analysis showed there were significant positive correlations between duration of cellular phone use, cellular phone dependence, use of cellular phone functions at baseline or 2 years later and depressive symptoms 2 years later(r=0.08-0.50, P < 0.05). Linear regression models showed a significant positive association between cellular phone dependence at baseline and depressive symptoms (β=0.26, 95%CI=0.23-0.29) at baseline and 2 years later (β=0.12, 95%CI=0.09-0.15). Autoregressive cross-lagged models showed that cellular phone dependence at baseline positively predicted depressive symptoms 2 years later (β=0.04) and depressive symptoms at baseline positively predicted cellular phone dependence 2 years later(β=0.23)(P < 0.05).  Conclusion  There was a bidirectional association between cellular phone dependence and depressive symptoms among college students. Reducing cellular phone dependence is of positive significance for improving college students' mental health.
Relationship between maternal emotional symptoms and emotional and behavioral problems of preschool offspring
WANG Xinzhu, LI Ruoyu, YANG Yahong, LIU Tingting, YE Lu, LI Qinglei, WAN Yuhui
2023, 44(2): 256-260. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.02.022
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  Objective  To explore the relationship between maternal emotional symptoms and emotional and behavioral problems (EBPs) of preschool offspring, and to provide reference for prevention and intervention of emotional and behavior problems in preschool children.  Methods  A total of 4 100 preschool children aged 3-6 in Fuyang City were enrolled by stratified cluster sampling method in June 2021. The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) were used to investigate preschool children's EBPs and maternal emotional symptoms, respectively.  Results  The detection rates of preschool children's emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity, peer interaction problems, prosocial behavior and difficulty scores were 15.7%, 17.4%, 20.0%, 32.3%, 15.1% and 15.8%, respectively. The detection rates of mother's depression, anxiety and stress symptoms were 7.9%, 12.7% and 4.8%, respectively. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that, compared with children of mothers with no depression, anxiety and stress symptoms, offspring of mothers reported depression, anxiety and stress symptoms had significantly higher risks of emotional symptoms, conduct problems, hyperactivity, peer problems and total difficulties (OR=1.76-6.35, P < 0.01). Maternal emotional symptoms had the most significant effect on children's emotional symptoms, and there was no significant correlation between maternal stress symptoms and children's prosocial behavior (OR=1.40, P>0.05). There was no significant gender difference in the relationship between maternal emotional symptoms and children's emotional and behavioral problems (ROR=0.73-1.07, P>0.05). For only children whose mothers reported stress symptoms showed a higher risk of emotional and behavior problems than non-singleton children (ROR=2.03, P < 0.05).  Conclusion  Maternal emotional symptoms are related to preschool children's emotional and behavioral problems. Early identification and intervention of mother's negative emotional symptoms, are beneficial to the prevention of preschool children's emotional and behavioral problems.
Correlation between physical fitness and frequency of breakfast consumption of middle school students
GAO Lei, CHANG Ziming, LUO Shuaicheng, MENG Ying, LIU Cong
2023, 44(2): 261-265. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.02.023
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  Objective  To investigate the breakfast consumption of middle school students and to analyze its relationship with physical fitness, so as to provide reference for improving physical fitness of middle school students.  Methods  A total of 2 732 middle school students from Shangrao City were selected in September 2021 by random cluster stratified sampling. The breakfast consumption behaviors of middle school students were investigated by questionnaire, and the general information, family information and other lifestyle behaviors were collected. The physical fitness test includes grip strength, standing long jump, 1-minute sit-up, sit-forward bend, 50 m run and 20 m shuttle run test (20 m SRT) to evaluate the strength, flexibility, speed and endurance of middle school students. χ2 tests were used to compare the correlation between different demographic characteristics, breakfast behavior and physical fitness, and Logistic regression analysis was used to infer the correlation strength between breakfast behavior and physical fitness.  Results  The detection rate of physical fitness failure among middle school students was 21.5%. There were statistically significant differences between breakfast frequency and grip strength and 20 m SRT(χ2=8.27, 13.90, P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis results showed that 20 m SRT was positively correlated with breakfast frequency (sometimes eat breakfast, OR=1.51, skip or occasionally eat breakfast OR=2.08, P < 0.05).  Conclusion  The low frequency of breakfast consumption of middle school students is associated with low performance on 20 m SRT. Schools and families should pay attention to the breakfast consumption of middle school students to ensure adequate daily nutrition intake.
An outbreak of school influenza complicated with mycoplasma pneumoniae infection
HU Yongdi, YIN Chunli, DOU Wenxia, FENG Taicong, LIU Xiaofeng, LIU Yun, YANG Mingzhen, SHEN Yanhua, XIANG Lunhui
2023, 44(2): 266-268. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.02.024
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  Objective  To describe the clinical features, causal agent and transmission mode of a fever outbreak in a school in Shanghai.  Methods  Field epidemiological approaches including case definition development, searching for contacts, distribution of diseases description, environmental sampling and laboratory testing.  Results  A total of 16 influenza-like cases were included, all concentrated in the one class of grade two, including 15 students and 1 teacher. Among student cases, the incidence rate was 36.59%(15/41), the average age was 7.4 years, the incidence rate was 36.84%(7/19) for boys, 36.36%(8/22) for girls. The clinical course was 5-15 days, with the median of 9 days, and 18.75%(3/16) of the cases stayed studying while sick. The nasopharyngeal swab specimens in 16 cases all tested positive for influenza B, of which 11 tested positive for mycoplasma pneumoniae and 1 case also tested positive for coronavirus OC43. Body temperature, number of mononuclear cells, and treatment time of patients infected with Influenza B and mycoplasma pneumoniae were higher than those of patients infected with influenza B alone(P < 0.05). The outbreak lasted for 12 days, all sick students were treated and discharged from hospital, with no severe cases or death, and the outbreak was effectively controlled.  Conclusion  This campus cluster outbreak caused by influenza B and mycoplasma pneumoniae. Patients with influenza B with mycoplasma pneumoniae have severe symptoms and a long course of illness, suggesting the importance of early management of the epidemic.
Relationship between adolescent-parent attachment and attempted suicide among middle school students
DING Hongli, WANG Yan, PENG Chang, CHENG Junhan, RONG Fajuan, YU Yizhen
2023, 44(2): 269-273. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.02.025
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  Objective  To understand the current situation of suicide attempts in middle school students and to explore its relation with adolescent-parent attachment, to provide a basis for the prevention and control of middle school students suicidal behavior.  Methods  A total of 4 419 students from grades 7 to 12 in Ezhou City and Xiaogan City, Hubei Province were selected by stratified cluster random sampling. The Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Kessler Psychological Distress Scale were used to conduct a questionnaire Survey, and evaluated the suicide attempts of middle school students.  Results  The detection rate of attempted suicide among middle school students was 6.8%. The detection rate of attempted suicide varies among different grades, family types, parental relation, parenting style, family income, self-esteem level, and psychological distress(χ2/t=3.88, 10.12, 18.00, 52.54, 13.90, 2.37, 8.99, P < 0.05). The scores of paternal attachment and maternal attachment (14.64±13.45, 14.77±12.26) in the group with attempted suicide were lower than those without attempted suicide(22.05±16.08, 23.79±14.93)(t=-9.07, -12.11, P < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that both paternal attachment and maternal attachment were associated with lower rate of suicide attempts among middle school students(paternal attachment, OR=0.99, 95%CI=0.98-0.99; maternal attachment OR=0.97, 95%CI=0.96-0.98), with paternal attachment for girls only(OR=0.98, 95%CI=0.97-0.99)(P < 0.05).  Conclusion  Adolescent-parent attachment may be a protective factor for middle school students suicide attempts. Sex-specific effects are observed in adolescent-father attachment in girls. Parents should pay attention to cultivating a good attachment relationship with their children and promote the healthy growth of middle school students.
Association between eating at night and skipping breakfast with anxiety symptoms among freshman in colleges in Yunnan Province
LI Xiaoxiao, AO Ya, HUANG Guifan, ZHANG Xiaorong, WANG Luwei, LI Yijian, FENG Yunping, SU Yunpeng, XU Honglü
2023, 44(2): 274-277. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.02.026
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  Objective  To study the association between eating at night and skipping breakfast with college students' anxiety symptoms, and to provide reference basis for preventing and alleviating college students' anxiety symptoms.  Methods  A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 9 960 freshman from three universities in Kunming and Dali, Yunnan Province. The dietary frequency questionnaire was used to evaluate the dietary behavior of college students. The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) was used to evaluate the anxiety symptoms of college students. The association of late night snack and breakfast skipping with the association of anxiety symptoms in college students used generalized linear model and Logistic regression model.  Results  The proportion of college students who reported eating at night and breakfast skipping in the last month was 72.5%(7 217/9 960) and 61.6%(6 131/9 960) respectively. The detection rate of anxiety symptoms in college students was 28.9%(2 875/9 960). There was a statistical significance between eating at night with anxiety symptoms(OR=1.40-2.54), and breakfast skipping with anxiety symptoms(OR=1.23-1.60)(P < 0.05). The interaction between eating late at night and breakfast skipping was positively correlated with college students' anxiety symptoms (multiplicative interaction, β=0.06, 95%CI=0.02-0.10, P < 0.01; additive interaction, OR=2.00, 95%CI=1.59-2.51, P < 0.01).  Conclusion  The study suggests that the college students who eat at night and frequently skipped breakfast are more likely to have anxiety symptoms. It suggested to promote the formation of healthy eating habits of college students, so as to reduce the occurrence of anxiety sympotoms.
Effectiveness and associated factors of varicella vaccination on school outbreaks
MAI Weizhen, LI Jialing, XIE Xin, LIANG Wenjia, LI Weinan, LIN Daner, WU Xianbo, ZHU Qi, MA Wenjun
2023, 44(2): 278-281. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.02.027
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  Objective  To evaluate the effectiveness of varicella vaccine in varicella outbreaks and to analyze the influencing factors, and to provide a reference for making the targeted prevention and controlling measures.  Methods  A total of 3 888 students with no history of varicella were selected from 2 schools with varicella outbreak in Guangdong Province in 2021, a retrospective cohort study was conducted by using questionnaire survey, rate ratio (RR) and vaccine effectiveness (VE) values were calculated and Logistic regression was uses to analyze the factors influencing the protective effect of varicella.  Results  There were 138 confirmed cases of varicella among the participants. There was no significant sex difference in the vaccination rate(χ2=1.36, P=0.51), but there was significant difference in the vaccinattion rate of different age groups(χ2=555.82, P < 0.01). The overall protective effect of VarV was 66.94%(95%CI=56.17%-77.71%), and the protective effect of 2 doses of vaccine(VE=90.02%, 95%CI=83.13%-96.90%) was higher than that of 1 dose(VE=49.40%, 95%CI=32.36%-66.44%)(χ2=24.93, P < 0.01). The high fever rates in the vaccinated and unvaccinated groups were 7.69% and 25.81%, with significant difference(χ2=6.29, P < 0.05). The rates of moderate and severe skin lesions of vaccinated and unvaccinated groups was 20.00% and 50.00%, respectively, and the difference was statistically significant(χ2=11.32, P < 0.01). The protective effects of varicella vaccine against high fever and moderate to severe rash were 70.19%(95%CI=42.11%-98.27%) and 60.00%(95%CI=38.15%-81.85%). Stratified analysis showed that there were significant differences in different years of vaccination(χ2=37.87, P < 0.05), while there were no significant differences in age of vaccination and vaccine manufacturer (P>0.05).  Conclusion  Varicella vaccination can prevent chickenpox infection and reduce the severity of the disease. However, the efficacy of varicella vaccine was affected by vaccination years. It is recommended to improve the vaccination coverage of varicella vaccine to prevent the outbreak of the epidemic.
Association between dynamic cardiorespiratory fitness and aerobic endurance among university students
LI Chuangtao, GAO Xiaolin, WU Dongzhe, WANG Hao
2023, 44(2): 282-286. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.02.028
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  Objective   To screen dynamic cardiorespiratory fitness indices for effective assessment of aerobic endurance using incremental load exercise tests.  Methods   From March to November 2019, 266 volunteers who were able to understand the trial and voluntarily cooperated with the entire testing process were randomly recruited from 5 universities in Beijing. Gas metabolism and cardiac function were monitored in real time using the German Cortex Metalyzer 3B system and the US Cheetah NICOM system, and maximum oxygen uptake was measured by a linear incremental loading scheme. Aerobic endurance and dynamic cardiopulmonary function indices were selected according to the study design, and the relationship between the two indicators was analyzed using correlation and typicality correlation.  Results   The absolute maximum oxygen uptake (VO2max), relative maximum oxygen uptake, maximum stroke volume (SVmax), and maximum stroke volume index (SVImax) were significantly higher in males than in females, and the dynamic cardiopulmonary function index K was significantly lower than in females (t=17.8, 10.1, 8.5, 4.3, -6.3, P < 0.05). Simple correlation revealed that absolute VO2max and relative VO2max were negatively correlated with K and b, and absolute VO2max and relative VO2max were positively correlated with SVmax and SVImax(P < 0.01); Both dynamic cardiopulmonary function indices were significantly correlated with aerobic endurance. Aerobic endurance indexes closely related to dynamic cardiopulmonary function were absolute VO2max, relative VO2max; dynamic cardiopulmonary function indexes closely related to aerobic endurance were K, b, SVmax, SVImax.  Conclusion   Improvement of dynamic cardiorespiratory fitness contributes to the improvement of aerobic endurance, the dynamic cardiorespiratory fitness indices K, b, SVmax, and SVImax can be used as important candidates to predict the assessment of aerobic exercise capacity.
Coincidence rate of adjustable and non-adjustable desks and chairs in primary and secondary schools in Shanghai
OUYANG Fang, TAN Hui, ZHANG Li, YANG Yujuan, YI Lubo, WANG Zhenwei, RUAN Yifan
2023, 44(2): 287-290. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.02.029
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  Objective   To understand the coincidence rate of adjustable and non-adjustable desks and chairs in primary and secondary schools in Shanghai, so as to provide a reference for the effective management of desks and chairs in schools.  Methods   Stratified random cluster sampling was applied to measure 1 091 sets of desks and chairs in 33 classrooms of 7 primary and secondary schools in 4 districts of Shanghai including Huangpu, Hongkou, Yangpu and Jiading districts. The height examination data of seated students in the same semester were also collected to evaluate the matching type of functional size of desks and chairs and students' height according to Functional Sizes and Technical Requirements of Chairs and Tables for Educational Institutions.  Results   The matching coincidence rate of desk and chair distribution in primary and secondary schools was 22.5%, and the matching coincidence rates of primary, middle and high schools were 11.7%, 27.1% and 40.9% respectively (χ2=83.23, P < 0.01); the matching coincidence rate of adjustable desks and chairs (28.2%) was significantly higher than that of fixed (18.2%) (χ2=14.49, P < 0.01). The type of distribution of desks and chairs that do not correspond to national standards, from elementary school to high school, showing a trend of high desks with high chairs, low desks with high chairs to high desks with low chairs.  Conclusion   The coincidence rate of desk and chair distribution in primary and secondary schools is low, and the adjustable desks and chairs has improved the problems to a certain extent, but has not significantly improved the coincidence rate. It is necessary to further explore the effective management mode in the use of adjustable desks and chairs and improve the current situation of the use of desks and chairs in schools.
Cross-sectional, surveillance and longitudinal study of poor visual acuity in Gui'an New Distinct of Guizhou Province
HE Wanya, ZHU Yan, TANG Xin, QIN Huiling, CAI Jinghui, NIE Ying
2023, 44(2): 291-294. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.02.030
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  Objective   To understand the development trend of poor vision among primary students through cross-sectional, surveillance and longitudinal analysis, so as to put forward some suggestions on adolescents' growth and health.  Methods   Visual data of 3 753 pupils were inclucled for analysis from Gui'an New Distinct, Guizhou Province in autumn semester 2021, and were compared with data collected during the year of 2016-2021. The curve, increment and contribution rate of poor vision from each grade of the three designs were contrasted.  Results   In 2021, poor vision rate among pupils in this town was 25.6%. The curve of poor vision rate in cross-sectional data was U-shaped with significant rise followed by decline which was different from monitoring and longitudinal tracking data, and the trend of poor vision rate of monitoring and longitudinal tracking data were linear with continued increases. The cross-sectional data in 2021 showed that the highest contribution rate of poor vision rate of pupils was in grade 1(87.0%), while other data showed that those were both in grade 4(45.0%, 33.9%).  Conclusion   The accuracy of the development trend of poor vision is lowest in cross-sectional analysis and highest in longitudinal analysis. However, data acquisition and preservation is easy in cross-sectional study and difficult in longitudinal study. It is necessary to improve the electronic information system based on cross-sectional data to gradually form a complete monitoring and longitudinal tracking data, and combine different data to provide more accurate information.
Spinal curvature disorders among primary and middle school students in Hohhot
ZHAO Jufang, WEI Nana, ZHAO Jing, YANG Tian, LI Guofeng, GAO Jianqiong, ZHANG Xiuhong
2023, 44(2): 295-298. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.02.031
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  Objective   To investigate the incidence and associated factors of spinal curvature disorders among primary and middle school students in Hohhot, so as to provide reference for relevant prevention strategies.  Methods   According to the monitoring and intervention work of students' common diseases in Inner Mongolia Autonomous, 13 586 primary and middle school students in Hohhot were selected by random sampling method to carry out scoliosis examination in September 2021.  Results   A total of 538(4.0%) students were found to have spinal curvature disorder. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that monitoring site, phases of studying, and persistent back pain in the past 1 month were associated of spinal curvature disorder in primary and middle school students (OR=0.33, 1.74, 1.28, 1.51, P < 0.05).  Conclusion   Conclusion Spinal curvature disorder is relatively common in primary and middle school students in Hohhot. Effective measures should be taken to reduce the burden of spinal curvature disorders in primary and middle school students.
Surveillance and control of infectious disease in primary and middle schools in Hebei Province from 2019 to 2021
HE Peilan, WANG Xin, CHANG Jin, TIAN Chen, ZHU Xiaopeng
2023, 44(2): 299-301. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.02.032
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Abstract:
  Objective   To understand the infectious disease prevention and control among primary and secondary schools in Hebei Province from 2019 to 2021 and to provide a scientific basis for promoting epidemic prevention and control in schools.  Methods   Relevant indicators of infectious disease prevention and control in primary and secondary schools were collected and screened from the on-site supervision and inspection data uploaded from various places, and analyzed with SPSS 22.0 software.  Results   The qualified rates of infectious disease prevention and control in primary and secondary schools in Hebei Province from 2019 to 2021 were 77.11%, 89.74% and 96.24%, respectively, the difference was statistically significant(χ2=455.45, P < 0.01). The qualified rates of infectious disease prevention and control in primary schools, middle schools and high schools from 2019 to 2021 increased by year, the difference was statistically significant(χ2=319.49, 118.74, 25.73, P < 0.05). The qualified rates of six infectious disease prevention and control indicators such as morning inspection record, special person responsible for epidemic report, registration record of absence due to illness increased by year, the difference was statistically significant(χ2=140.34, 9.10, 113.55, 163.71, 286.74, 329.18, P < 0.05).  Conclusion   Steady improvement in school infectious disease prevention and control has been observed, while qualification rate in primary school and rural area still need to be improved, with missing or late report. Government support and talent policy, hardware and sofeware construction, as management level should be strengthened.
Interpersonal psychotherapy in the population of adolescents with depression
LI Jingyi, MIAO Qunfang, SHU Wan, Qiu Lingjing, WANG Yahong
2023, 44(2): 302-306. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.02.033
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Abstract:
The concepts and theoretical mechanisms of interpersonal psychotherapy are discussed in detail. The review focuses on the effectiveness of interpersonal psychotherapy on depression among adolescents and the expansion of its applications. The feasibility of localized adapted interpersonal psychotherapy interventions in adolescent depression groups is proposed, to provide a reference for the applied practice of interpersonal psychotherapy.
Spatial distribution and health risk assessment of heavy metals in drinking water of rural schools in Henan Province
ZHANG Xinye, ZHANG Jie, PENG Jing, YAN Xiaona, ZHAO Qiuyan, YANG Siyu, WANG Yongxing
2023, 44(2): 307-310. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.02.034
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Abstract:
  Objective   To evaluate health risks of five heavy metals in drinking water of rural schools in Henan Province, so as to provide scientific basis for drinking water safety in rural schools.  Methods   Totally 1 269 drinking water samples were collected and analyzed for five heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr6+, Pb, Hg) concentration in 106 cities and counties of Henan Province, and its spatial distribution characteristics were explored by geographic information system (GIS). Risk assessment method recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) was applied to evaluate health risks from five heavy metals through oral ingestion.  Results   The qualified rate of As concentration was 100%, and the qualified rates of Cd, Cr6+, Pb and Hg were 99.9%, 99.9%, 99.5%, 99.6%. The highest carcinogenic risk was As (3.05×10-5), followed by Cr6+(2.73×10-5), and the highest non-carcinogenic risk was As (0.158 3), followed by Pb(0.041 7). The carcinogenic risk and non-carcinogenic risk were all higher in girls than boys. The carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks were differences in different regions(P < 0.05).  Conclusion   Health risks of five heavy metals in drinking water for rural schools in Henan Province were within the acceptable risk level recommended by EPA. As, Cr6+ and Pb were the main health risk factors in drinking water, and that might impact negatively the healthy growth of primary and middle school students. These should be future efforts of drinking water safety management.
Research progress on the association between childhood obesity and pubertal timing
LYU Huiling, HAN Di, HU Jia, SHEN Hui
2023, 44(2): 311-315. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.02.035
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Abstract:
With the increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity in children, the influence of overweight and obesity on pubertal timing has attracted the attention of scholars. This paper reviewed the correlation and mechanism between childhood obesity and pubertal timing, especially for earlier pubertal timing, and found that the regulation of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis function by nutrition and metabolic signals might under lie those associations. Obesity in girls was positively correlated with early pubertal timing, while the conclusions in boys were inconsistent. Overweight in boys was related to early pubertal timing, obesity in boys could lead to both earlier and later onset of puberty, which warrents further investigation.
Research progress on predictors of suicidal behavior in adolescents with depressive disorder
LIU Chuang, LI Meizhen, LI Xiuhong
2023, 44(2): 316-320. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.02.036
Abstract(240) HTML (116) PDF(43)
Abstract:
In recent years, the incidence of adolescent suicide has been increasing, and it has become a serious public health problem that threatens the physical and mental health and even the life of adolescents. Adolescents with depressive disorder are a high-risk group for suicidal behavior. The paper reviews the personal psychological factors, as well as the family, school and social factors that play a role in the suicidal behavior of adolescents with depressive disorder, providing a scientific basis for the effective prevention of suicidal behavior in adolescents.

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