中国学校卫生

Promoting preventive intervention studies for childhood obesity

LIU Zheng, WANG Haijun

2022, 43(11): 1601-1604. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.11.001

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Childhood obesity is a serious public health issue that needs to be urgently tackled. Although studies in preventive intervention for childhood obesity have made some progress, challenges remain in terms of parental engagement and intervention fidelity. This editorial calls for more obesity intervention studies at the preschool or even the preconception stage, develops intervention models that are applicable in distinct regions and are effective in large populations, and systematically reviews associated factors of childhood obesity from genetical, psychological, and behavioral perspectives. It provides insights for personalized preventive interventions for childhood obesity based on individual characteristics.

YU Fengbin and school health

ZHU Chuanlei, LI Yongchen

2022, 43(11): 1605-1608. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.11.002

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YU Fengbin was truly one of pioneers in school health field in modern China. His perspectives in school health was a preliminary attempt to solve school health problems in China by using the modern school health theory, and was also the product of idea combination. The implementation of school health, which was the forerunner of compulsory education, was related to national prosperity and population health; Management of the relationship between government finance and school health, between teachers and students, as well as school nurse, school, family and inspector was the essential step in school health programs.

Effect of a dietary and exercise intervention on children's cognition and behaviors: the mediating role of family support

PENG Yuanzhou, WANG Haijun, LIN Yi, FENG Xiangxian, ZHANG Fang, GAO Aiyu, ZHOU Shuang, LIU Zheng

2022, 43(11): 1609-1612. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.11.003

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Objective To evaluate the effect of a dietary and exercise intervention on cognition and behaviors among primary school students, and to further explore the mediating role of family support, in order to provide scientific evidence for future effective intervention strategies. Methods A dietary and exercise intervention program for childhood obesity prevention was carried out in 24 primary schools in Beijing, Changzhi and Urumqi from 2018 to 2019, and 1 392 children in grade four as well as their parents were included. Family support and children's cognition and behaviors were collected through questionnaire. To carry out diet and exercise behavior intervention on the three levels of school, family and individual in the intervention group, and children's dietary and exercise knowledge, eating habits, physical activities, as well as sedentary and screen behaviors were evaluated. The linear mixed model was used to analyze the effect of intervention on children's cognition and behaviors, and the mediation model was used to explore the role of family support. Results The proportion of children with higher score of dietary and exercise knowledge (OR=2.34, 95%CI=1.71-3.21), eating habits (OR=2.58, 95%CI=1.75-3.82), and sedentary and screen behaviors (OR=1.91, 95%CI=1.35-2.68) increased in the intervention group after one-year intervention (P < 0.01), compared with the control group, respectively. The intervention also increased the proportion of children's family support in the intervention group compared with the control group (OR=3.45, 95%CI=2.19-5.45), and the support from children's fathers (OR=2.70, 95%CI=1.68-4.35), mothers (OR=3.71, 95%CI=2.28-6.04), paternal grandmothers (OR=1.65, 95%CI=1.00-2.70), and maternal grandmothers (OR=2.14, 95%CI=2.12-2.16) increased significantly (P < 0.05). The mediation analysis showed that family support played a mediating role in association between comprehensive intervention and children's eating habits as well as sedentary and screen behaviors. Conclusion The dietary and exercise intervention effectively promoted children's cognition and behaviors, and family support played an important mediating role.

Incidence of abdominal obesity among primary and middle school students and its association with parental weight-related knowledge, attitude and practice

HUANG Shan, GUI Zhaohuan, ZHANG Shuxin, JIANG Nan, HUANG Shaoyi, PU Xueya, CHEN Yajun

2022, 43(11): 1613-1617. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.11.004

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Objective To investigate the association of parental weight-related knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) with abdominal obesity among primary and middle school students and to provide evidence for related intervention measures. Methods In September 2013, the multistage random sampling method was used to select 17 307 primary and secondary school students with normal waist circumference in seven provinces/municipalities in China. After nine-month follow-up, 14 118 students aged 6-18 years were included in the final analysis. Questionnaires were used to assess parental weight-related KAP, and students' waist circumference was measured objectively at baseline and follow-up. Multiple linear regression and multivariate Logistic regression were conducted to analyze the relationship between parents' KAP with the change of students' waist circumference and abdominal obesity, respectively. Results The nine-month cumulative incidence of pre-and abdominal obesity among students was 6.67% and 0.85%, respectively. The scoring rates of parents' knowledge, attitude and practice were 80.17%, 78.17%, 50.50%, respectively. The score of parents' weight-related attitude was inversely associated with the changes of waist circumference (β=-0.18, 95%CI=-0.26--0.10) and cumulative incidence of pre-and abdominal obesity (OR=0.90, 95%CI=0.82-0.98)(P < 0.05). Conclusion Parental positive and correct weight-related attitude is inversely associated with the incidence of abdominal obesity among children and adolescents. Interventions targeting establishing parents' correct beliefs may be an effective way to prevent abdominal obesity in children and adolescents.

Cost-effectiveness analysis of comprehensive intervention for childhood obesity in Dongcheng District, Beijing

ZHOU Shuang, WANG Di, GAO Aiyu, LI Qin, LIU Zheng, WANG Haijun

2022, 43(11): 1618-1621. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.11.005

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Objective To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of a school-based comprehensive intervention for childhood obesity and to provide scientific basis for formulating and promoting efficient and economic intervention measures for childhood obesity. Methods In a cluster randomized controlled trial, 12 primary schools (1 889 students from grade 3 to 5) in Dongcheng District in Beijing were selected and randomly assigned to the intervention (6 schools, 930 students) and control group (6 schools, 959 students). Students in the intervention group received a one-year school-based comprehensive intervention for childhood obesity, including development of school-level policies, health education activities, improvement of physical activity, and improvement of healthy diet. A cost analysis method from a social perspective was used to evaluate the implementation costs of the intervention. Cost-effectiveness analysis was used by calculating incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) on obesity-related knowledge, number of days completing no less than 60 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) per week, students consuming sugar-sweetened beverage. Results The material cost and human cost were 46 376.24 yuan and 46 197.32 yuan, respectively. The total cost of the intervention was 92 573.56 yuan and the average cost was 99.54 yuan per student in the intervention group. ICER on obesity-related knowledge, number of days completing no less than 60 minutes of MVPA per week, percentage of students consuming sugar-sweetened beverage were 52.39%, 71.61% and 2.26%, respectively. Conclusion The school-based comprehensive intervention for childhood obesity shows a good cost-effectiveness promoting students' obesity-related knowledge, as well as dietary and physical activity behaviors.

Analysis of the association of eating behavior and personality with obesity in children

LIU Zheng, CHEN Jing, ZHOU Shuang, LYU Jinlang, FENG Xiangxian, LIN Yi, GAO Aiyu, ZHANG Fang, WANG Haijun

2022, 43(11): 1622-1625. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.11.006

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Objective To explore the mediation effect of eating behavior in the personality-obesity association, so as to provide scientific evidence for preventing childhood obesity in China. Methods This study investigated 1 271 children in September 2018 among Beijing, Changzhi and Urumuqi. By used NEO-five Factor Inventory to assess characteristics of personality and used Children Eating Behavior Questionnaire to measure eating behaviors in children. Five obesity-related indicators [body mass index (BMI), BMI Z-score, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio and body fat percentage] were derived from physical examination. Results After adjusting for sex, age and region, the standardization scores of conscientiousness were negatively associated with BMI(B=-0.227, 95%CI=-0.422--0.031), BMI Z-score(B=-0.081, 95%CI=-0.158--0.006), waist circumference(B=-0.720, 95%CI=-1.281--0.159), waist-to-hip ratio(B=-0.004, 95%CI=-0.007--0.001) and body fat percentage (B=-0.727, 95%CI=-1.293--0.162)(P < 0.05). Results from the mediation analysis showed that the associations between conscientiousness and BMI, BMI Z-score, waist circumference, waist-to-hip ratio and body fat percentage were partly mediated through food responsiveness and emotional eating behaviors; with effects ranged from 27.5%-47.1% and 0.9%-18.0%(P < 0.05). Conclusion Conscientiousness is associated with lower risk of childhood obesity and food responsiveness and emotional eating behaviors show mediating effect in the association between childhood personality and obesity. Health education should be carried out in time for children with low conscientiousness in order to prevent the occurrence of obesity in the early stage.

Relationship between SH2B adaptor protein 1 gene and lifestyles with childhood obesity

SONG Jieyun, SONG Qiying, WANG Hui, WANG Haijun

2022, 43(11): 1626-1629. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.11.007

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Objective To study the associations of rs7498665 polymorphism located in the SH2B adaptor protein 1 gene with obesity-related phenotypes in Chinese children and adolescents, and to explore the gene-lifestyles interactions. Methods Anthropometric measurements and lifestyles investigation were conducted in 3 305 children and adolescents aged 7-18 years old recruited from Beijing. The matrix assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) was used to genotype rs7498665 polymorphism. Multiple Logistic and linear regressions were performed to analyze the associations of rs7498665 with obesity and obesity related phenotypes by different levels of physical activity and diet behavior. Results The G-allele of rs7498665 polymorphism showed 37%, 101%, 45% and 64% high risk of obesity in population groups with unhealthy dietary intake, not eating breakfast daily, high consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages or not daily moderate to vigorous physical activity (P < 0.05). In the further analysis, the G-allele of rs7498665 polymorphism was associated with obesity in population with unhealthy lifestyle score (OR=1.63, 95%CI=1.23-2.17, P < 0.01). There were similar results with obesity related phenotypes, with the gene-comprehensive lifestyle behaviors interactions were significant (P_{gene×lifestyle behaviors} < 0.05). Conclusion The present study suggests the interactive effect of rs7498665 polymorphism located in the SH2B1 and unhealth lifestyle on childhood obesity and related phenotypes.

Effect of a comprehensive intervention to improve the accuracy of children's body size perception

WAN Zhongshang, LIU Zheng, LYU Jinlang, ZHOU Shuang, FENG Xiangxian, LIN Yi, GAO Aiyu, ZHANG Fang, WANG Haijun

2022, 43(11): 1630-1633. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.11.008

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Objective To analyze the effect of a comprehensive intervention on the accuracy of children's body size perception, so as to provide a theoretical basis for child body size perception improvement. Methods The participants were selected from a cluster-randomized controlled trial (September 2018 to June 2019). A total of 1 287 children in 24 primary schools (clusters) equally distributed among three regions (Beijing, Changzhi and Urumqi) were selected, which included 12 intervention schools (648 students) and 12 control schools (639 students). The accuracy of body size perception was measured by Ma figural stimuli. A linear mixed model was employed to analyze the effect of the comprehensive intervention on the accuracy of children's body size perception. Results At baseline, the accuracy rate of body size perception among children in the intervention group and the control group was 56.6% and 51.5%, respectively. The underestimation rate was 42.0% and 47.7%, and the overestimation rate was 1.4% and 0.8%. After the intervention, compared with the control group, the inaccuracy rate (OR=0.50, 95%CI=0.37-0.68, P < 0.01) and the underestimation rate in the intervention group decreased (OR=0.37, 95%CI=0.26-0.54, P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in the overestimation rate between the two groups(P=0.51). The results of the stratified analysis showed that the intervention could improve the accuracy of children's body size perception, regardless of their gender, nutritional status, region, or whether or not they were only child(P>0.05). Conclusion The inaccuracy rate of children's body size perception, which mainly involved underestimation was high. A comprehensive intervention can effectively reduce body size underestimation and improve the accuracy of children's body size perception.

Association between SIK3 SNP rs12225230 with obese phenotype in children

LI Xueying, LI Chenxiong, SONG Jieyun, WANG Hui, WANG Haijun

2022, 43(11): 1634-1637. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.11.009

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Objective To assess the associations between the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs12225230 of salt inducible kinase 3 (SIK3) and obesity/central obesity in children, and to provide evidence for screening intervention for obesity in children and adolescents. Methods A cluster sampling of 2 030 children aged 7-18 years in Beijing were enrolled and height, weight and waist circumference were measured according to the manufacturer. The genotype frequency of SNP rs12225230 was detected by matrix-assisted laser analysis/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Logistic regression and multiple linear regression were applied to analyze the associations between SNP rs12225230 and overweight/obesity and central obesity. Polyphen2 database was used to predict the effect of SNP rs12225230 on the protein function of SIK3. GTEx database was used to explore expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) of SNP rs12225230. Results C allele of SNP rs12225230 was a risk allele for obesity and severe obesity in children (OR_obesity=1.50, 95%CI=1.10-2.04, P=0.01; OR_{severe obesity}=1.72, 95%CI=1.23-2.39, P < 0.01). The SNP rs12225230 was positively associated with waist circumference and waist height ratio (β_{waist circumference}=1.40, 95%CI=0.28-2.52, P=0.01; β_{waist height ratio}=0.01, 95%CI=0.00-0.02, P=0.01). C allele of SNP rs12225230 may be harmful to the function of the protein encoded by the SIK3, and was positively related to the expression of the APOA1 in the heart tissue. Conclusion SNP rs12225230 is associated with obesity and central obesity in children, and SNP rs12225230 may affect the expression of the APOA1 in children, but its association with lipid metabolism needs to be verified.

Analysis of vitamin D nutritional status among children aged 0 to 12 years in Chongqing

WANG Xu, LIU Xia, ZHU Lanlan, DENG Yu, XIAO Xiang, LIU Yong, LIU Feng

2022, 43(11): 1638-1641. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.11.010

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Objective To investigate the nutritional status and associated factors of vitamin D among children aged 0 to 12 years old in Chongqing. Methods From January 2019 to December 2021, 1 877 children aged 0-6 years who received regular child health care were randomly selected from Chongqing maternal and child health hospital, and 707 school-age children were also selected from three primary school in Chongqing for investigation. The serum sample were collected for detecting serum 25-(OH)-D level by chemiluminescence method, and the possible influencing factors of vitamin D deficiency (VDD) were analyzed. Results The average serum 25-(OH)-D concentration of children was (39.9±9.1) ng/mL with the positive rate of VDD was 14.59%. There were significant differences of VDD positive rate in different age, visiting time, visiting season, body shape, outdoor activity time and vitamin D supplementation (0-3 years old vs 4-6 years old vs 7-12 years old: 14.73% vs 22.19% vs 10.47%; visiting season: spring vs summer vs autumn vs winter: 12.97% vs 10.65% vs 14.86% vs 21.33%; pre COVID-19 epidemic vs post COVID-19 epidemic: 11.18% vs 17.08%; underweight or normal vs overweight or obesity: 12.34% vs 26.13%; adequate outdoor activity time vs inadequate: 11.84% vs 16.27%; regular vitamin D supplementation vs irregular vitamin D supplementation: 11.71% vs 15.62%)(χ²=26.17, 17.59, 30.98, 53.74, 9.60, 6.17, P < 0.05). Underweight or normal body weight, sufficient outdoor activities and regular vitamin D supplementation were associated with less vitamin D deficiency with OR(OR95%CI) at 0.68(0.55-0.84), 0.57(0.25-0.77) and 0.62(0.44-0.85)(P < 0.05). Conclusion The prevalence of VDD among preschool and school-age children is high in Chongqing. Integrated prevention and control strategies incluing overweight or obesity control, increasing outdoor activities and oral vitamin D supplements should be taken.

Families sharing meal expenses in the national pilot areas of the Nutrition Improvement Program for Rural Compulsory Education Students in 2019

REN Zhibin, YANG Titi, XU Peipei, GAN Qian, XU Juan, CAO Wei, PAN Hui, XU Ying, YIN Chunjie, ZHANG Qian

2022, 43(11): 1642-1646. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.11.011

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Objective To analyze the status of parents sharing meal expenses in the national pilot areas of the Nutrition Improvement Program for Rural Compulsory Education Students (NIPRCES) and its influencing factors, so as to provide scientific data for promoting the proper implementation of the NIPRCES and the healthy development of students. Methods In the 726 national pilot counties in 22 provinces where the NIPRCES was implemented, 8 109 primary and junior high schools were selected as the survey objects and included in the analysis according to the three feeding methods of canteen feeding, enterprise feeding and mixed feeding. Data such as the basic information of the schools and counties, and the status of parents sharing meal expenses were collected through questionnaires. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the influencing factors of parents sharing meal expenses. Results In the national pilot areas of the NIPRCES, schools where parents shared meal costs accounted for 30.2% of all monitored schools in 2019. In central and western areas, the proportion of schools where parents shared meal costs were 51.5% and 20.3%, respectively. In schools where parents shared meal costs, no matter in primary school or junior high school, the difference in the amount of meal expenses shared by parents of students in middle and western schools was statistically significant (χ²=181.78, 89.54, P < 0.01). Among 38.7% of the parents of primary school students in the central region shared meal expenses of ≥2 yuan, and 47.5% of the parents of primary school students in the western region. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that the parents of schools in the central region, junior high schools or nine-year system schools, canteen feeding or other feeding, large school size, the nutritious meal subsidy used for lunch, middle and high family income level, medium and low input level of the monitoring counties, monitoring counties with other nutrition public welfare projects and insufficient working funds share a higher proportion of meal expenses (OR=3.22, 1.51, 1.36, 1.74, 3.74, 1.38, 11.58, 2.40, 3.15, 1.50, 2.12, 3.36, 1.34, P < 0.05). Conclusion The proportion of meals shared by parents of school students in the NIPRCES implementation area was relatively low, which may be affected by factors such as economic level, feeding mode, school scale, etc.

Clinical application of WeChat applet in caries prevention among 5-year-old children

REN Lewen, XIE Ling, DING Yue, WANG Ping

2022, 43(11): 1647-1650. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.11.012

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Objective To evaluate the clinical effect of WeChat applet on caries prevention of 5-year-old children, and to provide reference for the application of new technology in the prevention of dental caries in children. Methods Five-year-old children with high caries risk from Pediatrics Dentistry of Hefei Stomatological Hospital were randomly recruited and divided into experimental group (n=64) and control group (n=59) during August to October 2021. The control group received routine oral health education, while the experimental group received tooth brushing reminders and video push notifications of oral health education. Caries risk, plaque index (PLI), gingival index (GI), decayed missing filled tooth (dmft), decayed missing filled tooth surface (dmfts) as well as oral health knowledge, attitude, practice (KAP) score of guardians were compared between the two groups 6 months after intervention. Results At six months after intervention, the percentage of children with high caries risk in the experimental group (14.06%) was significantly lower than that of the control group (67.80%)(Z=-5.85, P < 0.05). The PLI in the experimental group [1(1, 2)] was significantly lower than that of the control group [2(2, 3)]. The dmfts of children in the experimental group (12.17±8.30)was significantly lower than that of the control group(15.18±6.24). The oral health KAP score of the guardians in the experimental group [78(74, 81)] was significantly higher than that of the control group [68(63, 71)](Z/t=-6.67, -2.29, 8.94, P < 0.05). Conclusion The integration of WeChat applet technology into oral health education can effectively improve oral health condition of children and enhance the oral health KAP of guardians.

Effect of spinal health exercises on primary school students with spinal dysplasia in Chengdu

WANG Qiang, XIANG Ning, LIU Zhiyang, YANG Liqun

2022, 43(11): 1651-1654. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.11.013

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Objective To observe the intervention effect of spinal health exercises on primary school students with spinal dysplasia in Chengdu, and to provide a reference for improving abnormal spinal curvature. Methods From September 2020 to June 2021, 331 middle and senior primary school students from four primary schools in Wuhou District, Chengdu were selected, and 94 with abnormal spinal curvature were screened. They were randomly divided into control group (n=47) and observation group(n=47). The control group received 12 weeks of routine sports activities, and the observation group were administered with 12 weeks of online and offline spinal health exercises on the basis of the control group. Spinescan hand-held electronic spine measuring instrument was used to test the spinal mobility (including lateral flexion angle, forward flexion and extension angle and rotation angle of cervical spine and thoracic spine), spinal tilt angle, spinal kyphosis angle and body balance of the two groups before and after implementation (shoulder horizontal line and posterior sacroiliac spine horizontal line); and the vital capacity of the two groups before and after intervention was measured by hand-held spirometer. Results After 12 weeks of implementation, the observation group and the control group including cervical lateral flexion angle (78.36±3.72, 72.39±3.17)°, cervical flexion and extension angle (112.37±5.17, 107.41±4.40)°, cervical rotation angle (119.37±4.22, 112.49±5.78)°, lumbar lateral flexion angle (49.37±4.12, 41.85±3.37)°, lumbar flexion and extension angle (106.47±4.90, 98.09±3.84)°, lumbar rotation angle(54.37±5.12, 50.30±4.17)° the differences were statistically significant(t=5.24, 2.82, 4.02, 4.96, 4.36, 5.75, P < 0.05); Compared with the control group, the inclination angle of spine (4.14±0.36, 6.02±0.48)°, kyphosis angle (30.17±1.82, 37.48±2.14)°, shoulder horizontal line (0.96±0.18, 2.30±0.37)° and posterior sacroiliac spine horizontal line (0.77±0.15, 1.40±0.21)° in the observation group were smaller than those in the control group, and the differences were statistically significant (t=-5.95, -6.74, -7.52, -6.58, P < 0.01); Compared with the control group in vital capacity (2 119.55±115.40, 2 042.47±104.35)mL, the observation group was greater than the control group, and the difference was statistically significant(t=4.81, P < 0.01). Conclusion Spinal health exercises can improve the range of motion of spinal joints, the abnormal angle of spinal tilt and kyphosis, as well as the body balance and vital capacity of primary school students with spinal dysplasia.

Changes of knowledge, attitude and practice in different stages of the COVID-19 epidemic among college students in Shanghai

ZENG Yi, SUN Yi, YANG Zexuan, LI Yuanyuan, QIAN Haihong

2022, 43(11): 1655-1658. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.11.014

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Objective To investigate and compare the changes and associated factors of knowledge, attitude and practice of college students in Shanghai between the early 2020 and the end of 2021 stages of the COVID-19 epidemic and analyze the influencing factors, so as to provide reference for epidemic prevention and health education of college students. Methods A retrospective cross-sectional survey was conducted among 913 college students in 12 colleges and universities in Shanghai in 2021 from November to December with a self-designed questionnaire by multi-stage stratified cluster sampling, so as to investigate the changes of college students' health literacy related to COVID-19 and the changes of knowledge, attitude and practice between the early 2020 and the end of 2021 stages of the COVID-19 epidemic. Results In the early stage of the epidemic, the average score of understanding of epidemic prevention and control policies was(2.93±0.94), information judgment was(3.10±0.89), satisfaction degree was(4.11±1.09), cooperation degree was(4.31±0.96), communication intention was (3.91±1.15). By the end of 2021, the understanding of prevention and control policies was (2.95±0.98); Information judgment was (3.77±0.94), satisfaction degree was (4.22±1.10), cooperation degree was (4.36±0.99), communication intention was (3.97±1.20), there were significant changes at different stages (P < 0.01). The results of binary Logistic regression showed that majors of social sciences (OR=0.62), majors of natural sciences (OR=0.62), self-rated good health (OR=0.62) and self-rated relatively good health (OR=0.28) were negatively correlated with college students' cognition and attitude changes to the COVID-19 epidemic (P < 0.05), while the choice of "relatively consistent"(OR=3.31) in "change in health behavior according to reasonable health information" was positively correlated with knowledge and attitude changes (P < 0.05). Shanghai college students' health literacy about epidemic prevention was generally high. 79.4% of them had a "relatively high" score (>80), and 82.6% of the students rated themselves "very well" and "relatively well" knew epidemic prevention. Conclusion Relatively high level of health literacy on epidemic prevention is observed among college students in Shanghai. There had been significant changes in their knowledge, attitude, and practice of the epidemic since the early stage. It is necessary to carry out more accurate and effective health education and dissemination according to different characteristics, so as to build the prevention and control barrier of epidemic among college students.

Analysis of Internet users' attention and attitude towards the prevention and control of myopia in children and adolescents with Traditional Chinese Medicine

WANG Yizhi, JIA Weichen, JIANG Dan, LIU Xinquan

2022, 43(11): 1659-1663. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.11.015

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Objective To analyze the attention and attitude towards the prevention and control of myopia in children and adolescents with Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM) in the three years of the Implementation Plan for the Comprehensive Prevention and Control of Myopia in Children and Adolescents, so as to provide a reference for the improvement of control and intervention of myopia by using TCM and western medicine. Methods Data scrap was administered in Microblog regarding information on "prevention and control of myopia in children and adolescents" and "TCM" by using Python scripts, sentiment analysis was used to analyze the attitude. Results A total of 47 133 texts were included: the most(19 931) was found in Eastern China from January 1, 2018 to October 26, 2021, with an average of 204.5, 426.5, 1 990.3, and 1 340.6 per month prior as well as 1-, 2-, and 3-year after issuance. Positive/neutral/negative attitude accounted for 29.1%, 60.2%, and 10.7%, respectively. The proportion of positive/negative attitude decreased and increased slightly during the first to the third year after issuance. Conclusion Internet users' attention to the prevention and control of children and adolescents' myopia with TCM was affected by public health events, policies and regional distribution. Most of Internet users' attitudes are neutral. It is suggested to further standardize network behavior and crack down on false publicity. And the appropriate technology of TCM based on external treatment has a high acceptance. To increase publicity regarding the integration of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine to prevent and control myopia in children and adolescents.

Association of COVID-19 epidemic risk perception, physical exercise and mental health in college students

WANG Congshuai, YAN Jianhua

2022, 43(11): 1664-1667. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.11.016

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Objective To understand the inter-relationships among COVID-19 risk perception, physical exercise and mental health among college students, and to provide basis for effective mental health promotion of college students under the context of normal epidemic prevention and control. Methods By using a longitudinal design, in December 2021 (T1) and March 2022 (T2), 2 follow-up surveys were conducted among 973 college students from 16 colleges and universities in Zhengzhou, Beijing, Shenyang and Tianjin, by using the Symptom Check List-90(SCL-90), Physical Exercise Rating Scale (PARS-3) and COVID-19 Epidemic Risk Perception Scale. Results There was no significant difference in risk perception of COVID-19 between boys and girls(Z=-1.81, -1.82, P>0.05), while there were cross-group gender differences in physical exercise and mental health variables(T1:Z=-0.98, -4.84; T2:Z=-0.86, -4.64, P < 0.01), with boys were better than girls in physical exercise and mental health; There was a stable and synchronous correlation between the risk perception of COVID-19 epidemic, physical exercise and mental health of college students(r=-0.31-0.54, P < 0.01); Early risk perception of COVID-19 (T1) could predict later physical exercise and mental health (T2) of college students(β=0.30, 0.43, P < 0.01), early physical exercise (T1) could predict later mental health(T2)(β=0.37, P < 0.01), and physical exercise had a mediating effect on the association between COVID-19 risk perception and mental health. Conclusion There is a longitudinal causal relationship between COVID-19 risk perception, physical exercise and mental health. It is of practical significance to improve college physical exercise awareness based on gender.

ZHOU Zhongxian, YU Ying, LU Lu, CHEN Hongyu, YE Yunli

2022, 43(11): 1668-1672. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.11.017

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Objective To understand the sex-related knowledge, attitude and practice of senior kindergarten children in Luzhou and its influencing factors, and to provide a scientific basis for comprehensive early childhood sexuality education. Methods In January 2022, the stratified cluster sampling method was used to select 1 438 large-class children and their parents in 24 kindergartens in Luzhou. Results The eligible rate of sex-related knowledge, attitude and practice of senior kindergarten children was 27.2%. About 91.0% of children knew that they should not let others see/touch their private parts, 88.0% of children could correctly name the source of life, 35.1% of children could correctly and completely point out the location of male/female private parts and 11.5% of children believed that girls could not play with toy pistols and 1.2% of children thought boys should not wear skirts. The results of multivariate analysis showed that public kindergarten, girls, ≥6 years old, high maternal education (college/undergraduate or above), parental sexuality education with positive attitude/good behavior were associated with high sex-related knowledge, attitude and practice(OR=1.69, 1.74, 1.86, 1.37, 1.32, 1.48, P < 0.05). Conclusion Sex-related knowledge, attitude, and practice among senior kindergarten children is insufficient, however, knowledge regarding sexual assault prevention and life education is sufficient. It is necessary to pay attention to the role of parents' attitudes and behaviors in child sexuality education, especially among boys, children from private kindergartens, as well as those with young age or low maternal education.

Effects of volatiles and negative air ions released from living coriander plants on mood and sleep of male college students

LI Zhaoming, CHEN Zhigang, LIU Hui

2022, 43(11): 1673-1676. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.11.018

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Objective To explore the effects of volatiles and negative air ions released from living coriander plants on mood and sleep of college students, and to provide experimental evidence for the use of edible aromatic vegetables to improve the mood and sleep of college students. Methods In April 2021, a within-subjects design with two environmental conditions, with and without living coriander plants, was used to measure changes in subjective mood, sleep indicators and salivary hormone levels in 13 male college students recruited from Beihang University, and the correlation between salivary hormones and sleep indicators was analyzed. Results Living coriander plants significantly increased the concentration of negative air ions in the environment (t=627.54, P < 0.01), and the main components of the volatiles were d-limonene (21.44%), isophorone (15.88%), benzyl alcohol (12.30%) and α-pinoresinol (10.77%). In the environment with living coriander plants, the subjects' subjective positive emotion increased significantly (t=2.32, P < 0.05), the degree of subjective insomnia decreased significantly (t=-2.54, P=0.03), and the percentage of deep sleep and REM sleep increased significantly (t=2.50, 2.87, P < 0.05). In addition, the content of salivary melatonin was significantly negatively correlated with the score of Insomnia Severity Index (r=-0.43, P=0.03). Conclusion The volatiles and negative air ions released from living coriander plants had a significant positive effect on mood and sleep of college students.

Family factors associated with handwashing behavior among children aged 3 to 12 years in Beijing

CAO Yuan, GUO Mingjie, CHAI Jingxin, YU Tong, LIU Xiurong

2022, 43(11): 1677-1681. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.11.019

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Objective To understand the proper handwashing behavior of preschool children and primary school students in Beijing, and to analyze associated family factors to provide reference for further health intervention related to handwashing. Methods From November to December 2020, parents of 36 kindergartens and 18 primary schools in 9 districts of Beijing were investigated online by using a self-designed questionnaire with questionnaire star software. The contents of the survey included the basic situation of children and their families, parents' correct knowledge of the prevention of novel coronavirus pneumonia, their perception of the epidemic risk, the provision of handwashing guidance for children, and children's handwashing behavior. Results The proportion of proper handwashing of preschool children was 70.2%, which was higher than that of primary school students (61.9%) (χ²=57.63, P < 0.01). The proportion of parents of preschool children who correctly knew handwashing related knowledge (36.2%, 33.4%), had low perception of epidemic risk (28.9%, 25.4%), and provided handwashing guidance (99.1%, 97.9%) was higher than that of parents of primary school students, and the differences were statistically significant (χ²=6.72, 22.84, 18.68, P < 0.05). But the proportion of parents of preschool children who had high self-efficacy (75.7%, 78.2%)was lower compared to parents of primary school students(χ²=6.43, P=0.04). Multivariate regression results showed that whether preschool children or primary school students, urban areas and parents had high self-efficacy, low risk perception, and provided hand washing guidance for children, children were more likely to wash their hands correctly. For preschool children, non-only children were 0.79(95%CI=0.69-0.92) times more likely to wash their hands correctly than only children. For primary school students, girls were 1.21(95%CI=1.06-1.39) times more likely to wash their hands correctly than boys, and parents who know knowledge correctly were 1.20(95%CI=1.04-1.40) times more likely to know it incorrectly(P < 0.05). Conclusion Proper hand washing behavior of preschool children is higher than that of primary school students. Parental awareness of COVID-19 epidemic, handwashing behavior, self-efficacy and guidance behavior have effects on the development of children's health behavior. Measures should be taken to enhance parents' awareness of infectious diseases and their ability and self-efficacy of guiding children in disease prevention.

Adolescent emotion during the transition stage from high school to college based on social network platform

LIU Huan, YE Wenlu, LIU Runxiang

2022, 43(11): 1682-1685. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.11.020

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Objective To understand the emotion state and emotion trajectory of adolescents during the transition stage from high school to college by analyzing text on social network platform, and to provide reference for carring out mental education for adolescents. Methods From September to November 2018 and September to October 2019, 534 undergraduates were recruited through online and offline advertisement, and their Tencent Tweets posted during the period from last year of high school to first year of college were crawled and stored with the time stamps. Total number of words, the number of Tencent Tweets, frequency of positive emotion words and negative emotion words were obtained by using jieba (a word segmentation program) and an emotion dictionary. The degree of activity in Tencent Tweets during the transition stage were described. The trend of the frequency of negative and positive emotion words were analyzed by using hierarchical linear model. The degree of activity and trend of monthly variation between high school and colleges were also compared. Results After entering college, adolescents' degree of activity in Tencent Tweets were much higher. Total number of words, number of Tencent Tweets, number of positive emotion words and negative emotion words were significantly higher than those in high school (Wilcoxon Z=-18.93, -18.03, -18.40, -13.60, P < 0.01). Total number of words, number of Tencent Tweets, number of positive emotion words and negative emotion words posted by female adolescents were significantly higher than male adolescents during first year of college (Mann-Whitney U=26 499.00, 28 581.00, 24 636.00, 28 010.50, P < 0.05). There were more positive emotion words than negative emotion words in adolescents' Tencent Tweets, the monthly average frequency of positive emotion words (0.029) was 2.40 times of frequency of negative emotion words (0.012). The frequency of positive emotion words and negative emotion words decreased significantly with each month in the last year of high school (β=-6.01, 3.55; t=-3.40, -2.86, P < 0.01). Conclusion Adolescents were less active in using Tencent Tweets in last year of high school, but their positive and negative emotional fluctuation were more intense in Tencent Tweets. It is noteworthy to pay attention to the emotional state of adolescents in last year of high school.

Effectiveness of project-based on learning of COVID-19 prevention and protection among primary school students

FENG Lu, HONG Jie, LIAN Shu

2022, 43(11): 1686-1689. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.11.021

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Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of project-based learning of COVID-19 prevention and protection among primary school students. Methods In February 2020, all the participants were selected from grade one, grade three and grade six in a primary school in Hefei and were randomly assigned into the experimental group (532 students) and the control group (530 students). Project-based learning methods was administered in health education of COVID-19 prevention and protection in the experimental group for two weeks, with the traditional health education for the control group. Questionnaire survey was conducted before and after experimental. Results After carrying out project-based learning, the awareness rate of COVID-19 protection knowledge in the project group was 99.43%, while that in the control group was 74.74% after traditional education methods, the proportion of excellent students was 96.43% in intervention group, and 45.11% in control group, with significant statistical difference(χ²=346.62, P < 0.01). Conclusion Project-based learning is superior than traditional health education in terms of improvement in self-protection against COVID-19 among students.

Association of early life adversity with allostatic load in girls with precocious puberty

WANG Ya, LI Jing, YUAN Jingyi, ZHANG Gong, LI Ting, XU Qi, ZHOU Yan, SUN Ying

2022, 43(11): 1690-1694. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.11.022

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Objective To explore the relationship between early life adversity (ELA) and allostatic load (AL) in girls with precocious puberty, to provide a theoretical basis for early identification of girls at risk of ELA-related disease. Methods From September 2019 to September 2021, 150 girls with precocious puberty were recruited in the department of child health of Anhui Provinal Children's Hospital. Parents' questionnaires and child interviews were used to collect basic information and early growth adversity experiences. Among 150 blood samples were collected, and 13 biomarkers representing 4 regulatory systems were used to detect unsteady load related indexes. Multivariate linear regression was used to analyze the correlation between early growth adversity experience and AL scores. Results The low education level of parents was positively correlated with the total score of AL(β=1.02, 95%CI=0.21-1.83, P=0.01). The divorce of parents was positively correlated with cardiovascular AL score(β=0.65, 95%CI=0.13-1.17, P=0.01). Peer bullying was negatively correlated with the total score of AL(β=-0.89, 95%CI=-1.64--0.14, P=0.02). Compared with girls with precocious puberty without ELA experience, the total AL score and metabolic system AL score of precocious girls who experienced one kind of ELA increased by 0.75(95%CI=0.04-1.47, P=0.04) and 0.67(95%CI=0.16-1.18, P=0.01). Conclusion Early-life adversity and physiological wear-and-tear are correlated in girls with precocious puberty. These findings suggest that the effects of early-life adversity might be remediated with interventions that target parental education, divorce and peer bullying.

Influence of parental education level and family type on parental control among middle school students in Bengbu

HAN Hui, SONG Wengang, WANG Yuanming, CHENG Yaohui

2022, 43(11): 1695-1698. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.11.023

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Objective To explore the influence of parents' educational level and family type on the level of parental control, so as to lay a foundation for improving parental education and promoting adolescents' mental and physical health. Methods In April 2019, random cluster sampling was used to select 1 046 students in junior and senior high schools in Bengbu. Information was collected through the Chinese version of Parental Control Questionnaire, and SPSS 25.0 for statistical analysis was used. Results Mother's behavioral control and mother's educational level were significantly positively correlated(r=0.18), father's behavioral control and father's education level were significantly positively correlated(r=0.16). There was a significant positive correlation between the total score of maternal control and mother's education level(r=0.16). The total score of father's control was positively correlated with the education level of the fathers(r=0.12)(P < 0.05). There was significant differences between the parents with different education level on parental control(H=16.93, 32.21, P < 0.05). The score on parents behavioral control with primary school education or without education low among the parents with other education levels. There were differences between different family types in the total score of parental control(F=2.63, 3.55, P < 0.05). Compared with extended families and nuclear families, single-parent families total scored had significantly lower in father's control, and single-parent families total scored significantly lower in mother's control scores than extended families. Parents' educational level and family type had significantly predicted effect on parental behavioral control. Conclusion Parents' educational level and family type have an influence on parents' psychological and behavioral control, and have a predictive effect on parents' control level. Parental control levels should be improved by improving the family's upbringing environment.

Relationship of problematic social networks use, online social anxiety and depressive symptoms in college students

LIU Zhihong, ZHANG Shanshan, WU Hanyu

2022, 43(11): 1699-1703. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.11.024

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Objective To identify potential categories of problematic social networks use for college students and further analyze the association of different categories with online social anxiety and depressive symptoms, and to provide reference for formulating preventive measures to promote college students' rational use of social networks. Methods From May to June 2021, 1 082 college students from 3 universities in Shenyang, Liaoning Province were selected by convenient sampling. Students completed the Problematic Mobile Social Media Usage Assessment Questionnaire(PMSMUAQ), the Social Anxiety Scale for Social Media Users (SAS-SMU) and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), the latent profile analysis (LPA) and R3STEP were used to analyze the data. Results College students' problematic social network use was divided into three potential categories: moderate use group (31.98%, 346), mild dependence group (49.26%, 533), and deep addiction group (18.76%, 203). Logistic regression analysis showed that urban students had a greater proportion in the deeply addicted group (OR=1.62, P < 0.05). The incidence ratios of the mildly dependent and deeply addicted groups gradually increased as daily time spent online increased (OR=1.11, 1.20, P < 0.01). There were significant differences in online social anxiety and depressive symptoms among college students with different problematic social network use types(χ²=188.70, 62.60, P < 0.01), and the deeply addicted group scored higher on online social anxiety and depressive symptoms. Conclusion There is heterogeneity in problematic social network use among college students. And to reduce the emergence of online social anxiety and depressive symptoms, college educators and parents should pay more attention to students with higher levels of problematic social network use.

Analysis of dental caries among primary and middle school students in Henan Province

YANG Mengli, LOU Xiaomin, XU Xueqin, QUAN Shanai

2022, 43(11): 1704-1706. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.11.025

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Objective To analyze dental caries and associated factors among primary and middle school students in Henan Province, so as to provide reference for dental caries prevention and control. Methods The data of physical health survey of students in Henan Province in 2019 was analyzed for caries and other related index of students aged 7, 9, 12, 14 years. Chi-square test was used to compare detection rate of caries by sex and residence, analysis of variance was used to compare the height between with and without risk of caries, and Logistic regression analysis was conducted for the influencing factors of caries. Results The caries rate was 56.6%. And the male students' (53.4%) was lower than the female students' (59.7%). The urban students' (53.4%) was lower than the rural students' (59.8%)(χ²=52.31, 54.00, P < 0.01). The height of the caries-free group was higher than that of the caries group, and the height difference was 0.5-1.6 cm; the prevalence of caries decreased with the increase of age(χ²=992.01, P < 0.01). The detection rate of anemia in caries group (16.7%) was higher than that in caries free group (14.9%)(χ²=7.98, P < 0.01). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that age (OR=0.82) gender (OR=1.27) urban area and rural (OR=1.26) overweight (OR=0.67) and obesity (OR=0.67) were all influencing factors of dental caries(P < 0.01). Conclusion Dental caries is high among primary and middle school students in Henan Province, and dental caries affects their growth, development and nutritional status, and the prevention and control measures of dental caries among primary and middle school students should be strengthened.

Analysis of hypnotherapy on improving the symptoms of primary dysmenorrhea in female college students

CHENG Zuheng, WANG Yiran, WANG Enjie, XIAO Yufang, DONG Mingming

2022, 43(11): 1707-1712. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.11.026

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Objective To explore the improvement effect of hypnotherapy on dysmenorrhea symptoms of female college students with primary dysmenorrhea, in order to provide reference for the intervention and treatment of female college students with primary dysmenorrhea. Methods From Septerber to December 2021, 90 female college students diagnosed with primary dysmenorrhea in Qinzhou First People's Hospital were randomly divided into hypnotic suggestion group(n=30), hypnotic relaxation group (n=30) and control group(n=30). The 10-session hypnotic suggestion and 10-session hypnotic relaxation interventions were carried out while the control group received no intervention. Participants in the three groups were assessed by using the Visual Analogue Scale(VAS), Beck Depression Inventory-Ⅱ(BDI-Ⅱ), State Anxiety Inventory(SAI), Questionnaire of Quality of Life of College Students(QOLCS), Cox Dysmenorrhea Symptom Scale (CMSS) before and after intervention. Results After intervention, the VAS, BDI-Ⅱ and SAI scores of the hypnotic suggestion group and the hypnotic relaxation group significantly decreased compared to those before the intervention(t=7.04, 13.32, 3.58, 2.15, 2.52, 2.01, P < 0.05). There were statistically significant differences in VAS, BDI-Ⅱ and SAI scores among the three groups(F=24.71, 29.57, 6.60, P < 0.01). After intervention, the QOLCS total score, physical, psychological and behavioral dimension scores in the hypnotic suggestion group and the hypnotic relaxation group significantly improved(t=-4.61, -3.36, -3.12, -2.81, -2.71, -2.19, -2.69, -2.28, P < 0.05). There were statistically significant differences in QOLCS total score, physical, psychological, behavioral, environmental, and social support dimension scores among the three groups(F=10.36, 4.14, 5.14, 4.81, 7.07, 5.53, P < 0.05). After the intervention, the CMSS dysmenorrhea severity and dysmenorrhea duration scores in the hypnotic suggestion group and the hypnotic relaxation group were significantly lower than those before the intervention(t=5.66, 4.70, 3.09, 2.21, P < 0.05). There were significant differences in CMSS dysmenorrhea severity and dysmenorrhea duration scores among the three groups(F=15.33, 12.33, P < 0.05). Conclusion Hypnotherapy can help relieve pain of female college students with primary dysmenorrhea, improve depression and anxiety.

Analysis of body composition between girls aged 10 to 15 years with or without onset of menarche in Nanyang

WANG Qing, SHI Bingqin, XU Guochang, LIU Rongzhi, HUANG Hua, ZHANG Jingrui

2022, 43(11): 1713-1716. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.11.027

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Objective To compare body composition of girls aged 10 to 15 years with or without onset of menarche in Nanyang, and to provide a reliable basis for effective adolescent health care. Methods From August to December 2020 and from March to October 2021, cluster random sampling was adopted in 13 areas of Nanyang City to select 1 523 girls. Questionnaire survey and body composition (Japan Bailida MC-180) were conducted. Results BMI, body fat percentage, trunk fat percentage, muscle mass and bone mass of girls aged 10 to 15 years in Nanyang City gradually increased with age, the water content in the body decreased with age. BMI, fat percentage, trunk fat percentage, muscle mass and bone mass in girls experienced menarche were higher, while water content in the body was lower than those without menarche. Significant difference in BMI between the menarche and without menarche of girls were found in those aged 11 to 15 years(t=2.07, 2.03, 2.43, 2.45, 2.52, P < 0.05). Significant differences in fat rate, trunk fat rate, muscle mass and bone mass between the menarche and without menarche were found in girls aged 12 to 15 years fat percentage, trunk fat percentage muscle mass bone mass(P < 0.05). Among girls aged 10, 14 and 15-year-old, significant difference in body water percentage were observed in the two groups of girls with or without menarche(t=2.75, 2.35, 2.37, P < 0.05). Average age at menarche showed significant urban-rural differences among girls aged 10, 11 and 14-year-old (χ²=4.34, 3.45, 6.73, P < 0.05). Conclusion Changes in body composition including BMI, body fat percentage, muscle mass, bone mass and body water percentage during the transition to menarche in girls is helpful to predict menarche in girls. Age of menarche is related to nutritional status, BMI, physical exercise, snack and beverage intake.

Correlation between the changes of caries activity and new caries in 3 years old caries-free children after 1 year intervention

CHEN Ling, ZHANG Chi, ZHAO Xinyan

2022, 43(11): 1717-1719. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.11.028

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Objective To observe the relationship between the changes of caries activity and the incidence of new caries in 3 years old caries-free children after 1 year of intervention, and to provide reference for grading management of caries. Methods At baseline in September 2020, 808 caries-free 3-year-old children from 9 kindergartens in Zhangjiagang were selected for oral examination and caries activity detection. After one year of fluoride treatment, fluoride was applied once every 3 months in the high caries activity group and once every 6 months in the moderate and low caries activity groups, a total of 714 caria-free children aged 3 years were followed up for oral examination and caries activity detection in September 2021. The differences of new caries in different caries activity changes groups were analyzed. Results There were 200 new caries (28.0%) and dmft was 0.0(0.0, 1.0). The prevalence of caries (34.1%) and dmft 0.0(0.0, 0.0) in girls were higher than in boys(22.5%)[0.0(0.0, 1.0)], the differences were statistically significant(χ²/Z=11.83, 3.61, P < 0.05). The incidence of new caries among unchanged, decreased and increased of caries activity group was 29.6%, 14.3% and 35.6%, respectively. The average number of dmft was 0.0(0.0, 1.0), 0.0(0.0, 0.0), 0.0(0.0, 1.0), respectively. There were significant differences in the incidence of new caries and dmft among the three groups(χ²/Z=20.68, 21.04, P < 0.05). Fluorinated intervention could affect the changes of caries value. With the increase of the number of interventions, the proportion of children with reduced caries activity increased(χ²=80.55, P < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences in the incidence of new caries and dmft among groups with different intervention frequencies(χ²/Z=0.83, 0.61, P < 0.05). Conclusion Reduction of caries activity through fluoride application could be future approach for caries control among children.

Influence of air volleyball games activies on children's gross motor skills and physical fitness aged 4-6 years

CHEN Tian, GU Song

2022, 43(11): 1720-1724. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.11.029

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Objective This paper focus on the influence of air volleyball games activities on children's gross motor skills and physical fitness, and to provide theoretical reference for children's motor development promotion and kindergarten sports activities enrichment. Methods A total of 195 children aged 4 to 6 years from three kindergartens in Beijing and Chengdu were selected and administered with air volleyball activity intervention for 16 weeks(from February to June 2021). Before and after the intervention, TGMD-2 was used to assess the level of gross motor skills. National physical fitness measurement standard manual for children was used for the assessment of children's physical fitness. The differences of student's gross motor skills and physical fitness were conducted by independent samples t-test. Pearson's correlation and multiple linear regression analysis were used for correlations between indicators. Results Before and after the intervention, there were substantial improvement in movement skills, control skills and total gross motor skills (P < 0.05). In group comparison, there were significant differences across all age groups (P < 0.05) except 4-year-old girls (P>0.05). Physical fitness tests showed significant improvement by age and sex except for the jump on both feet item(P < 0.05), which showed no difference between pre-and-post-intervention (P>0.05). Tennis throw test showed significant correlations with movement skills and gross motor skills (r=0.44, 0.60, P < 0.01). There was a liner relationship between movement skills and physical health test scores. The regression model showed good fitting degree (R²=0.33). Conclusion Air volleyball activities could effectively promote the development of gross motor skills and physical fitness of children aged 4 to 6 years, especially in gross motor control and physical fitness of children aged 5 to 6 years.

Epidemiological characteristics and pathogen analysis of foodborne diseases among students in Ningbo during 2014-2021

JIANG Danjie, GUO Yanbo, WANG Jinghui, GAO Hua, GONG Qinghai, ZHANG Yan

2022, 43(11): 1725-1728. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.11.030

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Objective To analyze the epidemiological and pathogenic characteristics of foodborne diseases among students in Ningbo from 2014 to 2021, so as to provide a scientific basis for the prevention and control of foodborne diseases in schools. Methods Information on foodborne disease cases among students attending all surveillance hospitals in Ningbo from 2014 to 2021 was collected from the Foodborne Disease Surveillance System of Zhejiang Province, and epidemiological characteristics and pathogenic analysis were analyzed. Results A total of 3 602 cases of foodborne diseases in the student population were reported in Ningbo, of which 54.58% were males and 45.42% were females. Students aged 18 years and above accounted for the highest incidence group, and the incidence time mainly showed two peaks in May to June and September to October. Meat and meat products accounted for the largest proportion of suspicious foods (21.11%), and the positive pathogen detection rates were 11.20% for Norovirus, 3.30% for Vibrio parahaemolyticus, 1.77% for Salmonella, 1.30% for diarrheogenic Escherichia coli and 0.18% for Shigella. Conclusion The main suspect foods for foodborne diseases among students in Ningbo are primarily meat and meat products, and the main etiological agent is norovirus, which requires strengthening food safety health education and food safety management.

Association of sugar-sweetened beverages intake with overweight and obesity among primary and middle school students in Anhui Province

XIU Li, WANG Zhiqiang, ZHANG Yukun, WU Jing, PAN Haifeng, CHEN Guoping

2022, 43(11): 1729-1732. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.11.031

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Objective To analyze the association of consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) with overweight and obesity among primary and middle school students in Anhui Province, so as to provide basis for formulating proper prevention and control policies. Methods From October to November 2020, 51 069 primary and middle school students from 34 counties in Anhui Province were selected by multi-stage cluster sampling method for physical examination and questionnaire survey. Principal component analysis was used to obtain the consumption patterns of SSBs. Logistic regression model was used to analyze the relationship between consumption patterns of SSBs and overweight and obesity. Results In the students surveyed, 67.75% of them reported SSBs consumption in the past week, with milk beverages being the most frequently consumed drinks, with 39.91% of the students consumed more than or equal to once a week, 4 preferred patterns of SSBs intake were extracted by principal component analysis. The result of multivariate analysis showed that pattern 1 (carbonated beverages, tea beverages and functional beverages) and pattern 4 (coffee beverages) were associated with an increased risk of overweight and obesity (OR₁=1.09, 95%CI=1.07-1.11; OR₄=1.04, 95%CI=1.02-1.05), pattern 3 (milk beverages) was associated with a decreased risk(OR=0.97, 95%CI=0.95-0.99)(P < 0.05). Conclusion The intake frequency of SSBs is high among primary and middle school students in Anhui Province, and the intake of multiple types of SSBs is associated with an increased risk of overweight and obesity. It is suggested that relevant departments take appropriate and effective measures to reduce the consumption of SSBs among primary and middle school students.

Prevalence and associated factors of congenital heart disease among nursery, primary and middle school students in Zhaotong

FANG Jiayu, DUO Lin, FU Hongchen, YANG Qinghuan, MA Min, WANG Huadan, PANG Linhong, HE Liping

2022, 43(11): 1733-1736. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.11.032

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Objective To investigate the prevalence and associated factors of congenital heart defects (CHD) among nursery, primary, and middle school students in Zhaotong, and to provide basis for CHD prevention strategies for children and adolescents. Methods Using stratified random cluster sampling, a total of 11 343 nursery, primary and middle school students in 4 towns of Zhaotong were investigated with CHD screening and questionnaire during September to November in 2020. Results The prevalence of CHD among nursery, primary and middle school students in Zhaotong was 11.99‰(95%CI=9.99‰-13.99‰), Yongshan County (14.90‰) > Yanjin County (10.22‰), rural (13.30‰) > urban (8.21‰)(χ²=4.95, 4.77, P < 0.05). Among 136 cases of CHD, the Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD) accounted the highest proportion (41.2%), followed by Atrial Septal Defect (ASD, 32.4%), Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA, 14.0%), and Complex Congenital Heart Disease (CCHD, 5.9%) and the other CHD (others, 6.6%). The proportion of late diagnosed CHD was 50.74%, which was associated with living in rural areas of Yongshan County, low annual household income (10 000- < 20 000 yuan), as well as isolated and uncomplicated CHD(OR=0.30, 0.13, 3.67, 0.17, P < 0.05). Conclusion Nursery, primary and middle schools students have the characteristics of high prevalence rate of CHD, large proportion of complex congenital heart disease, large number of late diagnosis and complex influencing factors in Zhaotong. It's in urgent need of strengthening learning prevention of CHD.

Efficacy of specific exercise intervention on the children with skeletally immature idiopathic scoliosis

LI Fenghua, YANG Junlin, YANG Yunlin, YU Xuexiang, XUAN Xiaoling, LI Xinyue, HUANG Zifang

2022, 43(11): 1737-1739. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.11.033

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Abstract:
Objective This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of specific exercise therapy for the treatment of skeletally immature idiopathic scoliosis (IS). Methods A total of 51 mild IS patients receiving specific exercise therapy in Guangdong Xinmiao Scoliosis Prevention Center from October 2017 to September 2021 were recruited in this study. Treatment outcome were evaluated at 1-year follow-up. All the participants were divided into two groups: open (n=32) and closed triradiate cartilage group (n=19), and outcome of treatment were compared within the two groups. Results After (26.5±9.8) months of treatment, the Cobb angle of the major curve was corrected from an average of (15.5±4.2)° to (11.3±6.7)°, with an average correction of (4.5±5.7)°. Among them, 58.9% patients achieved improvement in the major curve Cobb angle, 33.3% achieved stabilization, and 7.8% progressed. There was no significant difference in the major curve Cobb angle between the closed and open triradiate cartilage groups before treatment(t=-0.73, P=0.47), whereas there was a significant difference in the correction of the major curve after treatment(t=-2.73, P < 0.05). Conclusion Specific exercise therapy effectively prevents the progression or corrects the scoliosis in patients with skeletally immature idiopathic scoliosis. It's more effective in patients with open triradiate cartilage than in those with closed triradiate cartilage.

Research progress on genetic variants' effects on childhood obesity interventions

CHEN Jing, WANG Haijun, WANG Hui, SONG Jieyun, XIAO Wucai, LIU Zheng

2022, 43(11): 1740-1744. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.11.034

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Abstract:
In recent decades, the prevalence of childhood obesity has increased at a alarming rate. The health hazards of childhood obesity are substantial, which has become an important public health problem. Lifestyle intervention is an effective means to prevent childhood obesity. However, individuals varied in their response to the intervention program, which may be associated with genetic factors. This paper systematically reviews the research progress of the effects of FTO, MC4R and other genetic variants on childhood obesity interventions, summarizes the limitations of current research and sheds light on the future research, so as to provide scientific evidence for individualized childhood obesity interventions based on genetic backgrounds.

Cyberbullying and comprehensive treatment approach among Canadian students

QU Yashan, WEI Yiping, YANG Xue

2022, 43(11): 1745-1749. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.11.035

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Abstract:
Cyberbullying endangers the physical and mental development of students, and it is important to carry out research in this area to safeguard their lives and well-being. To reduce the incidence of cyberbullying among students, Canada favors a comprehensive approach and has implemented a series of comprehensive treatment measures aimed at cyberbullying. These measures cover the formulation of strict and distinctive comprehensive laws and regulations, the publication of specific anti-cyberbullying reports with clear terms, the implementation of a variety of prevention and control programs that also aim to unite social groups. The existing problems and challenges mainly include an imperfect legal system, and a lack in terms of an adequate control and evaluation mechanism that targets cyberbullying. Canada's comprehensive treatment approach to address cyberbullying provides a referential framework for China.

Research progress on the impact of recess activity on physical and mental health among children and adolescents

ZHANG Xinyu, XU Huiqiong, WAN Yuhui, TAO Fangbiao

2022, 43(11): 1750-1754. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.11.036

Abstract(461) HTML (120) PDF(74)

Abstract:
In recent years, much attention has been paid to recess activity in school and its impacts on child and adolescent health. Students spent most of their time in schools, thus recess offers children the opportunity to be physically active, which is beneficial for their cognitive, physical, social, and emotional well-being. The review mainly discusses the impact of recess activity on child physical and mental health, including obesity, myopia, cognition and social contact, so as to provide a theoretical basis for creating school recess activities conducive to the health of children and adolescents.

Research progress on aluminum load in children and the mechanism of aluminum neurotoxicity

PEI Jing, ZHANG Lifeng

2022, 43(11): 1755-1760. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.11.037

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Abstract:
Aluminum is a chronic and cumulative environmental neurotoxin. Human exposure to aluminum is inevitable and impossible to quantify. The level of aluminum load is on the rise, the neurobiological toxicity of which is a cause for great concern. Aluminum intake, absorption, and load levels in the body are often higher in children in stages of rapid growth and development than in ordinary adults. Long-term low-dose aluminum load levels may cause a variety of chronic subclinical damage and long-term irreversible damage to the neurodevelopmental function of children. Therefore, this review primarily elucidates the status of aluminum load in children and its effect on neurodevelopmental functioning. Furthermore, we examine research progress on the related mechanism of impaired neurodevelopmental functioning so as to provide a theoretical basis for the treatment and prevention of health problems caused by aluminum load in children and outline proposals for healthcare in this area.

2022 Vol. 43, No. 11