2018 Vol. 39, No. 3

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2018, 39(3)
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Status and thoughts on family disease burden of children with autism spectrum disorders
WU Lijie
2018, 39(3): 321-324. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.03.001
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In recent years,the prevalence of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) has been dramatically increasing around the world and has become a public health issue.The long-term and intensive rehabilitation of ASD children has greatly increased the economic and mental stress on their families and severely affected their health and quality of life.This article mainly introduced the economic and nursing care burden,the parental stress pressure in ASD families,as well as the current aid policies for ASD domestically.Finally some suggestions on reducing the family disease burden are put forward for stakeholder's understanding and reference further.
Enhance the students' health status by combination of education and medicine
JIN Jian
2018, 39(3): 325-327. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.03.002
Abstract(305) PDF(8)
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Education is the simply rely on to make the Chinese dream come true,and people's health is the important symbol to the national prosperity and rejuvenation.With literature review method,this paper studied the school health work policies,and it considered that the students' health is at the heart of the imbalanced development of education and health,as well as school health work is the vulnerable spot.The author suggests that it is the necessary way to improve school health working and students' health by combining medicine and education,and consolidating foundations of school health working institution,staff,education.
Comparative study on nutritional knowledge awareness between parents with ASD and healthy children
ZHANG Xinxi, KANG Jing, XU Zhanbin, WEI Lili, SUN Caihong, XIA Wei, WU Lijie, WANG Yijun
2018, 39(3): 328-330,334. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.03.003
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Objective To compare nutritional knowledge between parents with ASD and healthy children.Methods During April to Oct.in 2016,162 cases with ASD aged 3-17 years were recruited from developmental and behavioral clinic in Harbin Medical University and special education schools.Another 145 age-gender-matched healthy children were chosen as control group.A cross-sectional nutritional knowledge questionnaire survey was conducted among parents of ASD and healthy control children.Results Compared to control group,parents of ASD children had lower score on basic nutrients knowledge,polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) related knowledge and overall nutrition knowledge(P<0.05).Higher proportion of continued DHA supplementation or never having DHA supplementation was found in ASD group than that in control group(P<0.01);The Internet was the main resource for both groups of parents getting access to dietary information.Proportion of reading related nutritional books was lower in the ASD group(P<0.05).Conclusion Besides the daily rehabilitation training,it is necessary to improve parents on nutritional and dietary knowledge,especially with regard to PUFAs,which would facilitate better comprehensive development of children with ASD.
Serum folic acid with associated metabolites and vitamin B12 in ASD children: a case-control study
SUN Yi, LIANG Shuang, SUN Caihong, WEI Lili, HAN Panpan, JIANG Xitao, LI Haixin, WU Lijie
2018, 39(3): 331-334. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.03.004
Abstract(370) PDF(6)
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Objective To explore folic acid metabolism in autism spectrum disorder(ASD) and to provide basic information for targeted nutritional interventions.Methods During April to Oct.in 2016,110 cases with ASD aged 3-17 years were recruited from developmental and behavior clinic in Harbin Medical University and special education schools.Another 110 age-gendermatched healthy children were chosen as control group.Serum folate,vitamin B12(VitBl2) and homocysteine (Hcy) were detected by chemiluminescent immunoassay(CMIA).Folic acid metabolites tetrahydrofolate(THFA),5-methyltetrahydrofolate(5-MTHF),folate receptor α(FRα),folate receptor autoantibodies (FRAA) were detected by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).Results Children with ASD had lower serum levels of folate,VitB12 and higher level of Hcy compared to healthy control(P<0.05).Serum 5-MTHF was significantly lower,whereas FRAA was higher in ASD children(P<0.05).No significant differences were found between two groups in serum THFA and FRα.Conclusion Folic acid metabolism abnormalities are found in ASD children,including decreased folate,VitB12 and 5-MTHF,and increased Hcy and FRAA.Folic acid metabolism might be early biomarker for targeted nutritional intervention among ASD children.
A cross-sectional study on financial burden in families of children with autism spectrum disorder in Heilongjiang Province
XU Zhanbin, WANG Jia, SUN Xiaoyi, MA Yongjuan, LIU Xiaocui, SUN Caihong, XIA Wei, WU Lijie
2018, 39(3): 335-337,342. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.03.005
Abstract(493) PDF(12)
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Objective To examine the expenditure on health care and treatment among families of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in Heilongjiang Province.Methods The self-designed questionnaire "Status of Autistic Children Rehabilitation and Health Service Utilization" was used to investigate the financial cost in families of ASD children.Caregivers of 314 ASD children were recruited from twelve rehabilitation institutions from five cities in Heilongjiang Province.Results The total cost of rehabilitation for children with ASD in Heilongjiang province was 64.4 thousand Yuan per year,accounting for 193.7% of the total household income and 68.6% of the total household expenditure.Regardless of urban and rural areas,rehabilitation and transportation accounted for the largest share of both income and expenditure,followed by housing rental,consulting and medical treatment.In the survey,118(37.6%) ASD children benefited from the government financial assistance.A total of 81.5% of families considered the total cost of rehabilitation treatment being a major determinant to the family economic hardship.Conclusion The cost of rehabilitation of ASD children has caused a serious financial burden on their families.It is necessary to expand the coverage of benefiting ASD further to minimize the disease burden and mental stress on their families.
Efficacy of folic acid supplementary on methylation capability and oxidative stress in autistic children
SUN Caihong, ZOU Mingyang, LI Zhuoying, WANG Wei, KANG Jing, MA Yongjuan, XU Zhanbin, WEI Lili, XIA Wei
2018, 39(3): 338-342. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.03.006
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Objective To evaluate folic acid,homocysteine (Hcy),and glutathione (GSH) redox metabolism,and to evaluate the efficacy of folic acid supplementary on methylation cycles and oxidative stress in autistic children.Methods Fifty-three autistic children were enrolled in a case-control study.Folic acid,Hcy,and GSH metabolism in serum were measured by traditional methods and compared with fifty-three age-matched unaffected children.Eighty-three autistic children were enrolled in an open-label trial and participated in three months of structured teaching.Children were treated with 400 μg folic acid (two times/daily) for a period of three months during their structured teaching (intervention group),while the remaining received no supplementary (control group).Psychoeducational Profile-third edition (PEP-3) was measured at the beginning and end of the treatment.Folic acid,Hcy,and GSH metabolism in plasma were measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography before and after treatment and compared with 29 age-matched unaffected children.Results The results indicated significant differences in the serum concentrations of the folic acid,Hcy,GSH,oxidized glutathione disulfide (GSSG),and the ratio of GSH/GSSG between autistic children and matched healthy controls.The results illustrated folic acid intervention improved autism symptoms in cognitive verbal/preverbal,receptive language,and affective expression.Folic acid treatment improved the plasma concentrations of folic acid,Hcy,and GSH redox metabolism.The change of characteristic verbal behaviors scores in PEP-3 was negatively correlated with the change of Hcy(r =-0.411,P=0.027).Conclusion Autistic children have lower folic acid,higher Hcy and GSH/GSSG ratio than healthy controls.Folic acid supplementation could normalize methylation capability and oxidative stress status,moreover,folic acid supplementation may play a certain role in treatment response among autistic children.
Comprehensive rehabilitation intervention with medical treatment and education among autism children aged 3-6 years old
CHEN Yanlin, GONG Jianhua, GONG Jiangwei, YANG Fang, LI Jianyun, ZHOU Libing, YANG Junjie, XIA Zhipeng, CHEN Dongmei
2018, 39(3): 343-345,349. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.03.007
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Objective To explore the effect of combined intervention with deep repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS),injectable mouse nerve growth factor (mNGF) with treatment and education of autistic and related communication handicapped children (TEACCH) among autism spectrum disorder (ASD) children.Methods Twennty ASD children aged 3-6 years old were selected from a controlled clinical trial as the intervention group receiving TMS,mNGF and TEACCH;another 20 gender and age-matched ASD children from one public welfare institution was recruited as control group receiving only TEACCH.All of the participants were followed up for 6 months,ABC and CARS scales were assessed before and after intervention.Results After intervention,significant improvements were found in both groups in communication,body movement,language,daily self-care and total score of the ABC scale,as well as in total score of CARS scale(P<0.05).The communication,body movement,language,daily self-care and total score of ABC scale,as well as the total score of CARS scale were lower in the intervention group than control group(P<0.05).Conclusion Comprehensive rehabilitation intervention with deep repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation(rT-MS),injectable mNGF with TEACCH could significantly improve developmental outcomes among autism child.
Evaluation of the effect of hand hygiene interventions in kindergartens in Luohu area
YANG Peng, HOU Wanli, LIU Gang, WANG Jingzhong, LIU Weimin, KUANG Cuiping, ZHAO Zhiguang
2018, 39(3): 346-349. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.03.008
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Objective To evaluate the effects of hand hygiene interventions in kindergartens in Luohu area,and to provide a reference for the supervising of having a good hand hygiene habit among children.Methods A total of 3 886 children from 119 classes from 10 kindergartens in Luohu area in Shenzhen were randomly selected,and all the children (3 886) in the selected kindergartens received integrated interventions.HH compliance of children were separately observed before and after the implementation of interventions,and the cases of hand-foot-and-mouth disease of children in all kindergartens in Luohu district were collected and compared for the effect evaluation.Results After the implementation of interventions,the HH compliance of children in selected kindergartens was significantly improved (RR =2.135,95% CI =1.885-2.417),and the most significant improvement was found in the senior class(RR=2.559,95%CI=2.134-3.068) and before preparing food(RR=2.877,95%CI=1.700-4.870).The results of multivariable Logistic regression analysis indicated that reminding teachers of washing hands (OR =14.765,95% CI =12.244-17.805) was the most important determinant of HH compliance.However,the incidence of hand-foot-and-mouth disease was not significantly decreased in selected kindergartens(RR =0.866,95%CI=0.622-1.207).Conclusion The implementation of interventions can effectively improve HH compliance of children in kindergartens.
Influence of nutritional status on physical fitness among primary and middle school students in Henan Province
WANG Xiaolin, LOU Xiaomin, XU Fengming, HUANG Shenglei, GUO Weiwei, GAO Genli
2018, 39(3): 350-353. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.03.009
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Objective To understand the nutritional status among primary and middle school students in Henan Province,and to analyze the influence of nutritional status on physical fitness.Methods Based on data from National School Student Physical Fitness and Health Survey in 2014,all the students from Henan Province were classified into three groups according to body mass index (BMI) percentile criteria for school-age students of Working Group on Obesity in China (WGOC) and malnutritional criteria for Chinese school-age children.Six physical fitness indices were calculated and converted into Z-score,respectively.The sum of the six indices were calculated as Physical Fitness Index(PFI).Results There were 2 621(6.0%) students in malnutrition and 8 549(19.6%) in overweight and obese.Malnutrition,overweight and obese prevalence was significantly higher in boys(P<0.05).Overweight and obese children had better lung capacity and grip strength in each age group than normal BMI and malnutrition group.In boys,performance of 50 m run,standing long jump,800 and 1 600 m run and sit and reach was highest in normal BMI group,followed with overweight and malnutrition group,while in girls overweight and obese group was lowest than the other two groups.PFI was better in normal weight group.After controlling for age,nutritional status showed a negative correlation with physical fitness index.Conclusion Comorbidity of malnutrition with overweight and obese is becoming a major health concern among students in Henan Province,which could exert adverse effects on physical fitness.
Nutritional knowledge and influencing factors among Li nationality students in undeveloped areas of Hainan Province
LIU Yumei, WU Hong, ZHANG Fan, DAI Hua, ZHAO Chanjuan, YI Cong
2018, 39(3): 354-356. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.03.010
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Objective To understand nutritional knowledge and associated factors among Li nationality students in the "Student Nutrition Improvement Program" carried out in undeveloped counties in Hainan Province.Methods By multistage sampling,1 826 Li nationality students from grade 3 to 9 in the "Student Nutrition Improvement Program" from undeveloped counties in Hainan Province were randomly enrolled in the study.Nutritional knowledge questionnaire survey was conducted among all students.Results The average score of the nutritional knowledge was (3.15 ± 1.71) points.Nutritional knowledge score showed significant differences in gender,grade,school meal providers,knowledge sources,boarding in school,left-behind children and area (t/F were-4.676,-6.692,7.645,93.074,3.194,-3.348 and 6.014,P<0.01).Multiple regression analysis showed that grade,meal providers,gender,family population and area was main risk factor for nutritional knowledge.Average rate of nutritional knowledge awareness was 45.06%.Most of children were familiar with "iron-rich food to prevent anemia" and "vitamin-and mineral-rich food",while few of them were aware of "factors affecting height".The main source for students to acquire nutritional knowledge was campus publicity or classroom teaching(42.7%),parents or family (41.2%) and textbooks (38.7%).Conclusion Li nationality primary and middle school students in the "Student Nutrition Improvement Program" from the undeveloped counties in Hainan Province are lack of proper nutritional knowledge,grade,school meal provider,gender,family population and area plays a vital role.Targeted nutritional health education practice should be taken to improve students' nutritional awareness.
Attitude and physical activity among primary and middle school students in Shanghai
YANG Yang, WU Yanqiang, WANG Xiangjun, PENG Ningning
2018, 39(3): 357-360. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.03.011
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Objective To analyze the situation of physical activity among school-aged children and adolescents in Shanghai,and to provide a scientific basis for physical education and health pronotion.Methods A questionnaire survey of physical exercise behavior was conducted among 12 646 students aged 9-18 years old in primary and middle school students in 6 districts of Shanghai in 2014.Results In the survey,40.2% of the students had physical activity more than one h each day,and the rates of the primary,middle and high school students having physical activity more than one h each day were 60.9%,39.0% and 19.1%,respectively(x2=1 341.014,P<0.01);The proportion of obese students in daily exercise to 1 h was significantly (44.2%) higher than that of normal students(39.4%) (x2 =9.115,P<0.01).About 60.5% of the students sweated and felt a little bit tired in PE,and 78.4% of students liked PE class,and 82.6% of the students liked to take part in extracurricular sports activities.In addition,51.5% of the students liked to participate in long-distance running.The survey found that the main reason for students' not actively participating in physical activities and long-distance running was "fear of fatigue,fear of hardship"(62.5%,80.3%).Conclusion The prevalence of having been physically active for a total of at least 1 h per day was higher than the global average,and there were differences among different groups.Therefore,we should pay attention to the combination of physical exercise effect evaluation and process evaluation,fully mobilize the enthusiasm of students to participate in physical exercise,and cultivate students' lifelong exercise habits.
Nutrition knowledge status of students and the relationships to the guardians in poor rural areas of China
WANG Qingqing, CAO Wei, GAN Qian, LI Li, YANG Titi, XU Peipei, GUAN Bingju, HU Xiaoqi, ZHANG Qian
2018, 39(3): 361-363. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.03.012
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Objective To assess the relationship between students' nutrition knowledge and the nutrition knowledge of their guardians in poor rural areas of China.Methods Multi-stage cluster sampling method was used in Pingquan county(Hebei Province),Wufeng(Hubei),Longyang(Yunnan),Pingjiang(Hunan),Dunhua(Jilin).A questionnaire survey was conducted in 2 939 students and 2 623 guardians to study their nutrition knowledge status.Results Among the ten nutritional health knowledge questions,the guardians' correct answer rate was 21.2%-96.9%.The average score of nutrition knowledge among guardian was(6.84± 1.73).Parents' score was(7.08± 1.65),higher than other guardians (6.38± 1.96) and grandparents(5.71 ± 1.61).Students' score was (6.03± 1.75) in average.Nutrition knowledge of guardian had positive correlation with students'(r=0.360,P<0.05).The correlation coefficient between grandparents and students(r=0.520) was higher than that of parents and students(r=0.335).Conclusion The nutrition knowledge of guardian in poor rural areas needs to be improved.It is important to carry out targeted education among guardians.
Comparison of nutritional status between in Han and Yao ethnic left-behind children aged 7-14 years in rural Yongzhou
LI Pan, ZHANG Tiancheng
2018, 39(3): 364-366,371. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.03.013
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Objective In order to investigate nutritional status of Han and Yao ethnic left-behind children aged 7-14 years in rural Yongzhou area.Methods A total of 3 768 children aged 7-14 years were selected by stratified random sampling.Nutritional status was determined by comprehensive development evaluation for children and adolescent.Results Non-left-behind children showed higher height,weight and BMI compared with left-behind children.The difference of height,weight and BMI between non-left-behind with Yao ethnic left-behind children was 2.9 cm,5.5 kg and 2.0 kg/m2,respectively(P<0.01).Prevalence of stunting among Yao left-behind (45.1%) was significantly higher than Han left-behind children(24.4%)(x2=354.466,P<0.01).Overweight (4.4%) and obesity (3.1%) in Han left-behind children was more common compared with same-sex Yao left-behind peers (1.7%,1.4%,respectively).Conclusion Nutritional problems among non-left-behind children is much better than left-behind children with Han and Yao ethnic.Stunting is one of the major concerns which need more attention.
Characteristics of drinking behavior of high school students in Beijing and its influencing factors
LEI Yuanting, LYU Ruoran, DUAN Jiali, DONG Bin, HU Peijin, SONG Yi
2018, 39(3): 367-371. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.03.014
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Objective To describe the drinking behavior of high school students in Beijing,and explore possible preventive interventions.Methods The study was conducted between April and May in 2014.An anonymous questionnaire survey was conducted among 15 726 high school students who were selected by stratified cluster sampling method from 18 districts of Beijing.Results Of students surveyed,67.9% of them reported ever-using alcohol,35.2% reported drinking before 13 years of age.During the past 30 days,41.0% students reported consuming at least one alcoholic drink and 16.6% reported at least one episode of binge drinking.The main reason for drinking alcohol was to be with their families or peers.Boys were more likely to drink alcohol than girls.Key high school students were less likely to drink alcohol.Students who had other health related risk behaviors were more likely to have alcohol drinking related behaviors,i.e.students who smoked were more likely to drink alcohol during the past 30 days (OR=4.41,OR95%CI=3.90-4.98),who had fighting behavior were more likely to have binge drink(OR =2.00,95%CI=1.77-2.26),who had sexual intercourse were more likely to drink before 13 years of age(OR=1.58,95%CI=1.36-1.84),and who had suicidal behavior were more likely to have binge drink(OR=1.67,95%CI=1.27-2.19).Conclusion Age,family,sex and health related risk behaviors such as smoking,fighting and sexual intercourse etc.should be considered in preventing drinking related be-haviors among high school students.The comprehensive health education of drinking behavior should be implemented early and actively in families and schools.
Multiple mediating effects of antisocial traits in the relation between self-control and campus bullying among middle school girls
HAN Xue, ZHANG Ye, ZHANG Shanshan
2018, 39(3): 372-375. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.03.015
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Objective To explore the relation between antisocial traits,self-control and bullying behavior among middle school girls.Methods A total 918 girls were investigated with Middle School Students' Bullying Questionnaire,Self-control Ability Questionnaire and Antisocial Process Screening Device-Self-Report.All the participants came from Shenyang,Changchun and Jiagedaqi in Liaoning province.Result Narcissism and physical bullying among middle school showed significant difference by grade(P<0.05),with the grade 2 scored higher than grade 1 and grade 3.The self-control significantly negatively correlated with bullying behavior,being bullied and antisocial traits (r=-0.44,-0.23,-0.48,P<0.05).Antisocial traits and its three dimensions positively correlated with bullying behavior and being bullied among middle school girls(r=0.08-0.47,P<0.01).Self-control had direct effects on bullying behaviors via antisocial traits(x2/df=1.511,CFI=0.992,TLI=0.978,RMSEA =0.033,SRMR =0.006).Conclusion Self-control among middle school girls can directly affect bullying behavior,and has indirectly effects through antisocial traits.
A meta-analysis of family risk factors for learning disability
ZHOU Ping, CHEN Dan, SHEN Jie
2018, 39(3): 376-378. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.03.016
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Objective To investigate family risk factors for learning disability and to provide a theoretical basis for future prevention and treatment of this disease.Methods A systematic search for case-control studies on family risk factors for learning disability between 1986 and 2014 was conducted,relevant family risk factors were extracted accordingly.A meta-analysis on the selected studies was analyzed using RevMan 5.3 software.Results A total of 11 studies were selected,involving 1 852 children with learning disability and 17 714 normal controls.Meta analysis indicated that boys(OR=2.02,95%CI=1.79-2.28),father's occupation(OR=9.51,95%CI=4.68-19.30),family financial crisis(OR=1.72,95%CI=1.45-2.04),inconsistent parental attitude toward academic performance of the child were inconsistent(OR=2.60,95%CI=2.25-3.01),seldom reading story with children(OR=4.52,95%CI=2.45-8.34),seldom encouraging children to read(OR=2.65,95%CI=1.53-4.60).Conclusion Boys,father's occupation,family financial difficulties,attitude of parents toward children's education were inconsistent,children whose parents had a lower rate of telling stories,once in a while parents encourage children to read reference books were associated with an increased risk for children with learning difficulty.
Retrospective analysis of mental health status among college freshmen in Shaanxi Province during the past 15 years
WU Yue, MA Fu, LIU Juanjuan
2018, 39(3): 379-382,386. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.03.017
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Objective to examine changes in mental health among college freshmen in Shaanxi province during the past 15 years.Methods A retrospective analysis was used to examine changes in mental health among college freshmen in Shaanxi during 2002-2016.Results During the past 15 years,a total of 57 450 freshman participated in the survey,and the average screening rate was 12.29%,significant differences were found by years.From 2010 to 2016,students diagnosed with class I with severe mental health problems accounted for 2.97%;the top 7 questions were highest among class I students.In the key questions,the report rate of "often insomnia" and "feel unhappy about past and family" had statistical significant differences(x2 =14.389,16.690,P< 0.01).In the additional questions,the report rate of "ever received psychological councilling have some troubles in health or mental health need to consult" had statistical significant differences(x2 =13.175,28.480,P<0.05).Conclusion Mental health status among college freshmen in Shanxi province is moderate.Increasing trend in mental health problems worth further attention.More work needs to be implemented.
Sandplay therapy among adolescents with Internet addiction
GE Ying, HUO Junyu, WANG Xinqiang
2018, 39(3): 383-386. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.03.018
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Objective To understand characteristics of sandplay therapy among adolescents Internet addiction.Methods Sixty adolescents with Internet addition assessed by APIUS scale was provided with sandplay therapy.Results Adolescents with Internet additions were more likely to use military set (t =2.079,P =0.046) compared with natural (t =-1.979,P=0.050) and daily life set(t =-2.375,P=0.024).Two trauma themes about division (x2=4.504,P =0.034) and confusion (x2=2.079,P<0.01)were adopted more frequently than the two healing themes on integration (x2=7.878,P=0.005) and penetration(x2=5.271,P=0.022).Logistic regression analysis showed that playing with integration and penetration theme associated with Internet addicts among adolescents(F=3.005,P<0.05,△R2 =0.21).Conclusion Adolescents with Internet addition show specific favorite of miniature in sandplay therapy.Sandtray can be used for screening and evaluation of Intemet addiction among adolescents.
Behavioural problems and integrated family determinants among the preschool left-behind children
CHENG Jin, HUANG Kun, WEI Suo
2018, 39(3): 387-389,393. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.03.019
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Objective To analyze the behavioral problems and integrated family determinants among the preschool left-behind Children in rural Chizhou of Anhui Province,and to provide a scientific reference for making psychological and behavioral intervention measures.Methods The parents of 1 512 children aged 3-5 selected from the kindergartens in rural Chizhou by stratified cluster random sampling were investigated with Conners Parent Rating Scales and General information questionnaire.Results The left-behind rate was 31.9% of the sampling.The prevalence of behavioral problem in left-behind children and non-left-behind children was 8.7% and 7.6%,respectively,without statistical significance between the two groups(x2=0.585,P>0.05).Among the left-behind children,psychosomatic disorder and learning problems were the two prominent behavioral problems.Areas with low economic level,single-parent care and boys were risk factors for behavioral problems among the preschool left-behind children in rural Chizhou(P<0.01).Conclusion The behavioral problems of preschool left-behind children in rural areas are common.The intervention should focus on poor families,and more attention should be paid to the boys.
Mediation of cognitive empathy in loneliness and cyberbullying in middle school students
FENG Chunying, ZHANG Ye, ZHANG Shanshan
2018, 39(3): 390-393. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.03.020
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Objective To investigate possible mediation of cognitive empathy in the association between loneliness and cyberbullying among middle school students.Methods A total of 949 students from four middle schools in Shenyang,Liaoning Province were investigated with being cyber bullied/cyber bullying questionnaire,basic mobility scale and UCLA loneliness scale.Results Among students with cyberbullying behavior or being cyberbullied,loneliness and cognitive empathy scores were statistically significant by gender(t =5.28,5.86,3.25,-3.54,P<0.05).Boys scored higher than girls except cognitive empathy(P<0.05).Middle school students had higher score than high school students in being cyberbullied/cyberbullying(P<0.01),and lower score in cognitive empathy(P<0.05).Correlation analysis showed that being cyberbullied/cyberbullying positively correlated with loneliness(r=0.18,028,P<0.01),and negatively correlated with cognitive empathy(r =-0.16,-0.25,P<0.01).Loneliness directly affected cyberbullying behavior,being cyber bullied and elements of cognitive empathy.Partial intermediary effect on cyberbullying/being cyberbullied was also found(x2/df=2.597,RMSEA =0.041,CFI=0.992,TLI=0.987;x2/df=3.235,RMSEA =0.049,CFI =0.991,TLI=0.983),and the mediation effect accounted for 13.6% and 19.2% of the total effect,respectively.Conclusion Cognitive empathy has direct effect on loneliness and being cyberbullied/cyberbullying behavior among middle school students.
Epidemiological characteristics of norovirus outbreak at schools in Hunan province during 2013-2016
YE Jinbo, GAO Lidong, LIU Fuqiang, XIAO Jiehua, DUAN Hongying, YUE Wenfang
2018, 39(3): 394-396,400. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.03.021
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Objective To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of norovirus (NoVs) outbreak at schools of Hunan province.Methods Descriptive epidemiological method was utilized to analyze the data of NoVs outbreak at schools in Hunan province during 2013-2016.Results During 2013 to 2016,17 NoVs outbreaks were reported in schools,with a total incidence rate of 5.64%,which occurred in autumn and winter.The outbreaks mainly occurred at primary schools and kindergartens (11/17,64.71%).The median report time was 2.00 d.The peak viral shedding occurred with a median period of 1.00 d after infection,and the median duration from infection to outbreak was 6.25 days.The main symptoms of NoVs outbreak included vomitting,diarrhea and abdominal pain.Genotype was given priority to with G Ⅱ (9,52.94%).Waterborne (5.53%) and food-borne (7.70%) contact were the main transmission mode,compared with that of person-to-person contact (3.83%)(x2=20.02,71.19,P<0.01).Rural schools was in higher risk of NoVs outbreak than urban schools(x2 =280.497,P<0.01).Conclusion Most of the Norovirus outbreaks at schools in Hunan province occurred in primary schools and kindergartens.Primary prevention measures should be taken to prevent norovirus outbreaks in school and childcare settings with priority placing upon rural areas.
Mediation of anxiety and loneliness in the association between life events and shyness
XIE Lingping, ZOU Weixing
2018, 39(3): 397-400. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.03.022
Abstract(382) PDF(14)
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Objective To investigate the mediating role of anxiety and loneliness in the relationship between life events and shyness.Methods A total of 602 college students was investigated with the College Students' Shyness Scale,Adolescent SelfRating Life Events Checklist,State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and UCLA Loneliness Scale.Results Female students had lower level of shyness,self-blame and fear of rejection than male students(t were-2.667,-3.073,-2.752,P<0.01);not the only-child had higher level of shyness,self-blame and the fear of rejection than those only-child(t were-2.145,-2.432,-1.970,P<0.05).Shyness,life events,state anxiety,trait anxiety and loneliness were positively correlated with each other.State anxiety,trait anxiety and loneliness partially mediated the relationship between life events and shyness.Conclusion More life events a student experienced,the more likely he/she will have anxiety and loneliness,and higher level of shyness.
A study on the sensitive period of visual impairment of primary and middle school students in Guangzhou
MAI Jincheng, GUO Yangfeng
2018, 39(3): 401-403,407. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.03.023
Abstract(281) PDF(6)
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Objective To explore the sensitive period of visual impairment of primary and middle school students,and to provide the basis for protecting students' vision and preventing and controlling myopia.Methods The data of monitoring primary and middle school students' health in Guangzhou was used,the results of the eyesight examination of students in the year 1993,2003 and 2013 were selected.And the method of dynamic data analysis was employed to calculate the annual detection rate of poor eyesight of the annual growth rate and its correction value to exceed the annual growth rate of average± 1 s as the sensitive period of visual impairment boundary value.Results The sensitive period of visual impairment of primary and middle school students in Guangzhou was basically in the range of 8 to 16 years old,and the peak of visual impairment differed in different academic year,and the peak periods of visual impairment of the boys in 1993,2003 and 2013 were were 12 to 14 years old,11 to 12 years old,8 to 9 year old,respectively,and those for girls were 11 to 13 years old,9 to 11 years old,8 to 10 years old,respectively.Conclusion There is indeed a sensitive period of visual impairment in primary and middle school students.During the academic year of 1993 to 2013,the sensitive period of students turned up a forward tendency,and younger students tended to have poor eyesight.
Peer bullying victimization and follow-up pubertal development
BAO Yuanchen, HU Jingjing, FANG Jiao, XIAO Chengzong, XU Nuo, DUAN Xiaonan, SU Puyu, WAN Yuhui, SUN Ying
2018, 39(3): 404-407. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.03.024
Abstract(326) PDF(4)
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Objective To ascertain possible effects of peer bullying victimization on follow-up pubertal development.Methods Children of grade 3 and grade 4 in 3 primary schools were selected through clustering sampling in Sept.2014 in Ma'anshan,Anhui province.All the participants were investigated with Bully/Victim Questionnaire and Multidimensional Peer Victimization Scale and Pubertal Development Scale (PDS) at baseline and 1-year after.Evaluate peer bullying by bullying questionnaire.Children were classified into four groups based on the baseline and follow-up peer bullying experience:without bullying victimization,consistent bullying victimization,newly bullying victimization and regressive bullying victimization group.Results About 61%(399/654) of children reported no experience of peer bullying,11.5%(75/654) reported consistent bullying victimization experience.During follow-up,14.8% who had no bullying experience at baseline reported bullying experience at follow-up while 12.7% who had bullying victimization at baseline reported no bullying victimization.Multiple linear regression showed that compared to the without bullying victimization group,PDS score increased significantly in boys with consistent bullying victimization group (β =0.249,95%CI=0.136-0.362),and in girls with newly and consistent bullying victimization groups (β were 0.191 and 0.245,respectively;95%CI was 0.076-0.305 and 0.123-0.367,respectively.).Conclusion Prolonged peer bullying victimization may lead to accelerated pubertal development among both girls and boys.
Epidemiology and management of public health emergencies in schools at Quanzhou City during 2006-2015
LI Fengping, LIU Jiangyi, LI Huanrong, HE Xingzeng, HONG Sirang, LYU Wenhui
2018, 39(3): 408-410. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.03.025
Abstract(402) PDF(15)
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Objective To analyze epidemiology and management of public health emergencies in schools at Quanzhou city during the period from 2006 to 2015.Methods By using descriptive epidemiological methods,information on public health emergencies in schools at Quanzhou during 2006-2015 was analyzed.Results During 2006 to 2015,a total of 65 public health emergencies were reported in schools in Quanzhou.Among those reported events,there were 40(61.5%) unrated events and 25(38.5%)general events.Respiratory infectious disease including influenza and chickenpox outbreaks accounted for 97% and intestinal infectious diseases including norovirus and hand foot mouth disease accounted for 3%.About 81.5% of cases occurred between March to May and September to December.Incidence was higher in rural schools (3.13%) than urban schools (1.68%).Average attack rate (3.17%,1 208/38 098) was highest in primary schools,compared with that of kindergarten,middle and secondary school(x2=219.472,P<0.01).The median value of monitoring sensitivity of school accidents was 8.28 days,which was closely related to the median duration of management(14 days) (r =0.735,P<0.01).Conclusion Infectious disease outbreaks are the major public health emergencies in schools.Syndromic surveillance on basic symptoms (cough,fever,diarrhea and rash) might help identify potential public health emergencies in schools.
A Meta-analysis of recurrent infections prevalence of hand-foot-and-mouth disease among children in China
DANG Luxi, WANG Can, BAO Wubo, CHEN Jie
2018, 39(3): 411-414. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.03.026
Abstract(520) PDF(8)
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Objective To estimate the prevalence of recurrent infection of hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD) by Metaanalysis.Methods By using Chinese Web of Knowledge,Wanfang,Weipu,PubMed,and Web of Science databases,a systematic literature search with keywords included ("repeated infection" OR recurred OR reoccurrence OR "multiple infection" OR "multiple infection" OR "reinfection" OR "reoccurring infection" OR "recurrent infection") AND ("HFMD" OR "hand-foot-and-mouth Disease") AND "rate" both in Chinese and English.The quality of each paper was evaluated with "critical appraisal of the health research literature:prevalence or incidence of a health problem".Random-effects Meta-analysis was used to estimate recurrent infection prevalence of HFMD by comprehensive Meta-analysis.Subgroup analyses were conducted by study years,study location,publication year,sample size,standard of repeated infection,repeated infection times,gratitude and average temperature per year to explore the heterogeneity.Egger test were performed to evaluate the publication bias.Sensitivity analysis was evaluated by iteratively removing one study at a time and comparing the recalculated combined estimates.Results Thirty-one studies were included in the analysis.The combined prevalence of recurrent infection of HFMD was 2.25% (95%CI=1.59%-3.18%).Cochran's Q test showed a high degree of heterogeneity across studies(I2=99.87,P =0.000).Subgroup analysis estimated that the heterogeneity had a certain distinction at the indexes of sample size,study years,standard of repeated infection,repeated infection times,gratitude and average temperature per year.Conclusion Significant regional differences in recurrent infection of HFMD are found across China.Further investigation should focus on the sources of heterogeneity.
Dental caries of deciduous teeth in children in Guangzhou during 2008-2015
LIN Lin, LIU Weijia, XIONG Lihua, GUO Chongshan
2018, 39(3): 415-417. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.03.027
Abstract(261) PDF(9)
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Objective To evaluate dental caries status of deciduous teeth among children in Guangzhou during 2008-2015.Methods A total of 4 482 children aged 5,6 and 9 years were enrolled in Guangzhou by equal probability selection method according to the Third National Oral Health Epidemiological Investigation in 2015.All the subjects were given oral health examination.Data was compared with the first oral health epidemiological survey of children in Guangzhou in 2008.Results The prevalence of dental caries among 5,6 and 9 years old children was 76.78%,80.85%,74.56%,and the mean number of decayed,missed and filled tooth (dmft) was 5.47,5.60 and 3.27,and the filling rates were 4.05%,5.81% and 6.83% in 2015,respectively.The prevalence of dental caries and mean dmft in rural areas (88.77% and 6.41) was higher than in urban areas (73.94% and 4.25) (x2/t was 101.209,13.775,both P<0.01).There was no significant difference between boys and girls.The filling rate in urban areas (7.38%) was higher than the rural areas (1.08%) (x2=58.106,P<0.01).The prevalence of dental caries,mean dmft and filling rates was significantly higher than those in 2008.The prevalence of caries in children aged 5 years was 86.05% in rural areas in 2015,followed by 78.89% in rural areas in 2008,and 74.22% and 48.52% in urban areas in 2015 and 2008 (P<0.01).The prevalence of dental caries and mean dmft was stable among children aged 6 and 9 years old.Conclusion The prevalence of dental caries in children in Guangzhou has increased,and higher prevalence was observed in rural areas,but the growth rate is faster and the treatment seeking is better in urban areas.This calls for early preventive strategies and treatment services,especially among rural areas.
Surveillance and analysis of influenza outbreaks in children in Guangzhou during 2015-2016
CAO Lan, LU Jianyun, CHEN Yiyun, LU Enjie, MA Yu, LIU Yanhui, XIA Dan, LI Kuibiao, DI Biao
2018, 39(3): 418-420. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.03.028
Abstract(329) PDF(6)
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Objective To analyze the epidemiological characteristics of influenza epidemic in Guangzhou,and to provide scientific evidence for influenza prevention and control.Methods From 2015 to 2016,throat swab samples from children infected influenza epidemic in Guangzhou were collected.Fluorescent quantitative RT-PCR was used for detection of influenza virus.SPSS 11 software was used for statistical analysis.Results Influenza B had the highest detection rate (23.57%) in the 3 259 samples.There were 25 outbreaks of influenza viruses with different types or subtypes of influenza viruses,accounting for 12.02% (25/208).There was obvious seasonal characteristics,and each year had both highest and lowest season peak.The highest peak occurred from March to July and the lowest peak occurred from November to December.The peak season was mainly caused by influenza B,accompanied by H3N2 and H1N1 alternately.The highest positive rate of influenza detection was among 9-10-year-old children 39.33%.Boys were higher than that of girls.The detection rate of influenza epidemic in primary schools was the highest,with an average positive rate of 34.88%.Conclusion The epidemic of children's influenza in Guangzhou shows seasonal pattern.Influenza B viruses become the predominant circulating influenza virus.Children,especially grade 2 and grade 3,in primary schools are a key link in the transmission of influenza.
Dynamic analysis of blood pressure among Guangxi Zhuang students from 1991 to 2014
HUANG Rongchao, HUANG Ailian, HUANG Suzhen, PAN Wenting
2018, 39(3): 421-424,428. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.03.029
Abstract(337) PDF(4)
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Objective To analyze dynamic changes of the blood pressure among Guangxi Zhuang students,and to provide scientific basis for prevention and control of hypertension in children and adolescents.Methods The data of blood pressure,height,weight and other data of Zhuang students aged 7-18 years in Guangxi were collected in the National Students Physical Fitness and Health Survey for 6 times during 1991-2014 years,and Excel 2007 and SPSS 19.0 were used for statistical analysis.Results During the 24 years,the systolic pressure of the Zhuang students in Guangxi showed a downward trend,with an average decrease of 3.9 mmHg;diastolic pressure showed an upward trend,with an average increase of 6.9 mmHg,amplitude greater than systolic pressure;pulse pressure showed a downward trend,with an average decrease of 10.8 mmHg.The blood pressure of students increased gradually with age.After puberty,the growth rate of male and female blood pressure increased significantly.From 1991 to 2014,students' body mass index (BMI) turned a upward tendency(F=4.841,P<0.01).Conclusion Blood pressure in Guangxi Zhuang students increased gradually in recent years.We should do well in health education,advocate healthy and civilized life style,and prevent the occurrence of hypertension.
Analysis of the cardiac structure and function indicators of overweight and obese children aged 6-7
ZHOU Li, WANG Jun, LIU Min
2018, 39(3): 425-428. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.03.030
Abstract(295) PDF(5)
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Objective To understand the cardiac structure and function indicators of overweight and obese children aged 6 -7 and its influencing factors,and then to provide theoretical basis for early effective intervention.Methods Part of the first grade students from five primary schools in Beijing were selected to participate in characteristic sports education program in 2014,and according to BMI diagnostic criteria,these students were divided into three groups:normal,overweight and obese.And then ultrasonic test was conducted on them to observe its change rules and influence factors.Results The detection rates of overweight and obesity of children aged 6-7 in Beijing were 18.3% and 19.7% respectively;the detection rates of the boy's overweight and obesity (10.0% and 12.0%) were higher than those of girl' s (8.3% and 7.7%),the difference was statistically significant (P<0.01);Obese children's IVSd,the IVSs,LVIDd,LVIDs,LVPWd,LVPWs,EDV,AOD,the LVM,LVMI,CO,the SV were significantly higher than those of normal children(P<0.05);Overweight children's IVSd,the IVSs,AOD,the LVM were significantly higher than those of normal children(P<0.05);Obese children' s LVIDd,EDV,the LVM,CO,the SV were all significantly higher than overweight children (P<0.05).The main influencing factors of children's LVM were the waist-to-hip ratio,hip circumference,gender and body fat rate,among which waist-to-hip ratio played the leading role;LVMI's main affecting factors were the waist-tohip ratio,hip circumference,BMI and body fat rate,and waist-to-hip ratio played the leading role.The risk of left ventricular hypertrophy was found no increase among children aged 6-7 with different types of obesity.Conclusion Overweight and obese children's left ventricular wall thickened,left ventricular inner diameter enlarged,and left ventricular mass increased,and it has appeared high hemodynamic state,especially in obese children;thus,we should pay attention to the increase of obese children' s waist hip ratio,and body fat rate,especially the waist-to-hip ratio.
Comparison of cardiometabolic indexes between recessive obesity and normal weight middle school students in Jiaozuo city
LU Xiaolei
2018, 39(3): 429-431,435. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.03.031
Abstract(307) PDF(6)
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Objective To understand the differences of cardiometabolic indexes between middle school students with recessive obesity and normal weight in Jiaozuo city,and to provide specific intervention for recessive obese adolescents.Methods A random sample of 635 middle school students were selected from 2 middle school in Jiaozuo city.Physical examination,body composition and metabolic biochemical test were carried out.All the 384 middle students with normal BMI were included.Among them,138 students of boys with body fat percent >20% and girls with body fat percent >25% were defined as recessive obesity group,which were compared with the rest of 246 students.Results Recessive obesity among middle school students was 36.20%.Total cholesterol,low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in recessive obese boys were significantly higher than the normal group(t =-4.913,-3.116,-2.852,P<0.01);The total cholesterol and LDL among recessive obese girls were higher than the normal group(t=-2.001,-3.481,P<0.05).The prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia was significantly higher in recessive obese boys than that of the normal group(x2 =7.352,P<0.01).The prevalence of high total cholesterol and hyper-low density lipoproteinemia in recessive obese girls was significantly higher than normal group(x2 =4.394,4.626,P<0.05).Conclusion There is a high proportion of middle school students with recessive obesity and dyslipidemia in Jiaozuo city,which should be controlled and prevented.
Prevention of myopia onset and progression with 0.01% atropine solution among school-age children
LI Jingyi, HU Furong, ZHOU Xiaowei, LI Changan, HU Xiaojie
2018, 39(3): 432-435. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.03.032
Abstract(659) PDF(21)
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Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of 0.01% atropine solution for prevention of myopia onset and progression among school-age children.Methods From 2012 to 2016,217 premyopic and myopic children aged 7-12 years were randomly selected and divided into two groups:1 10 cases (110 cyes) in intervention group receiving 0.01% atropine eye drops every evening,and 117 cases (117 eyes) served as control group without any treatment.All participants were followed up for 1 year.The change of refraction and diopter,eye axis length and intraocular pressure (IOP) between the two groups were assessed before and after the intervention.Rapid growth rate in myopia and adverse reaction was compared between the two groups.Multivariate linear regression analysis was used to analyze the related factors of myopic degree changes.Results After 1-year follow-up,average spherical refraction myopic shift in intervention group was (-0.20±0.84) D,which was significantly lower than that of control group (-0.63±0.88) D (P<0.01).Incidence of myopia and myopia rapid growth rate in the intervention group was significantly lower than that of control group (7.2% vs.19.66%,P=0.007;10.91% vs.43.59%,P<0.01).Change of ocular axial length showed the same trend,with intervention group (0.11±0.62) mm significantly lower than that of control group (0.37±0.65) mm (P=0.002).No significant difference was found in change of IOP,(0.30±3.81) mmHg for intervention group and (-0.44±4.17) mmHg for control group.Multiple linear regression showed that 0.01% atropine had significant effects in preventing myopia progression(B =0.238,95%CI=0.209-0.551,P<0.01).All the two groups did not appear photophobia,near-blurred vision or the other intolerant side effects.Conclusion Regular topical instillation of 0.0t% atropine can safely prevent myopia onset and progression among schoolage children for at least a period of one year.
2018, 39(3): 436-438. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.03.033
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2018, 39(3): 439-441. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.03.034
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2018, 39(3): 441-443. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.03.035
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2018, 39(3): 444-447. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.03.036
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2018, 39(3): 447-450. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.03.037
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2018, 39(3): 451-453. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.03.038
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2018, 39(3): 453-456. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.03.039
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2018, 39(3): 457-459. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.03.040
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2018, 39(3): 460-462. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.03.041
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2018, 39(3): 462-464. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.03.042
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2018, 39(3): 465-467. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.03.043
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2018, 39(3): 468-470. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.03.044
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2018, 39(3): 470-472. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.03.045
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2018, 39(3): 473-476. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.03.046
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2018, 39(3): 476-480. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2018.03.047
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