贵州省2022—2024年中小学校教学环境卫生状况

黄小丽; 张晓琴; 李忻; 彭西英; 王转; 卢秀娟

doi:10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025215

贵州省2022—2024年中小学校教学环境卫生状况

doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025215

贵州省疾病预防控制中心学校卫生科，贵阳 550004

基金项目:

贵州省卫生健康委科学技术基金项目 gzwkj2022-449

详细信息

作者简介:
黄小丽(1996-)，女，贵州遵义人，硕士，医师，主要从事学校卫生工作

通讯作者:
卢秀娟，E-mail：501840331@qq.com

利益冲突声明 所有作者声明无利益冲突。
中图分类号: G478 R726.8 R682.3
计量
- 文章访问数: 16
- HTML全文浏览量: 5
- PDF下载量: 3
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2025-05-06
- 修回日期: 2025-06-13
- 网络出版日期: 2025-08-02
- 刊出日期: 2025-07-25

Analysis of classroom environment hygiene in primary and secondary schools in Guizhou Province from 2022 to 2024

Department of School Health, Guizhou Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang 550004, Guizhou Province, China

摘要

摘要: 目的了解贵州省中小学校教学环境卫生状况及其与学生脊柱弯曲异常之间的关联性，为制定学校卫生政策以及学生脊柱弯曲异常的科学防控措施提供依据。方法采用分层随机抽样的方法，于2022—2024年每年在贵州省范围内抽取471所学校，2 811间教室，根据国家相关标准进行教学环境监测和评价。2022，2023，2024年分别抽取196 606，194 876，195 048名学生进行脊柱弯曲异常体格检查，采用χ²检验分析课桌椅符合情况与学生脊柱弯曲异常之间的关联性。结果贵州省中小学校教室合格率最高的为黑板面照度均匀度(85.41%)、黑板尺寸(82.24%)，黑板面平均照度合格率(20.10%)最低。课桌面平均照度(50.11%~58.63%)、课桌面照度均匀度(61.92%~72.27%)及噪声合格率(50.04%~51.94%)在3年内显著升高, 课桌椅符合率由25.00%下降至13.52%，差异均有统计学意义(χ²值分别为42.48，80.93，46.09，129.72，P值均 < 0.05)。中学教室人均面积、黑板面平均照度和均匀度、课桌面平均照度和均匀度及噪声合格率均高于小学教室(χ²值分别为311.55，12.41，20.64，40.76，10.25，52.47)，黑板尺寸及黑板反射比合格率均低于小学教室(χ²值分别为537.29，7.59)(P值均 < 0.01)。城区学校教室人均面积、黑板面平均照度及课桌面平均照度和均匀度合格率均高于郊县学校(χ²值分别为73.71，17.68，29.30，36.03)，课桌椅符合率、黑板尺寸、黑板反射比合格率均低于郊县学校(χ²值分别为4.72，26.02，5.43)(P值均 < 0.05)。中小学生脊柱弯曲异常检出率为0.83%，检出情况与课桌椅符合情况存在关联性(χ²=223.85，P < 0.01)。结论贵州省中小学校整体教学环境卫生状况偏低，需继续加强学校教学环境卫生建设，重视其对学生健康的影响。
- 环境卫生 /
- 脊柱弯曲 /
- 合格鉴定 /
- 学生
Abstract: Objective To understand classroom environmental conditions and their association with spinal curvature abnormalities among students of primary and secondary schools in Guizhou Province, so as to provide a basis for formulating school health policies and scientific prevention and control measures for abnormal spinal curvature in students. Methods Using a stratified random sampling method, 471 schools (2 811 classrooms) were selected annually across the province from 2022 to 2024 in order to monitor and evaluate classroom environment according to national standards. Spinal examinations were conducted for 196 606 (2022), 194 876 (2023), and 195 048 (2024) students, and χ² test was used to analyze the correlation of desk and chair compliance with student spinal curvature abnormalities. Results The qualified rates of classroom blackboard illuminance uniformity (85.41%) and the blackboard size (82.24%) were the highest in primary and secondary schools in Guizhou Province, while the average blackboard surface illumination qualified rate (20.10%) was the lowest. The average desk illumination (50.11%-58.63%), desk illumination uniformity (61.92%-72.27%) and qualified noise rate (50.04%-51.94%) increased significantly in 3 years; in addition, the compliance rate of desks and chairs decreased from 25.00% to 13.52%, and the differences were all statistically significant (χ²=42.48, 80.93, 46.09, 129.72, all P < 0.05). Middle school classrooms outperformed primary schools in terms of per capita area, average blackboard illuminance, blackboard illuminance uniformity, average desktop illuminance, desktop illuminance uniformity, and noise compliance (χ²=311.55, 12.41, 20.64, 40.76, 10.25, 52.47), but had lower compliance for blackboard size and reflectance (χ²=537.29, 7.59) (all P < 0.01). Urban schools had higher compliance than suburban schools for per capita area, average blackboard illuminance, average desktop illuminance, and desktop illuminance uniformity (χ²=73.71, 17.68, 29.30, 36.03), but lower compliance for desk-chair suitability, blackboard size, and blackboard reflectance (χ²=4.72, 26.02, 5.43) (all P < 0.05). The spinal curvature abnormality detection rate was 0.83%. A significant association was found between abnormality detection and desk-chair non-compliance (χ²=223.85, P < 0.01). Conclusions Classroom environment hygiene in Guizhou schools is suboptimal. Strengthening school environmental hygiene infrastructure and greater attention to its impact on student's health are essential.
- Environmental health /
- Spinal curvatures /
- Eligibility determination /
- Students
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表 1 贵州省2022—2024年不同组别中小学校教学环境卫生监测指标合格率比较

Table 1. Monitoring indicators of teaching and environmental health in primary and secondary schools in Guizhou Province from 2022 to 2024

组别	选项	统计值	教室人均面积		课桌椅		黑板尺寸			黑板反射比		黑板面平均照度
组别	选项	统计值	检测数	合格数	检测数	符合数	检测数	合格数		检测数	合格数	检测数	合格数
年份	2022		2 802	849(30.30)	2 712	678(25.00)	2 756	2 231(80.95)		2 594	897(34.58)	2 661	502(18.87)
	2023		2 781	856(30.78)	2 731	639(23.40)	2 776	2 332(84.01)		2 651	1 215(45.83)	2 687	563(20.95)
	2024		2 787	819(29.39)	2 759	373(13.52)	2 757	2 254(81.76)		2 686	953(35.48)	2 713	555(20.46)
		χ²值		1.33		129.72		9.51			87.17		3.96
		P值		< 0.01		0.52		< 0.01			< 0.01		0.14
学段	小学		3 222	611(18.96)	3 143	625(19.89)	3 170	2 999(94.61)		3 012	1 222(40.57)	3 078	557(18.10)
	中学		5 148	1 913(37.16)	5 059	1 065(21.05)	5 119	3 818(74.58)		4 919	1 843(37.47)	4 983	1 063(21.33)
		χ²值		311.55		1.61		537.29			7.59		12.41
		P值		< 0.01		0.20		< 0.01			< 0.01		< 0.01
城乡	城区		1 448	573(39.57)	1 458	270(18.52)	1 430	1 109(77.55)		1 396	501(35.89)	1 420	343(24.15)
	郊县		6 922	1 951(28.19)	6 744	1 420(21.06)	6 859	5 708(83.22)		6 535	2 564(39.23)	6 641	1 277(19.23)
		χ²值		73.71		4.72		26.02			5.43		17.68
		P值		< 0.01		0.03		< 0.01			0.02		< 0.01
合计			8 370	2 524(30.16)	8 202	1 690(20.60)	8 289	6 817(82.24)		7 931	3 065(38.65)	8 061	1 620(20.10)

组别	选项	统计值	黑板面照度均匀度		课桌面平均照度		课桌面照度均匀度					噪声
组别	选项	统计值	检测数	合格数	检测数	合格数	检测数		合格数			检测数	合格数
年份	2022		2 661	2 299(86.40)	2 796	1 401(50.11)	2 796		1 759(62.91)			2 746	1 374(50.04)
	2023		2 687	2 247(83.62)	2 807	1 487(52.97)	2 807		1 739(61.95)			2 768	1 198(43.28)
	2024		2 713	2 339(86.21)	2 809	1 647(58.63)	2 809		2 030(72.27)			2 811	1 460(51.94)
		χ²值		10.36		42.48			80.93				46.09
		P值		< 0.01		< 0.01			< 0.01				< 0.01
学段	小学		3 078	2 559(83.14)	3 218	1 593(49.50)	3 218		2 047(63.61)			3 187	1 383(43.40)
	中学		4 983	4 326(86.82)	5 194	2 942(56.64)	5 194		3 481(67.02)			5 138	2 649(51.56)
		χ²值		20.64		40.76			10.25				52.47
		P值		< 0.01		< 0.01			< 0.01				< 0.01
城乡	城区		1 420	1 226(86.34)	1 455	878(60.34)	1 455		1 055(72.51)			1 446	718(49.65)
	郊县		6 641	5 659(85.21)	6 957	3 657(52.57)	6 957		4 473(64.29)			6 879	3 314(48.18)
		χ²值		1.19		29.30			36.03				1.05
		P值		0.28		< 0.01			< 0.01				0.31
合计			8 061	6 885(85.41)	8 412	4 535(53.91)	8 412		5 528(65.72)			8 325	4 032(48.43)
注：()内数字为合格率/%；各指标在监测过程均有数据缺失。

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表 2 贵州省2022—2024年中小学课桌椅符合情况与学生脊柱弯曲关联性分析

Table 2. Analysis on the correlation between the compliance school desk and chair and abnormal spinal curvature in primary and secondary schools in Guizhou Province from 2022 to 2024

年份	课桌椅符合	检测人数	脊柱弯曲人数	χ²值	P值
2022	合格	79 985	379(0.47)	2.99	0.09
	不合格	116 621	618(0.53)
2023	合格	52 810	388(0.73)	99.99	< 0.01
	不合格	142 066	1 808(1.27)
2024	合格	41 831	204(0.49)	83.89	< 0.01
	不合格	153 217	1 459(0.95)
合计	合格	174 626	971(0.56)	223.85	< 0.01
	不合格	411 904	3 885(0.94)
注：()内数字为检出率/%；监测学校抽取的6间教室课桌椅符合率均合格判定为合格学校。

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