Analysis of pollution of PM2.5 in children's bedrooms caused by using solid-fuels and the influencing factors
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摘要:
目的 了解使用固体燃料的家庭儿童卧室PM2.5污染状况及影响因素，为有效降低儿童卧室PM2.5的污染提供依据。 方法 2019年12月—2020年11月，在中国北方(黑龙江省佳木斯市)和南方(四川省绵阳市)选择2个试点，监测198户(北方108户，南方90户)，通过家访了解固体燃料使用情况，采用实时在线监测设备监测儿童卧室PM2.5质量体积浓度动态变化，使用混合效应模型分析儿童卧室PM2.5污染的影响因素。 结果 监测周期内北方和南方试点儿童卧室PM2.5日均值分别为78.33(40.50, 154.80) 和38.54(26.20, 58.46) μg/m3，超标率分别为44.57%和33.22%。取暖期内北方和南方试点PM2.5日均值分别为212.50 (133.60, 244.10) 和104.42 (73.97, 134.90) μg/m3，超标率分别为96.75%和86.96%。混合效应模型分析结果显示，儿童卧室PM2.5质量体积浓度与固体燃料使用时间、开窗时间、房间布局(厨房和卧室共用入户门)、室内吸烟、室内湿度和卧室内使用固体燃料等因素均相关(β值分别为0.19, -0.05, 1.20, 0.43, 0.02, 0.35，P值均＜0.05)。 结论 使用固体燃料是儿童卧室内PM2.5污染的重要原因，固体燃料对北方儿童卧室空气质量的影响重于南方。 Abstract:Objective To investigate the indoor fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution and its influencing factors in children's bedrooms using solid fuel, so as to provide evidence for effective strategy to reduce PM2.5 pollution. Methods From December 2019 to November 2020, 198 households (108 in the north, 90 in the south) from two pilots in the north(Jiamusi in Heilongjiang Province) and south of China (Mianyang in Sichuan Province) were selected, and status of solid fuels using were obtained through home visits, dynamic changes in PM2.5 concentrations in children's bedrooms were monitored by using real-time online instruments, and the influencing factors of PM2.5 pollution were analyzed by using a mixed-effects model. Results During the monitoring period, the daily PM2.5 concentrations in the northern and southern pilot were 78.33 (40.50, 154.80) and 38.54(26.20, 58.46) μg/m3, respectively, exceeding standard rates of 44.57% and 33.22%. During the heating period, the daily PM2.5 concentrations in the northern and southern pilot were 212.50(133.60, 244.10) and 104.42(73.97, 134.90) μg/m3, respectively, with over standard rates of 96.75% and 86.96%. The mixed-effects model analysis results showed that children's bedroom PM2.5 concentrations were associated with solid fuel usage duration, window opening time, room layout (shared entrance door between kitchen and bedroom), indoor smoking, indoor humidity, and solid fuel use in the bedroom (β=0.19, -0.05, 1.20, 0.43, 0.02, 0.35, all P < 0.05). Conclusion Solid fuel combustion significantly comtributes to PM2.5 pollution in children's bedrooms, with more pronounced impacts observed in northern China compared to southern regions. -
Key words:
- Fossil fuels /
- Particulate matter /
- Environmental pollution /
- Linear models /
- Child
1) 利益冲突声明 所有作者声明无利益冲突。2) 郑萍和师春利为共同第一作者。 -
图 1 不同月份试点儿童卧室内PM2.5质量体积浓度日均值
注：因南方监测家庭地处山区，监测信号不稳定，2020年1月1—7日监测数据缺失。
Figure 1. Average daily concentration of PM2.5 in children's bedrooms in the pilots for each month
表 1 北方和南方试点儿童家庭基本情况
Table 1. Basic characteristics of children's households in the pilot in the north and south
试点 家庭数 父母文化程度* 父母是否了解室内PM2.5污染的危害* 父母对室内PM2.5污染情况的认知* 卧室内使用固体燃料 小学 初中 高中 大学及以上 听说过很多 听说过一些 不了解 不知道 有很多 有但不多 几乎没有 没有 北方 108 8(7.4) 88(81.5) 10(9.3) 2(1.8) 1(0.9) 18(16.7) 89(82.4) 4(3.7) 35(32.4) 31(28.7) 37(34.3) 1(0.9) 19(17.6) 南方 90 8(8.9) 50(55.5) 26(28.9) 6(6.7) 2(2.2) 15(16.7) 73(81.1) 46(51.4) 22(24.3) 12(13.5) 8(9.0) 2(1.8) 50(55.6) χ2值 31.16 P值 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 试点 家庭数 取暖燃料类型* 做饭燃料类型* 厨房和卧室共用入户门 室内吸烟 室内种植绿植 固体燃料 清洁燃料 固体和清洁燃料 不取暖 固体燃料 清洁燃料 固体和清洁燃料 北方 108 101(93.5) 2(1.9) 5(4.6) 0 35(32.4) 22(20.4) 51(47.2) 95(88.0) 64(59.3) 63(58.3) 南方 90 31(34.4) 24(26.7) 7(7.8) 28(31.1) 1(1.1) 0 89(98.9) 7(7.8) 55(61.1) 12(13.3) χ2值 126.37 0.07 42.25 P值 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 ＜0.01 0.79 ＜0.01 注：()内数字为构成比或报告率/%；*使用Fisher精确检验。 
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表 2 儿童卧室PM2.5水平影响因素的混合效应模型分析(n=198)
Table 2. Result of mixed effect model of influencing factors of PM2.5 concentration in children's bedroom(n=198)
自变量 β值 标准误 t值 P值 固体燃料使用时间/h 0.19 0.01 2.31 0.02 开窗时间/h -0.05 0.02 -3.55 ＜0.01 卧室内使用固体燃料 0.35 0.15 2.29 0.02 厨房和卧室共用入户门 1.20 0.16 7.66 ＜0.01 室内吸烟 0.43 0.12 3.60 ＜0.01 卧室内种植植物 0.06 0.13 0.45 0.66 室内湿度/% 0.02 0.00 21.61 ＜0.01 室内温度/℃ -0.00 0.00 -1.22 0.22 注：因家长PM2.5污染认知水平普遍较低，未将其纳入模型。
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