Risk assessment analysis of infectious disease prevention and control in schools of Shangcheng District, Hangzhou
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摘要:
目的 建立杭州市上城区学校传染病防控风险评估体系并确定各学校风险等级,并提出相应风险管理措施,为中小学校传染病防控工作提供科学的参考依据。 方法 基于失效模式和效应分析方法(FMEA),对2022—2024年杭州市上城区110所中小学校进行传染病防控风险潜在失效分析及现状调查,并通过K-Means聚类分析法划分风险等级。 结果 通过FMEA专家小组讨论,确定6个一级指标和28个二级指标,风险数前3位的分别为近3年学校发生传染病聚集性疫情按要求落实防控措施情况(189.00)、学生晨午/晚检情况(168.00)和近3年学校发生传染病聚集性疫情上报情况(144.00)。学校防控综合得分范围为61.00~98.00分(均值87.40),不同学段的学校平均得分和风险等级分布差异均无统计学意义(F/H值分别为0.95,1.47,P值均>0.05)。经K-Means聚类分析,以聚类中心93.25,85.78,79.69,70.29和61.00分划分为5个风险等级(F=309.21,P < 0.05),80%的学校属较低风险及以下。 结论 建立中小学校传染病防控风险评估体系,并根据学校风险等级分级进行管理,可以提高学校传染病防控的效率和效果,以进一步提升防控精准度与可持续性。 Abstract:Objective To establish a risk assessment system for infectious disease prevention and control in schools in Shangcheng District, Hangzhou and determine risk levels for each school, and propose corresponding risk management measures, so as to provide a scientific reference for infectious disease prevention and control in primary and secondary schools. Methods Based on the Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) method, potential failure analysis and current situation investigation of infectious disease prevention and control risks were conducted in 110 primary and secondary schools from 2022 to 2024 in Shangcheng District, Hangzhou. Risk levels were classified using K-Means cluster analysis. Results Through expert panel discussions using FMEA, 6 first-level indicators and 28 second-level indicators were identified. The top three risk priority numbers were implementation of required prevention and control measures for clustered infectious disease outbreaks in schools in the past three years (189.00), student morning/afternoon health checks (168.00), and reporting status of clustered infectious disease outbreaks in schools in the past three years (144.00). The comprehensive prevention scores of schools ranged from 61.00 to 98.00 (mean: 87.40). There were no statistically significant differences in the average scores(primary school: 88.17±7.39, nine-year consistent education: 86.26±7.68, junior high school: 85.55±8.20, and high school: 88.72±4.91) and risk level distribution of schools with different educational stages(F/H=0.95, 1.47, P>0.05).K-Means cluster analysis divided the schools into 5 risk levels with cluster centers at 93.25, 85.78, 79.69, 70.29, 61.00 (F=309.21, P < 0.05), with 80% of schools classified as low-risk or below. Conclusion The infectious disease prevention and control risk assessment system for primary and secondary schools can be established, and hierarchical management can be conducted according to school risk levels, thereby improving the efficiency and effectiveness of school infectious disease prevention and control, and enhancing the precision and sustainability of prevention efforts. 1) 利益冲突声明 所有作者声明无利益冲突。2) 姚英和孙家逸为共同第一作者。 -
表 1 杭州市上城区中小学校传染病防控风险指标及得分情况
Table 1. Risk indicators and scores for infectious disease prevention and control among primary and secondary schools in Shangcheng District, Hangzhou City
一级指标 二级指标 得分(x±s) 得分率/% 1.传染病防控制度及保障(13分) 10.62±2.06 81.69 传染病预防控制工作小组(2分) 1.50±0.33 97.50 传染病防控年度工作计划或方案(3分) 1.59±0.19 94.50 传染病防控相关制度(3分) 2.90±0.41 96.67 传染病防控专项经费(3分) 1.09±1.45 36.33 传染病防控工作纳入年度工作考核(3分) 2.70±0.90 90.00 2.传染病常规监测(34分) 31.50±3.56 92.65 开展学生晨午/晚检情况(8分) 7.93±0.76 99.13 开展学生因病缺课登记情况(6分) 5.26±1.16 87.67 班级因病缺课相关情况及时上报(6分) 5.84±0.98 97.33 使用传染病症状监测预警系统开展工作(3分) 2.40±1.21 80.00 明确传染病疫情报告人和班级传染病症状监测报告人(4分) 4.00±0.00 100.00 开展教职员工症状监测(4分) 3.45±1.38 86.25 开展教职员工因病缺勤监测(3分) 2.62±1.00 87.33 3.传染病培训及演练(7分) 6.00±1.82 85.71 组织/参加过对校医务室及传染病报告人的传染病防控知识培训(3分) 2.54±1.09 84.67 2023年参与卫生健康部门对学校开展传染病防控培训情况(1分) 0.92±0.28 92.00 2023年组织开展传染病疫情及相关突发公共卫生事件应急演练情况(3分) 2.54±1.09 84.67 4.传染病健康教育(9分) 8.37±1.31 93.00 传染病健康教育纳入工作计划(1分) 0.92±0.28 92.00 定期开展传染病健康教育课程(3分) 2.75±0.83 91.67 教职员工开展传染病防控健康教育(3分) 2.97±0.29 99.00 家长开展传染病防控健康教育(2分) 1.73±0.69 86.50 5.传染病疫情控制(24分) 20.41±2.89 85.04 近3年学校发生传染病聚集性疫情情况(3分) 0.35±0.97 11.67 近3年学校发生传染病聚集性疫情上报情况(7分) 7.00±0.00 100.00 近3年学校发生传染病聚集性疫情按要求落实防控措施情况(8分) 7.05±2.59 88.13 辖区社区卫生服务中心或疾控中心沟通联系良好(6分) 6.00±0.00 100.00 6.基础卫生建设(13分) 10.50±1.16 80.77 卫生间卫生(3分) 2.24±0.54 74.67 食堂卫生(3分) 2.95±0.21 98.33 教室卫生(3分) 2.43±0.82 81.00 卫生室设置情况(2分) 1.89±0.31 84.50 卫生老师配置数情况(600∶1)(2分) 0.99±0.01 49.50 表 2 杭州市上城区中小学校传染病防控风险失效分析
Table 2. Failure analysis of infectious disease prevention and control risks in primary and secondary schools in Shangcheng District, Hangzhou City
二级指标 潜在失效模式 S O D RPN 近3年学校发生传染病聚集性疫情按要求落实防控措施情况 防控措施落实不到位或者不落实 7.00 6.00 4.50 189.00 学生晨午/晚检情况 不开展晨午检或流于形式 8.00 6.00 3.50 168.00 近3年学校发生传染病聚集性疫情上报情况 未上报疫情或上报不及时 6.00 6.00 4.00 144.00 学生因病缺课登记情况 未做因病缺课登记或登记不全 7.00 6.50 3.00 136.50 班级因病缺课相关情况及时上报 班级因病缺课情况不上报或上报不及时 7.00 6.50 3.00 136.50 辖区社区卫生服务中心或疾控中心沟通联系良好 缺乏沟通联系 6.50 5.50 3.50 125.13 开展教职员工症状监测 未开展教职员工症状监测 5.50 5.50 3.00 90.75 明确传染病疫情报告人和班级传染病症状监测报告人 疫情报告人不明确 6.00 5.00 3.00 90.00 传染病防控专项经费 无专项经费 6.00 4.00 3.50 84.00 卫生间卫生 无独立卫生间、未配备手清洗物品及规范消毒 6.00 5.00 2.50 75.00 使用传染病症状监测预警系统开展工作 未开展任何形式的传染病症状监测预警系统 5.50 5.00 2.50 68.75 开展教职员工因病缺勤监测 未开展教职员工因病缺勤监测 5.00 4.50 3.00 67.50 食堂卫生 未配备专门清洗消毒餐盘的消毒设置、手清洗物品及相关预防性消毒工作未开展 6.50 4.00 2.50 65.00 近3年学校发生传染病聚集性疫情情况 从未发生疫情 3.50 4.50 4.00 63.00 教室卫生 未配备应急消毒用品以及个人防护用品、通风不良及相关预防性消毒工作未开展 5.50 4.50 2.50 61.88 传染病防控工作纳入年度工作考核 未将传染病防控工作纳入年度工作考核 5.00 3.50 3.50 61.25 定期开展传染病健康教育课程 未定期开展传染病健康教育课程 5.00 3.50 3.50 61.25 传染病防控相关制度 无制度或者各项制度不全 6.00 5.00 2.00 60.00 组织/参加过对校医务室及传染病报告人的传染病防控知识培训 从未参加传染病防控专业培训 5.50 3.50 3.00 57.75 教职员工开展传染病防控健康教育 从未对教职员工开展传染病防控健康教育 5.50 3.00 3.50 57.75 2023年组织开展传染病疫情及相关突发公共卫生事件应急演练情况 未开展 5.00 4.50 2.50 56.25 卫生老师配置数情况(600∶1) 未配备或配备不足 5.50 4.50 2.00 49.50 传染病防控年度工作计划或方案 缺少传染病防控年度工作计划或方案 5.50 4.00 2.00 44.00 家长开展传染病防控健康教育 从未对家长开展传染病防控健康教育 4.00 3.00 3.50 42.00 传染病预防控制工作小组 缺少传染病预防控制工作小组 6.50 3.00 2.00 39.00 卫生室设置情况 卫生室、隔离观察室未设置 6.00 3.00 2.00 36.00 2023年参与卫生健康部门对学校开展传染病防控培训情况 未参与 5.00 3.50 2.00 35.00 传染病健康教育纳入工作计划 未将传染病健康教育工作纳入工作计划 5.00 3.00 2.00 30.00 表 3 杭州市上城区中小学校传染病防控不同风险等级管理主体分工分布
Table 3. Division distribution of responsibilities among management entities for infectious disease prevention and control in primary and secondary schools at different risk levels in Shangcheng District, Hangzhou City
风险等级 综合得分 管理主体 合计
(n=110)小学
(n=58)九年一贯
(n=17)初中
(n=23)高中
(n=12)高风险 < 67 每月属地疾控中心、社区卫生服务中心和区教育局共同督导 1(0.91) 1(1.72) 0 0 0 较高风险 68~77 每月属地社区卫生服务中心按要求督导,属地疾控中心和区教育局定期抽查指导 7(6.36) 2(3.45) 2(11.76) 3(13.04) 0 中风险 78~82 每月属地社区卫生服务中心按要求督导,属地疾控中心定期抽查指导 14(12.73) 9(15.52) 2(11.76) 2(8.70) 1(8.33) 较低风险 83~89 每月属地社区卫生服务中心按要求督导 35(31.82) 14(24.14) 5(29.41) 9(39.13) 7(58.33) 低风险 >89 属地社区卫生服务中心定期抽查 53(48.18) 32(55.17) 8(47.06) 9(39.13) 4(33.33) 注:()内数字为构成比/%。 -
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