贵州省农村学校饮用水中氟化物和三氯甲烷健康风险评估

简子海; 张建华; 宿敏敏; 陈宣好; 袁敏兰; 杨丹; 陈刚

doi:10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025025

贵州省农村学校饮用水中氟化物和三氯甲烷健康风险评估

doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2025025

贵州省疾病预防控制中心，贵阳 550004

基金项目:

贵州省科技支撑计划项目黔科合支撑[2021]一般024

贵州省传染病预防与控制人才基地项目 RCJD2106

详细信息

作者简介:
简子海(1989- )，男，贵州遵义人，硕士，主管医师，主要研究方向为环境卫生

通讯作者:
陈刚，E-mail：52151317@qq.com

利益冲突声明 所有作者声明无利益冲突。
中图分类号: G627.8 R123.5 G478.2
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2024-10-25
- 修回日期: 2024-11-25
- 网络出版日期: 2025-01-25
- 刊出日期: 2025-01-25

Health risk assessment of fluoride and trichloromethane in drinking water in rural schools in Guizhou Province

Guizhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Guiyang (550004), Guizhou Province, China

摘要

摘要: 目的分析贵州省农村学校饮用水中氟化物、三氯甲烷的分布特征及其健康风险，为保障农村学校饮水安全提供科学依据。方法 2020—2022年枯水期(3—5月)、丰水期(7—9月)，采用直接抽选法选取贵州省的涉农县(区)788所农村中小学校进行调查，共采集饮用水样本1 566份，检测水样的氟化物、三氯甲烷质量浓度；组间比较采用Mann-Whitney U检验，并用健康风险评估模型对学生经口摄入氟化物、三氯甲烷的健康风险进行评估。结果 2020—2022年贵州省农村学校饮水中氟化物、三氯甲烷的质量浓度均达标，范围分别为未检出~0.99和(未检出~0.06)×10^-3 mg/L；枯水期和丰水期氟化物质量浓度分别为0.05(0.05，0.10)、0.05(0.05，0.10)mg/L，三氯甲烷质量浓度分别为[0.02(0.02，1.00)]×10^-3、[0.02(0.02，1.00)]×10^-3 mg/L，出厂水和末梢水氟化物质量浓度分别为0.05(0.05，0.05)、0.05(0.05，0.10)mg/L，差异均无统计学意义(Z值分别为-0.04，-0.88，-0.98，P值均>0.05)；出厂水和末梢水三氯甲烷质量浓度[0.02(0.02，0.02)×10^-3，0.02(0.02，1.05)×10^-3mg/L]差异有统计学意义(Z=-2.16，P < 0.05)；学生经口暴露氟化物、三氯甲烷的非致癌风险评估值范围为0.01(0.01，0.03)~0.03(0.03，0.06)和[0.26(0.26，14.54)]×10^-4~[0.52(0.52，48.62)]×10^-4，均处于可接受水平；经口暴露三氯甲烷的致癌风险评估值范围为[0.08(0.08，4.51)]×10^-7~[0.16(0.16，15.07)]×10^-7，风险较低。结论贵州省农村学校饮用水中氟化物、三氯甲烷对学生健康风险较低。应加强个别农村饮水工程消毒规范化管理和水源的氟化物监测，以降低儿童的暴露风险。
- 饮水 /
- 氟化物 /
- 三氯甲烷 /
- 危险性评估 /
- 农村卫生 /
- 学生保健服务
Abstract: Objective To analyze the distribution characteristics of fluoride and trichloromethane in drinking water in rural schools in Guizhou Province and assess their health risks, so as to provide a scientific basis for ensuring the safety of drinking water in rural schools. Methods During the dry season (March to May) and wet season (July to September) of 2020 to 2022, 788 rural primary and secondary schools in agricultural counties (districts) in Guizhou Province were selected for investigation by using a direct sampling method. A total of 1 566 drinking water samples were collected from these schools, and the mass concentrations of fluoride and trichloromethane in the water samples were detected. The Mann-Whitney U test was used for intergroup comparison, and a health risk assessment model was employed to evaluate the health risks of students' oral intake of fluoride and trichloromethane. Results From 2020 to 2022, the mass concentrations of fluoride and trichloromethane in the drinking water of rural schools in Guizhou Province all met the standards, and the ranges were no detection to 0.99 mg/L and (no detection to 0.06)×10^-3 mg/L, respectively. The mass concentrations of fluoride in dry and wet seasons were 0.05(0.05, 0.10), 0.05(0.05, 0.10) mg/L, the mass concentrations of trichloromethane were [0.02(0.02, 1.00)]×10^-3, [0.02(0.02, 1.00)]×10^-3 mg/L, the mass concentrations of fluoride in factory water and terminal water were 0.05(0.05, 0.05), 0.05(0.05, 0.10) mg/L, and the differences were not statistically significant (Z=-0.04, -0.88, -0.98, P>0.05). There was a statistically significant difference in the mass concentration of trichloromethane between factory water and peripheral water [0.02(0.02, 0.02)×10^-3, 0.02(0.02, 1.05)×10^-3 mg/L](Z=-2.16, P < 0.05). The non-carcinogenic risk assessment values for students' oral exposure to fluoride and trichloromethane were in the range of 0.01(0.01, 0.03)-0.03(0.03, 0.06) and [0.26(0.26, 14.54)]×10^-4-[0.52(0.52, 48.62)]×10^-4, respectively, all of which were at acceptable levels; the carcinogenic risk assessment values for oral exposure to trichloromethane were in the range of [0.08(0.08, 4.51)]×10^-7-[0.16(0.16, 15.07)]×10^-7, indicating a low risk. Conclusions The health risks of students' expore to fluoride and trichloromethane in drinking water in rural schools of Guizhou Province are low. It is necessary to strengthen the standardized management of disinfection in some rural drinking water projects and the monitoring of fluoride in water sources to reduce the exposure risk to children.
- Drinking /
- Fluorides /
- Trichloromethane /
- Risk assessment /
- Rural health /
- Students health services
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表 1 贵州省2020—2022年农村学校饮用水中氟化物和三氯甲烷检测情况(mg·L^-1)

Table 1. Detection of fluoride and trichloromethane in drinking water in rural schools in Guizhou Province from 2020 to 2022(mg·L^-1)

年度	水样数	氟化物			三氯甲烷/10^-3
年度	水样数	检出样数	质量浓度范围	M(P₂₅，P₇₅)	检出样数	质量浓度范围	M(P₂₅，P₇₅)
2020	513	143	ND~0.78	0.05(0.05, 0.10)	197	ND~0.05	0.02(0.02, 1.50)
2021	523	159	ND~0.97	0.05(0.05, 0.10)	166	ND~0.06	0.02(0.02, 0.90)
2022	530	181	ND~0.99	0.05(0.05, 0.11)	167	ND~0.06	0.02(0.02, 1.00)
合计	1 566	483	ND~0.99	0.05(0.05, 0.10)	530	ND~0.06	0.02(0.02, 1.00)
注：ND为未检出。

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表 2 贵州省2020—2022年农村学校饮用水在不同年龄段学生的健康风险评估[M(P₂₅，P₇₅)]

Table 2. Health risks assessement of drinking water in rural schools in Guizhou Province from 2020 to 2022 among students of different ages[M(P₂₅, P₇₅)]

年份	年龄段/岁	氟化物HQ	三氯甲烷
年份	年龄段/岁	氟化物HQ	HQ/10^-4	CR/10^-7
2020	6~ < 9	0.03(0.03, 0.05)	0.52(0.52，48.62)	0.16(0.16，15.07)
	9~ < 12	0.02(0.02, 0.04)	0.40(0.40，37.56)	0.12(0.12，11.64)
	12~ < 15	0.02(0.02, 0.04)	0.40(0.40，37.43)	0.12(0.12，11.60)
	15~ < 18	0.01(0.01, 0.03)	0.26(0.26，24.23)	0.08(0.08，7.51)
2021	6~ < 9	0.03(0.03, 0.05)	0.52(0.52，29.17)	0.16(0.16，9.04)
	9~ < 12	0.02(0.02, 0.04)	0.40(0.40，22.54)	0.12(0.12，6.99)
	12~ < 15	0.02(0.02, 0.04)	0.40(0.40，22.46)	0.12(0.12，6.96)
	15~ < 18	0.01(0.01, 0.03)	0.26(0.26，14.54)	0.08(0.08，4.51)
2022	6~ < 9	0.03(0.03, 0.06)	0.52(0.52，32.42)	0.16(0.16，10.05)
	9~ < 12	0.02(0.02, 0.05)	0.40(0.40，25.04)	0.12(0.12，7.76)
	12~ < 15	0.02(0.02, 0.05)	0.40(0.40，24.96)	0.12(0.12，7.74)
	15~ < 18	0.01(0.01, 0.03)	0.26(0.26，16.16)	0.08(0.08，5.01)

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