江苏省学校饮用水中三氯甲烷健康风险评估

费娟; 于洋; 郑浩; 丁震

doi:10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2024348

江苏省学校饮用水中三氯甲烷健康风险评估

doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2024348

江苏省疾病预防控制中心环境与健康所(地方病防制所)，南京 210009

基金项目:

国家疾病预防控制局综合司2023年度疾病预防控制标准项目计划 JK20230408

详细信息

作者简介:
费娟(1986-)，女，江苏淮安人，硕士，副主任医师，主要从事饮用水卫生工作

利益冲突声明 所有作者声明无利益冲突。
中图分类号: G478 R123 TU991.25
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2024-09-05
- 修回日期: 2024-09-25
- 网络出版日期: 2024-12-10
- 刊出日期: 2024-11-15

Health risk assessment of trichlormethane in school drinking water of Jiangsu Province

Environment and Health Institute (Endemic Disease Control Department), Jiangsu Provincial Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanjing (210009), Jiangsu Province, China

摘要

摘要: 目的了解江苏省学校饮用水中三氯甲烷分布特征，评价三氯甲烷健康风险及其影响因素，为学校饮用水消毒安全工作提供科学依据。方法采用分层抽样方法抽取江苏省315所学校(123所小学、142所初中、20所高中、30所大学)，每所学校于2023年丰水期(7—9月)，2024年枯水期(1—3月)各采集末梢水1份，共采集末梢水630份。采用《生活饮用水标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750—2023)要求检测学校饮用水中三氯甲烷质量浓度，采用美国环保局推荐的健康风险评价方法对学生暴露三氯甲烷健康风险进行评估，采用Kruskal-Wallis H秩和检验和Mann-Whitney U检验比较不同分组学校饮用水中三氯甲烷水平及健康风险。结果江苏省学校饮用水中三氯甲烷均达标，质量浓度为8.9(4.6，14.0)μg/L。学校饮用水中三氯甲烷致癌风险为9.8×10^-6(5.3×10^-6，1.7×10^-5)，为可接受的低风险。不同学段学生单位体重饮水量、学校末梢水中三氯甲烷质量浓度是影响学生饮水暴露三氯甲烷致癌风险的重要因素，学生饮水暴露三氯甲烷致癌风险比较：低学段小学生致癌风险最高，致癌风险为1.2×10^-5，丰水期(1.3×10^-5)高于枯水期(7.6×10^-6)、江河水源水(1.0×10^-5)高于湖泊水源水(6.8×10^-6)，液氯消毒(1.1×10^-5)高于次氯酸钠消毒(9.3×10^-6)，常规处理工艺(1.4×10^-5)高于深度处理工艺(9.6×10^-6)，差异均有统计学意义(Z值分别为88.1，3.7，-3.2，-2.7，P值均 < 0.05)。学校饮用水中三氯甲烷非致癌风险为1.4×10^-2，小于1，非致癌风险可接受。结论江苏省学生饮水暴露三氯甲烷致癌风险、非致癌风险均在可接受范围内，低学段小学生饮水暴露三氯甲烷致癌风险最高，应列为重点关注对象。同时应根据水源水特质选择合适的消毒方式和水处理工艺，降低学校饮用水中三氯甲烷含量，控制健康风险。
- 饮水 /
- 三氯甲烷 /
- 危险性评估 /
- 学生保健服务
Abstract: Objective To investigate the distribution characteristics of trichlormethane in school drinking water in Jiangsu Province, and to evaluate the health risks and influencing factors of students exposed to trichlormethane, so as to provide a scientific basis for the disinfection and safety of school drinking water. Methods A total of 315 schools (123 primary schools, 142 junior high schools, 20 high schools, and 30 universities) in Jiangsu Province were selected by a stratified sampling method. Water samples in the wet period (from July to September) of 2023 and in the dry period (from January to March) of 2024 in each school were collected, and 630 drinking water samples were collected. According to the Standard Examination Methods for Drinking Water (GB/T 5750-2023), drinking water samples were analyzed for trichlormethane, and the health risks of trichlormethane exposure in drinking water for students were assessed using the health risk assessment method recommended by US Environmental Protection Agency. The Kruskal-Wallis H rank sum test and Mann-Whitney U test were performed to analyze concentrations and health risks of trichlormethane in school drinking water in different groups. Results The concentration of trichlormethane in school drinking water in Jiangsu Province was 8.9 (4.6, 14.0) μg/L. The carcinogenic risk of trichlormethane in school drinking water was 9.8×10^-6 (5.3×10^-6, 1.7×10^-5), which was an acceptable low risk. The amount of drinking water per unit body weight and the concentration of trichlormethane in tap water samples were important factors affecting the carcinogenic risk in drinking water for students. Comparison of carcinogenic risks exposed to trichlormethane in drinking water were as follows: primary school students in lower grades had the highest risk of carcinogenesis, with a risk of 1.2×10^-5, the wet period (1.3×10^-5) >the dry period (7.6×10^-6), river source water (1.0×10^-5) >lake source water (6.8×10^-6), liquid chlorine disinfection (1.1×10^-5) > sodium hypochlorite disinfection (9.3×10^-6), conventional treatment (1.4×10^-5) > advanced treatment (9.6×10^-6), with statistically significant differences (Z=88.1, 3.7, -3.2, -2.7, P < 0.05). The non-carcinogenic risk of trichlormethane in school drinking water was 1.4×10^-2 for less than 1, and the non-carcinogenic risk was acceptable. Conclusions The carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks of trichlormethane in school drinking water are acceptable in Jiangsu Province, and the primary school students in lower grades are key indicators for risk management of trichlormethane in drinking water. According to the characteristics of the source water, appropriate disinfection methods and water treatment processes are selected to reduce the content of trichlormethane and control health risk.
- Drinking /
- Trichloromethane /
- Risk assessment /
- Students health services
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表 1 不同组别学校饮用水三氯甲烷质量浓度比较[M (P₂₅, P₇₅), μg/L]

Table 1. Comparison of chloroform concentration in drinking water of different groups of schools [M (P₂₅, P₇₅), μg/L]

组别	选项	学校数	质量浓度	Z/H值	P值
学段	小学低年级	123	8.4(4.6, 14.3)	8.6	< 0.05
	小学高年级	123	8.4(4.6, 14.3)
	初中	142	9.7(5.0, 14.6)
	高中	20	10.0(5.0, 15.0)
	大学	30	7.0(4.1, 10.3)
城乡	城市	138	8.6(5.0, 12.9)	-0.9	0.36
	农村	177	9.0(4.0, 15.1)
水期	枯水期	315	8.0(4.0, 13.0)	-3.5	< 0.01
	丰水期	315	10.0(4.7, 11.0)
水源类型	江河	262	9.0(5.0, 14.7)	6.7	< 0.05
	湖泊	36	7.0(2.6, 12.0)
	水库	17	9.4(5.3, 12.5)
消毒方式	次氯酸钠	184	8.6(4.4, 13.0)	7.9	< 0.05
	液氯	119	9.6(5.1, 16.0)
	复合二氧化氯	6	7.3(1.0, 12.6)
	一氯胺	6	7.6(0.7, 17.5)
水处理工艺	深度处理	295	8.6(4.5, 14.0)	-2.2	< 0.05
	常规处理	20	11.0(7.2, 16.1)

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表 2 不同分组学校饮用水中三氯甲烷健康风险评估

Table 2. Health risks of trichloromethane in different subgroups in school drinking water

组别	选项	学校数	致癌风险			非致癌风险
组别	选项	学校数	M(P₂₅，P₇₅)/10^-6	Z/χ²值	P值	M(P₂₅，P₇₅)/10^-2	Z/χ²值	P值
学段	小学低年级	123	11.6(6.2，21.9)	26.8	< 0.01	1.6(0.9，3.0)	26.8	< 0.01
	小学高年级	123	9.6(5.1，16.9)			1.3(0.7，2.3)
	初中	142	8.4(4.7，13.6)			1.2(0.7，1.9)
	高中	20	10.5(6.6，16.9)			1.5(0.9，2.3)
	大学	30	9.0(5.5，13.9)			1.2(0.8，1.9)
城乡	城市	138	9.2(5.8，15.1)	-1.0	0.31	1.3(0.8，2.1)	-1.0	0.31
	农村	177	10.0(4.8，18.0)			1.4(0.7，2.5)
水期	枯水期	315	7.6(4.3，12.8)	88.1	< 0.01	1.1(0.6，1.8)	88.1	< 0.01
	丰水期	315	13.2(7.1，22.5)			1.8(1.0，3.1)
水源类型	江河	262	10.0(5.5，17.3)	14.0	< 0.01	1.4(0.8，2.4)	14.0	< 0.01
	湖泊	36	6.8(2.9，13.7)			0.9(0.3，18.9)
	水库	17	10.0(6.7，13.0)			1.4(0.9，1.8)
消毒方式	次氯酸钠	184	9.3(4.9，15.0)	10.1	0.02	1.3(0.7，2.1)	10.1	0.02
	液氯	119	10.6(5.8，18.9)			1.5(0.8，2.6)
	复合二氧化氯	6	10.0(3.4，19.4)			1.4(0.5，2.7)
	一氯胺	6	10.7(1.6，24.8)			1.4(0.2，3.4)
水处理工艺	深度处理	295	9.6(5.1，16.0)	-2.7	< 0.01	1.3(0.7，2.2)	-2.7	< 0.01
	常规处理	20	13.8(7.9，20.6)			1.9(1.1，2.9)

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