北京市中小学生营养素养现状及相关因素分析

郭丹丹; 何海蓉; 于博; 马蕊; 黄梨煜; 张炎; 姚一泓; 余晓辉; 段佳丽; 喻颖杰

doi:10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2024333

北京市中小学生营养素养现状及相关因素分析

doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2024333

北京市疾病预防控制中心营养与食品卫生所, 100013

基金项目:

联合国儿童基金项目 2300096295

详细信息

作者简介:
郭丹丹(1989- ), 女, 北京市人, 大学本科, 主管医师, 主要从事营养监测与宣教方面工作

通讯作者:
段佳丽, E-mail: cdcdjl@126.com

喻颖杰, E-mail: 229381891@qq.com

利益冲突声明 所有作者声明无利益冲突。
中图分类号: R153.2 R179 R155.1
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2024-08-30
- 修回日期: 2024-10-11
- 网络出版日期: 2024-12-10
- 刊出日期: 2024-11-15

Analysis of the current status and associated factors of nutritional literacy among primary and secondary school students in Beijing

Institute for Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing (100013), China

摘要

摘要: 目的了解北京市中小学生营养素养水平及其相关因素，为学生营养改善工作提供科学依据。方法 2022年10月至2023年5月，采用多阶段整群抽样方法抽取北京市16个区(除经济技术开发区)共计14 568名小学、初中和高中的学生，采用学龄儿童营养素养及饮食行为调查问卷获得被调查对象的基本信息，以及营养相关知识理念、选择食物、制作食物、摄入食物4个维度的营养素养水平。采用Wilcoxon秩和检验、Kruskal-Wallis检验、Spearman相关性分析、χ²检验以及二元Logistic回归对数据进行统计学分析。结果北京市中小学生营养素养总分中位数为68.8分，26.0%的中小学生营养素养达标。其中营养相关知识理念、选择食物、制作食物、摄入食物各维度得分中位数和达标率分别为23.0分，42.1%；17.0分，27.4%；6.5分，33.5%；23.0分，33.3%，且4个维度两两间均呈正相关(r=0.33~0.49，P值均＜0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析显示，小学生、初中生、女生、郊区、照护者受教育水平为大专和本科及以上均是营养素养达标的正性相关因素(OR值分别为2.21，1.39，1.18，1.27，1.42，1.66，P值均＜0.05)。结论北京市中小学生营养素养水平仍有较大的提升空间，学段、性别、地区、照护者受教育水平是其相关因素。
- 营养素养 /
- 健康教育 /
- 回归分析 /
- 学生
Abstract: Objective To understand the nutritional literacy level and associated factors of primary and secondary school students in Beijing, so as to provide a scientific basis for improving student nutrition. Methods From October 2022 to May 2023, a multi-stage cluster random sampling method was employed to select a total of 14 568 primary, junior and senior high school students from 16 districts (ecluding the Economic-Technological Development area) in Beijing. Through a survey questionnaire on nutritional literacy and dietary hehavior of school-age children, basic information as well as data on nutritional literacy levels across four dimensions: nutrition related knowledge concepts, food selection, food preparation, and food intake dimensions were obtained. The Wilcoxon rank sum test, Kruskal-Wallis test, Spearman correlation analysis, Chi-square test and binary Logistic regression were used for the analysis. Results The median total score of nutritional literacy among primary and secondary school students in Beijing was 68.8. Approximately 26.0% of primary and secondary school students achieved nutritional literacy standards. The median scores and rates of meeting the standards for nutrition related knowledge concepts, food selection, food preparation and food intake dimensions were 23.0, 42.1%; 17.0, 27.4%; 6.5, 33.5%; 23.0, 33.3%, respectively. There were positive correlations between all pairs of the four dimensions (r=0.33-0.49, P < 0.05). The results of multiple Logistic regression analysis showed that primary school students, junior high school students, female students, suburban students, caregivers with a college education level and a bachelor's degree or above were the positive arrelation factors that promoted the achievement of nutritional literacy standards (OR=2.21, 1.39, 1.18, 1.27, 1.42, 1.66, P < 0.05). Conclusion The literacy level of primary and secondary school students in Beijing needs to be significantly improved. School stage, gender, region and caregiver's education level are associated factors.
- Nutritional literacy /
- Health education /
- Regression analysis /
- Students
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表 1 不同组别中小学生营养素养得分比较(M)

Table 1. Comparison of nutritional literacy scores of primary and secondary school students in different groups(M)

组别	选项	人数	营养相关知识理念	选择食物	制作食物	摄入食物	总分	Z/H值	P值
学段	小学	6 096	23.0	17.0	7.0	23.0	71.1	624.67	＜0.01
	初中	4 378	23.5	17.0	6.5	23.0	68.6
	高中	4 094	23.0	16.0	6.5	22.0	66.2
性别	男	7 223	23.0	16.5	6.5	22.5	68.1	-9.90	＜0.01
	女	7 345	23.0	17.0	6.5	23.5	69.6
地区	城区	5 024	23.5	16.5	6.5	23.0	68.8	-1.15	0.25
	郊区	9 544	23.0	17.0	6.5	23.0	69.1
是否独生子女	是	8 812	23.0	17.0	6.5	23.0	68.8	-1.67	0.09
	否	5 756	23.0	17.0	6.5	23.0	69.1
主要照护者为父母	是	14 296	23.0	17.0	6.5	23.0	69.1	-2.14	0.03
	否	272	22.5	17.0	6.5	22.0	67.2
照护者受教育水平	初中及以下	1 230	22.5	16.5	6.5	22.5	66.7	208.44	＜0.01
	高中/中专/技校	2 874	22.5	16.5	6.5	22.5	67.6
	大专	3 408	23.0	17.0	6.5	23.0	68.6
	本科及以上	7 056	23.5	17.0	7.0	23.0	70.1
家庭食物支出占家庭	＜40	10 294	23.0	17.0	6.5	23.0	69.1	-1.83	0.07
总支出的比例/%	≥40	4 274	23.0	17.0	6.5	23.0	68.6
注：总分为各维度得分之和折算成百分制，Z/H值为对总分进行统计检验。

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表 2 不同组别中小学生营养素养达标率比较

Table 2. Comparison of nutritional literacy standard achievement rates among primary and secondary school students in different groups

组别	选项	人数	营养相关知识理念	选择食物	制作食物	摄入食物	营养素养	χ²值	P值
学段	小学	6 096	2 552(41.9)	2 131(35.0)	2 324(38.1)	2 819(46.2)	2 049(33.6)	347.95	＜0.01
	初中	4 378	1 956(44.7)	1 111(25.4)	1 413(32.7)	1 212(27.7)	1 020(23.3)
	高中	4 094	1 621(39.6)	753(18.4)	1 127(27.5)	815(19.9)	723(17.7)
性别	男	7 223	2 951(40.9)	1 942(26.9)	2 408(33.3)	2 150(29.8)	1 770(24.5)	17.30	＜0.01
	女	7 345	3 178(34.3)	2 053(28.0)	2 474(33.7)	2 696(36.7)	2 022(27.5)
地区	城区	5 024	2 228(44.3)	1 274(25.4)	1 802(35.9)	1 581(31.5)	1 239(24.7)	7.45	0.01
	郊区	9 544	3 901(40.9)	2 721(28.5)	30 80(32.3)	3 265(34.2)	2 553(26.7)
是否独生子女	是	8 812	3 741(42.5)	2 378(27.0)	2 953(33.5)	2 883(32.7)	2 258(25.6)	1.91	0.17
	否	5 756	2 388(41.5)	1 617(28.1)	1 929(33.5)	1 963(34.1)	1 534(26.7)
主要照护者为父母	是	14 296	6 036(42.2)	3 919(27.4)	4 794(33.5)	4 763(33.3)	3 727(26.1)	0.66	0.42
	否	272	93(34.2)	76(27.9)	88(32.4)	83(30.5)	65(23.9)
照护者受教育水平	初中及以下	1 230	408(33.2)	282(22.9)	333(27.1)	331(26.9)	232(18.9)	118.60	＜0.01
	高中/中专/技校	2 874	1 082(37.6)	627(21.8)	833(29.0)	793(27.6)	596(20.7)
	大专	3 408	1 408(41.3)	907(26.6)	1 135(33.3)	1 089(32.0)	883(25.9)
	本科及以上	7 056	3 231(45.8)	2 179(30.9)	2 581(36.6)	2 633(37.3)	2 081(29.5)
家庭食物支出占家庭总支出的比例/%	＜40	10 294	4 370(42.5)	2 848(27.7)	3 473(33.7)	3 429(33.3)	2 715(26.4)	2.17	0.14
家庭食物支出占家庭总支出的比例/%	≥40	4 274	1 759(41.2)	1 147(26.8)	1 409(33.0)	1 417(33.3)	1 077(25.2)
注：χ²值为对营养素养总体达标率进行统计检验；()内数字为达标率/%。

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表 3 中小学生营养素养达标多因素Logistic回归分析(n=14 568)

Table 3. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis of achieving nutritional literacy standards among primary and secondary school students(n=14 568)

自变量	选项	β值	标准误	Wald χ²值	P值	OR值(95%CI)
学段	小学	0.79	0.05	246.39	＜0.01	2.21(2.00~2.44)
	初中	0.33	0.06	36.66	＜0.01	1.39(1.25~1.55)
	高中					1.00
性别	男					1.00
	女	0.16	0.04	18.21	＜0.01	1.18(1.09~1.27)
地区	城区					1.00
	郊区	0.24	0.04	30.67	＜0.01	1.27(1.17~1.38)
照护者受教育	初中及以下					1.00
水平	高中/中专/技校	0.12	0.09	1.98	0.16	1.13(0.95~1.34)
	大专	0.35	0.08	17.36	＜0.01	1.42(1.21~1.68)
	本科及以上	0.51	0.08	39.62	＜0.01	1.66(1.42~1.95)

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