Association of greenness surrounding school with aggression among primary school students
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摘要:
目的 探讨学校周围绿地与小学生攻击行为之间的关系以及潜在的中介因素，为预防和改善小学生群体攻击性行为提供科学依据。 方法 利用2015年进行的一项中国儿童青少年心理行为健康调查数据，采用中文版修订版Buss-Warren攻击问卷对该数据中的研究对象的总攻击行为和攻击行为亚型进行评价；基于学校地址和遥感卫星数据计算研究对象所在学校周围100，500，1 000 m缓冲区归一化植被指数(NDVI)均值，作为研究对象学校绿地暴露水平；细颗粒物(PM2.5)和二氧化氮(NO2)数据来自高分辨率近地表大气污染物数据集。使用广义线性混合模型探索学校周围绿地与攻击行为之间的关系。 结果 NDVI-500 m[OR值(95%CI)=1.09(1.03~1.15)]和NDVI-1 000 m[OR值(95%CI)=1.07(1.02~1.13)]每四分位间距增量与小学生身体攻击行为水平均呈正相关；NDVI-100 m[OR值(95%CI)=0.94(0.90~0.99)]、NDVI-500 m[OR值(95%CI)=0.93(0.89~0.98)]及NDVI-1 000 m[OR值(95%CI)=0.95(0.91~1.00)]每四分位间距增量与言语攻击均呈负相关(P值均 < 0.05)。中介分析显示，社会支持部分中介NDVI-500 m与身体攻击(中介效应占比为18.0%)和言语攻击(中介效应占比为-8.3%)的关系；孤独感在NDVI-500 m和身体攻击和言语攻击中存在部分中介作用，中介效应占比分别为-10.0%和21.0%(P值均 < 0.05)。 结论 学校周围绿地暴露与小学生的身体攻击和言语攻击行为可能存在关联，社会支持和孤独感在上述关联中起部分中介作用。 Abstract:Objective To explore the association between greenness surrounding school and aggression among primary school students, and to explore the potential mediating roles of social support, loneliness, particulate matter (PM2.5) and Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) in this association, in order to provide a scientific reference for preventing and ameliorating aggressive behaviors of primary school students. Methods The data was used from a survey of children and adolescents conducted in 2015. The Chinese version of the Buss-Warren Aggression Questionnaire was used to assess total and sub-types of aggression, and the mean values of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) of 100 m, 500 m, 1 000 m circular buffers surrounding school were used to indicate the participants' greenness exposure. PM2.5 and NO2 datas were obtained from the China High Air Pollutants Dataset.Generalized Linear Mixed Models were used to assess the associations of greenness surrounding school with total and sub-types of aggression. Results Per IQR increment of NDVI-500 m [OR(95%CI)=1.09(1.03-1.15)] and NDVI-1 000 m[OR(95%CI)=1.07(1.02-1.13)] were positively correlated with physical aggression among primary school children, and per IQR increment of NDVI-100 m [OR(95%CI)=0.94(0.90-0.99)], NDVI-500 m [OR(95%CI)=0.93(0.89-0.98)] and NDVI-1 000 m [OR(95%CI)=0.95(0.91-1.00)] were negatively associated with verbal aggression (P < 0.05). Mediation analyses revealed that social support partially mediated the association between the NDVI-500 m and physical aggression (mediation ratio: 18.0%) and verbal aggression (mediation ratio: -8.3%) among primary school students, and loneliness partially mediated the association between the NDVI-500 m and physical aggression and verbal aggression among elementary school students effects, with proportion mediated ratios of -10.0% and 21.0%, respectively (P < 0.05). Conclusions Exposure to school surrounding greenness is likely to associated with physical aggression and verbal aggression in primary school students, and social support and loneliness may partially mediate these associations. -
Key words:
- Environment /
- Aggression /
- Behavior /
- Models, statistical /
- Students
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表 1 不同组别小学生攻击性行为报告率比较
Table 1. Comparison of reporting rates of attack behavior assessment among primary school students in different groups
组别 选项 人数 总攻击性行为 身体攻击 言语攻击 报告人数 χ2值 报告人数 χ2值 报告人数 χ2值 性别 男 4 451 1 394(31.3) 64.66** 1 323(29.7) 191.20** 1 312(29.5) 11.60** 女 3 967 931(23.5) 670(16.9) 1 037(26.1) 民族 汉族 7 744 2 132(27.5) 0.38 1 826(23.6) 0.49 2 183(28.2) 3.91* 其他民族 674 193(28.6) 167(24.8) 166(24.6) 家庭结构 核心家庭/大家庭 6 768 1 784(26.4) 30.28** 1 529(22.6) 25.10** 1 862(27.5) 7.30 隔代家庭 506 179(35.4) 152(30.0) 167(33.0) 联合家庭 677 219(32.3) 177(26.1) 193(28.5) 单亲/重组家庭 467 143(30.6) 135(28.9) 127(27.2) 家庭月收入/元 ＜1 000 1 097 306(27.9) 7.88* 276(25.2) 12.76** 271(24.7) 7.22* 1 000~＜6 000 5 593 1 497(26.8) 1 260(22.5) 1 573(28.1) ≥6 000 1 728 522(30.2) 457(26.4) 505(29.2) 组别 选项 人数 总攻击性行为 身体攻击 言语攻击 报告人数 χ2值 报告人数 χ2值 报告人数 χ2值 性别 男 4 451 1 230(27.6) 43.45** 1 271(28.6) 10.01** 1 393(31.3) 15.93** 女 3 967 850(21.4) 1 011(25.5) 1 084(27.3) 民族 汉族 7 744 1 906(24.6) 0.48 2 078(26.8) 3.70 2 278(29.4) ＜0.01 其他民族 674 174(25.8) 204(30.3) 199(29.5) 家庭结构 核心家庭/大家庭 6 768 1 631(24.1) 8.03* 1 772(26.2) 16.95** 1 904(28.1) 29.04** 隔代家庭 506 145(28.7) 168(33.2) 178(35.2) 联合家庭 677 176(26.0) 202(29.8) 242(35.7) 单亲/重组家庭 467 128(27.4) 140(30.0) 153(32.8) 家庭月收入/元 ＜1 000 1 097 268(24.4) 4.04 311(28.4) 4.62 306(27.9) 4.61 1 000~＜6 000 5 593 1 353(24.2) 1 475(26.4) 1 629(29.1) ≥6 000 1 728 459(26.6) 496(28.7) 542(31.4) 注：( )内数字为报告率/%；*P＜0.05，**P＜0.01。 
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表 2 学校周围NDVI每四分位间距增量与小学生攻击性行为之间的关系[OR值(95%CI), n=8 418]
Table 2. Association between per IQR a increment of school surrounding NDVI and aggression among primary school students[OR(95%CI), n=8 418]
自变量 总攻击性行为 身体攻击 语言攻击 模型1 模型2 模型1 模型2 模型1 模型2 NDVI-100 m 0.98(0.94~1.03) 0.98(0.93~1.03) 1.04(0.99~1.10) 1.05(1.00~1.11) 0.94(0.90~0.98)* 0.94(0.90~0.99)* NDVI-500 m 1.00(0.96~1.05) 1.00(0.95~1.05) 1.08(1.03~1.14)** 1.09(1.03~1.15)** 0.93(0.89~0.98)** 0.93(0.89~0.98)** NDVI-1 000 m 1.01(0.96~1.05) 1.00(0.95~1.06) 1.07(1.01~1.12)* 1.07(1.02~1.13)* 0.95(0.90~0.99)* 0.95(0.91~1.00)* 自变量 总攻击性行为 身体攻击 语言攻击 模型1 模型2 模型1 模型2 模型1 模型2 NDVI-100 m 0.99(0.94~1.04) 0.99(0.94~1.05) 1.00(0.95~1.05) 1.00(0.95~1.05) 1.00(0.96~1.06) 1.01(0.96~1.06) NDVI-500 m 1.00(0.96~1.05) 0.99(0.94~1.04) 1.00(0.95~1.05) 0.98(0.94~1.03) 1.01(0.96~1.06) 1.00(0.95~1.05) NDVI-1 000 m 0.96(0.92~1.01) 0.96(0.92~1.01) 0.98(0.93~1.02) 0.98(0.93~1.03) 0.98(0.94~1.03) 0.98(0.93~1.03) 注：模型1未调整变量，模型2调整变量为性别、年龄、民族、家庭结构、家庭月收入；*P＜0.05，**P＜0.01。
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表 3 学校周围NDVI-500 m每四分位间距增量与小学生攻击行为之间关系的亚组分析[OR值(95%CI)，n=8 418]
Table 3. Subgroup-specific association between per IQR a increment of school surrounding NDVI-500 m and aggression among primary school students[OR(95%CI), n=8 418]
组别 选项 总攻击行为 身体攻击 言语攻击 间接攻击 愤怒 敌意 性别 男 1.01(0.95~1.08) 1.12(1.05~1.20)** 0.91(0.85~0.97)** 1.00(0.93~1.07) 1.01(0.95~1.08) 0.99(0.93~1.05) 女 0.98(0.91~1.06) 1.03(0.95~1.12) 0.96(0.90~1.03) 1.01(0.93~1.09) 0.95(0.88~1.02) 0.96(0.89~1.03) 年龄/岁 ≤10 1.01(0.94~1.09) 1.10(1.01~1.19)* 0.95(0.88~1.02) 1.02(0.95~1.11) 0.95(0.88~1.03) 0.95(0.89~1.03) >10 1.00(0.93~1.07) 1.08(1.01~1.16)* 0.92(0.86~0.98)* 0.98(0.92~1.05) 0.99(0.93~1.06) 0.98(0.92~1.05) 注：*P＜0.05，**P＜0.01。
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表 4 学校周围NDVI-500 m与小学生攻击行为之间关系的中介作用分析(n=8 418)
Table 4. Mediation of associations between NDVI-500 m and aggression among primary school students(n=8 418)
因变量 中介变量 中介效应占比(95%CI) P值 总攻击行为 PM2.5 -0.06(-4.67~4.90) 0.93 NO2 0.00(-1.50~3.41) 1.00 社会支持 0.44(-9.84~11.35) 0.69 孤独感 -0.26(-8.62~7.49) 0.77 身体攻击 PM2.5 0.00(-0.11~0.14) 0.87 NO2 0.00(-0.00~0.49) 0.13 社会支持 0.18(0.03~0.45) 0.02 孤独感 -0.10(-0.35~0.00) ＜0.05 言语攻击 PM2.5 -0.10(-0.62~0.00) 0.06 NO2 -0.01(-7.58~6.72) 0.18 社会支持 -0.08(-0.37~-0.01) 0.02 孤独感 0.21(0.01~0.81) 0.04 间接攻击 PM2.5 -0.00(-2.85~3.38) 0.99 NO2 0.00(-2.61~5.71) 1.00 社会支持 0.26(-7.80~9.90) 0.84 孤独感 -0.07(-5.47~9.55) 0.95 愤怒 PM2.5 -0.15(-5.64~3.98) 0.61 NO2 0.00(-3.93~5.60) 1.00 社会支持 -0.27(-7.50~9.51) 0.75 孤独感 0.26(-5.40~8.22) 0.67 敌意 PM2.5 -0.35(-6.39~5.33) 0.30 NO2 -0.00(-5.87~6.35) 0.52 社会支持 -0.41(-9.32~7.28) 0.51 孤独感 0.44(-6.07~7.27) 0.43 注：各个路径均调整性别、年龄、民族、家庭结构、家庭月收入。
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