Tobacco epidemic and related factors among junior high school students in Beijing in 2019 and 2023
-
摘要:
目的 了解2019和2023年北京市初中学生烟草流行情况和相关因素，为有效开展北京市初中生控烟活动提供参考依据。 方法 于2019和2023年4—6月，采用按容量比例概率抽样法(PPS)进行抽样，两年分别有6 489和6 898名初中生接受问卷调查，共计13 387人。采用自填方式完成北京市中学生烟草监测调查问卷，内容包括人口学特征、二手烟暴露、烟草制品的使用、对烟草的态度和认识等。采用χ2检验进行率的比较、多因素Logistic回归模型分析现在吸烟的影响因素。 结果 2019年北京市在校初中生现在吸传统卷烟率和现在吸电子烟率分别为1.34%，1.88%，2023年分别下降至0.81%，1.06%(χ2值分别为8.36，15.17，P值均＜0.01)；2019年北京市在校初中生尝试吸传统卷烟率和尝试吸电子烟率分别为6.67%，6.47%，2023年分别下降至3.93%，4.16%(χ2值分别为49.99，35.26，P值均＜0.01)。2019年在家中、室内公共场所、室外公共场所的初中生二手烟暴露率分别为31.04%，44.94%和49.88%，2023年下降至22.59%，30.23%和36.14%(χ2值分别为121.63，308.60，257.41，P值均 < 0.01)。2023年男生(OR=2.88)、高年级(初二、初三)(OR值分别为4.37，4.92)、可支配零花钱>20元/周(OR=2.01)、家中(OR=2.74)和室内公共场所(OR=2.64)二手烟暴露、认为吸烟使年轻人看起来更具吸引力(OR=6.29)以及认为电子烟能够帮助戒烟(OR=4.31)的初中生使用烟草的风险更高(P值均 < 0.05)。 结论 北京市初中生烟草使用、二手烟暴露等情况整体下降。应继续对初中生进行控烟干预、重点关注电子烟的使用，促使学生身心健康发展。 Abstract:Objective To understand the prevalence and related factors of tobacco use among junior high school students in Beijing, so as to provide evidence to effectively conduct tobacco control intervention strategy. Methods From April to June in 2019 and 2023, 6 489 and 6 898 junior high school students were selected by the probability proportion to size(PPS) method, and a total of 13 387 questionnaires were completed. Questionnaire on tobacco monitoring among junior high school students in Beijing was completed by self-filling. The monitoring content included demographic information, second-hand smoke exposure, tobacco product use, tobacco awareness, etc. Chi-square test was used to compare the difference of various indicators in different groups, and multivariate Logistic regression analysis was adopted to analysis the influencing factors related to the current smoking among junior high school students. Results In 2019, the current traditional cigarettes and e-cigarette smoking rates among junior high school students in Beijing were 1.34%, 1.88%, respectively, and decreased to 0.81%, 1.06% in 2023 (χ2=8.36, 15.17, P < 0.01). The attempted traditional cigarettes and e-cigarette smoking rates among junior high school students in Beijing decreased from 6.67%, 6.47% in 2019 to 3.93%, 4.16% in 2023 (χ2=49.99, 35.26, P < 0.01). In 2019, the second-hand smoke exposure rates of junior high school students at homes, indoor public places, and outdoor public places were 31.04%, 44.94%, and 49.88% respectively which decreased to 22.59%, 30.23%, and 36.14% in 2023 (χ2=121.63, 308.60, 257.41, P < 0.01). In 2023, male students (OR=2.88), senior students (grade 2 and 3) (OR=4.37, 4.92), disposable pocket money>20 yuan/week (OR=2.01), second-hand smoke exposure at home (OR=2.74), indoor public places (OR=2.64), perception that smoking makes young people more attractive (OR=6.29), and perception that e-cigarettes help quit smoking (OR=4.31) were associated with higher tobacco use (P < 0.05). Conclusions Tobacco use and second-hand smoke among junior high school students in Beijing decrease significantly. Tobacco control interventions should be provided for junior high school students continuously with a focus on e-cigarettes use to promote physical and mental health development among students. -
Key words:
- Tobacco /
- Smoking /
- Regression analysis /
- Students
1) 利益冲突声明 所有作者声明无利益冲突。2) 秦冉与王一凡为共同第一作者。 -
表 1 北京市不同人口学特征初中生2019与2023年现在吸传统卷烟和尝试吸传统卷烟率比较
Table 1. Comparison of current and attempted traditional cigarettes smoking rates among junior high school students in Beijing in 2019 and 2023
人口学指标 选项 现在吸传统卷烟 尝试吸传统卷烟 2019年 2023年 χ2值 P值 2019年 2023年 χ2值 P值 性别 女 30(0.96) 13(0.39) 7.02 0.01 133(4.23) 90(2.70) 11.08 < 0.01 男 57(1.70) 43(1.21) 2.62 0.11 300(8.96) 181(5.09) 39.38 < 0.01 年级 初一 22(0.98) 6(0.24) 9.56 ＜0.01 112(4.98) 81(3.28) 8.20 < 0.01 初二 30(1.33) 24(1.06) 0.47 0.49 155(6.86) 90(3.98) 17.71 < 0.01 初三 35(1.77) 26(1.20) 1.94 0.16 166(8.38) 100(4.61) 23.98 < 0.01 城乡 城区 38(1.43) 16(0.50) 12.75 ＜0.01 167(6.30) 79(2.48) 51.60 < 0.01 郊区 49(1.28) 40(1.08) 0.47 0.49 266(6.93) 192(5.18) 9.82 < 0.01 住校 否 66(1.10) 50(0.77) 3.34 0.07 362(6.03) 241(3.71) 36.04 < 0.01 是 21(4.37) 6(1.51) 5.06 0.03 71(14.76) 30(7.54) 10.47 < 0.01 父母吸烟情况 均不吸烟 27(0.85) 14(0.36) 6.25 0.01 143(4.50) 102(2.65) 17.07 < 0.01 至少有一方吸烟 60(1.81) 42(1.38) 1.66 0.20 290(8.76) 169(5.53) 24.21 < 0.01 每周可支配零 ≤20 42(0.84) 30(0.57) 2.26 0.13 276(5.52) 179(3.41) 26.25 < 0.01 花钱/元a >20 43(2.89) 26(1.57) 5.72 0.02 156(10.48) 92(5.57) 25.38 < 0.01 合计 87(1.34) 56(0.81) 8.36 ＜0.01 433(6.67) 271(3.93) 49.99 < 0.01 注： a表示有缺失数据。 
下载: 导出CSV
表 2 北京市不同人口学特征初中生2019与2023年现在吸电子烟和尝试吸电子烟率比较
Table 2. Comparison of current and attempted e-cigarette use among junior high school students in Beijing in 2019 and 2023
人口学指标 选项 现在吸电子烟 尝试吸电子烟 2019年 2023年 χ2值 P值 2019年 2023年 χ2值 P值 性别 女 36(1.15) 28(0.84) 1.27 0.26 118(3.76) 97(2.91) 3.40 0.07 男 86(2.57) 45(1.26) 15.08 < 0.01 302(9.02) 190(5.34) 34.79 < 0.01 年级 初一 27(1.20) 18(0.73) 2.28 0.13 98(4.36) 87(3.53) 1.94 0.16 初二 51(2.26) 37(1.64) 1.96 0.16 154(6.82) 97(4.29) 13.26 < 0.01 初三 44(2.22) 18(0.83) 12.72 < 0.01 168(8.48) 103(4.75) 23.10 < 0.01 城乡 城区 46(1.74) 18(0.56) 17.28 < 0.01 151(5.70) 79(2.48) 38.90 < 0.01 郊区 76(1.98) 55(1.48) 2.44 0.12 269(7.01) 208(5.61) 5.97 0.02 住校 否 107(1.78) 64(0.98) 14.10 < 0.01 361(6.01) 254(3.91) 29.03 < 0.01 是 15(3.12) 9(2.26) 0.32 0.57 59(12.27) 33(8.29) 3.26 0.07 父母吸烟情况 均不吸烟 38(1.20) 18(0.47) 10.74 < 0.01 138(4.34) 112(2.91) 9.93 < 0.01 至少有一方吸烟 84(2.54) 55(1.80) 3.69 0.06 282(8.52) 175(5.73) 18.10 < 0.01 每周可支配零 ≤20 66(1.32) 38(0.72) 8.44 < 0.01 259(5.18) 159(3.03) 29.61 < 0.01 花钱/元a >20 56(3.76) 34(2.06) 7.59 0.01 160(10.75) 127(7.68) 8.52 < 0.01 合计 122(1.88) 73(1.06) 15.17 < 0.01 420(6.47) 287(4.16) 35.26 < 0.01 注： a表示有缺失数据。
下载: 导出CSV
表 3 北京市不同人口学特征初中生2019与2023年二手烟暴露率比较
Table 3. Comparison of second-hand smoke exposure among junior high school students in Beijing in 2019 and 2023
人口学指标 选项 家中 室内公共场所 室外公共场所 2019年 2023年 χ2值 2019年 2023年 χ2值 2019年 2023年 χ2值 性别 女 939(29.89) 732(21.92) 53.34** 1 393(44.35) 987(29.56) 151.69** 1 596(50.81) 1 194(35.76) 148.96** 男 1 075(32.11) 826(23.21) 68.06** 1 523(45.49) 1 098(30.85) 156.37** 1 641(49.01) 1 299(36.50) 110.02** 年级 初一 714(31.73) 584(23.66) 38.04** 1 025(45.56) 745(30.19) 117.95** 1 117(49.64) 885(35.86) 91.00** 初二 708(31.34) 521(23.05) 38.78** 1 031(45.64) 732(32.39) 82.81** 1 152(51.00) 892(39.47) 60.13** 初三 592(29.90) 453(20.88) 44.27** 860(43.43) 608(28.02) 106.96** 968(48.89) 716(33.00) 107.80** 城乡 城区 680(25.67) 585(18.34) 45.41** 1 211(45.72) 1 100(34.48) 75.89** 1 460(55.12) 1 422(44.58) 63.88** 郊区 1 334(34.74) 973(26.24) 63.81** 1 705(44.40) 985(26.56) 260.88** 1 777(46.28) 1 071(28.88) 242.14** 住校 否 1 884(31.36) 1 454(22.37) 128.48** 2 735(45.52) 1 984(30.52) 298.35** 3 049(50.75) 2 398(36.89) 243.29** 是 130(27.03) 104(26.13) 0.05 181(37.63) 101(25.38) 14.45** 188(39.09) 95(23.87) 22.41** 父母吸烟情况 均不吸烟 236(7.43) 166(4.32) 30.56** 1 129(35.53) 860(22.37) 147.60** 1 353(42.57) 1 141(29.68) 125.68** 至少有一方吸烟 1 778(53.70) 1 392(45.58) 41.58** 1 787(53.97) 1 225(40.11) 121.87** 1 884(56.90) 1 352(44.27) 100.91** 每周可支配零 ≤20 1 534(30.69) 1 128(21.52) 111.32** 2 227(44.55) 1 544(29.45) 249.96** 2 507(50.15) 1 881(35.88) 212.10** 花钱/元a >20 479(32.19) 427(25.83) 15.12** 688(46.24) 540(32.67) 59.98** 728(48.92) 610(36.90) 45.80** 合计 2 014(31.04) 1 558(22.59) 121.63** 2 916(44.94) 2 085(30.23) 308.60** 3 237(49.88) 2 493(36.14) 257.41** 注： a表示有缺失数据；**P < 0.01。
下载: 导出CSV
表 4 北京市初中生现在吸传统卷烟相关因素多因素Logistic回归分析
Table 4. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis of current traditional cigarettes smoking related factors among junior high school students in Beijing
常数项与自变量 选项 2019年(n=6 489) 2023年(n=6 898) β值 标准误 Wald χ2值 P值 OR值(95%CI) β值 标准误 Wald χ2值 P值 OR值(95%CI) 常数项 -7.42 0.62 142.17 < 0.01 -10.09 0.89 129.12 < 0.01 性别 女 1.00 1.00 男 0.58 0.24 5.91 0.02 1.78(1.12~2.85) 1.06 0.33 10.24 < 0.01 2.88(1.51~5.50) 年级 初一 1.00 1.00 初二 0.26 0.29 0.81 0.37 1.30(0.73~2.31) 1.47 0.47 9.87 < 0.01 4.37(1.74~10.95) 初三 0.51 0.29 3.08 0.08 1.66(0.94~2.93) 1.59 0.47 11.65 < 0.01 4.92(1.97~12.28) 住校 否 1.00 1.00 是 1.39 0.29 23.43 < 0.01 4.01(2.28~7.03) 0.33 0.48 0.47 0.50 1.39(0.54~3.56) 每周可支配零花钱/元 ≤20 1.00 1.00 >20 1.16 0.23 25.90 < 0.01 3.20(2.05~5.01) 0.70 0.29 5.68 0.02 2.01(1.13~3.58) 二手烟暴露在家中 否 1.00 1.00 是 1.39 0.32 19.05 < 0.01 4.03(2.16~7.53) 1.01 0.39 6.55 0.01 2.74(1.27~5.94) 二手烟暴露在室内公共场所 否 1.00 1.00 是 0.73 0.38 3.69 0.05 2.07(0.99~4.33) 0.97 0.47 4.26 0.04 2.64(1.05~6.62) 认为开始吸烟后很难戒掉 否 1.00 1.00 是 -0.71 0.26 7.39 0.01 0.49(0.29~0.82) -0.42 0.31 1.89 0.17 0.66(0.36~1.20) 认为吸烟使年轻人看起来 否 1.00 1.00 更具吸引力 是 1.97 0.25 64.89 < 0.01 7.20(4.46~11.65) 1.84 0.31 34.64 < 0.01 6.29(3.41~11.61) 认为电子烟能帮助戒烟 否 1.00 1.00 是 -0.11 0.26 0.16 0.69 0.90(0.54~1.51) 1.46 0.29 24.92 < 0.01 4.31(2.43~7.66)
下载: 导出CSV
-
[1] ALMULLA A, HASSAN-YASSOUB N, FU D, et al. Smoking cessation services in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: highlights and findings from the WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic 2019[J]. East Mediterr Health J, 2020, 26(1): 110-115. doi: 10.26719/2020.26.1.110 [2] CHEN Z, PETO R, ZHOU M, et al. Contrasting male and female trends in tobacco-attributed mortality in China: evidence from successive nationwide prospective cohort studies[J]. Lancet, 2015, 386(10002): 1447-1456. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)00340-2 [3] 王凤清, 马迎华. 吸烟与儿童青少年健康[J]. 现代预防医学, 2009, 36(3): 520-521, 531. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XDYF200903048.htmWANG F Q, MA Y H. Smoking and child and adolescent health[J]. Mod Prev Med, 2009, 36(3): 520-521, 531. (in Chinese) https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XDYF200903048.htm [4] 周姿言, 胡潇, 张一林, 等. 负性生活事件与初中生网络成瘾的关系: 社交焦虑和无聊倾向的作用[J]. 心理发展与教育, 2025, 41(1): 109-116, 119[2024-03-29]. https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=n6BwBobH4uv6vlIAhuRkeNPpaxmEfTXX4G4nx16uQRerELBBQFWIOaJtZxtBBlZ8s_8SM6m9gc4G514qG9ETIJL1oyjvdvwGzQkEKYV3-K7JEmoejWNX57cRvIsUXBf7YoZ0864kSKfTqb3lkVo0iHBlC1-gp2LMvAhqheDQWZglSoZRB2FNrcHIQnavUFcXEJht_m597L6kWy2fbifxb2bQonIiIzQI&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS . DOI:10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2025.01.12 .ZHOU Z Y, HU X, ZHANG Y L, et al. The relationship between negative life events and Internet addiction in junior middle school students: the role of social anxiely and boredom tendencies[J]. Psychol Dev Educ, 2025, 41(1): 109-116, 119[2024-03-29].https://kns.cnki.net/kcms2/article/abstract?v=n6BwBobH4uv6vlIAhuRkeNPpaxmEfTXX4G4nx16uQRerELBBQFWIOaJtZxtBBlZ8s_8SM6m9gc4G514qG9ETIJL1oyjvdvwGzQkEKYV3-K7JEmoejWNX57cRvIsUXBf7YoZ0864kSKfTqb3lkVo0iHBlC1-gp2LMvAhqheDQWZglSoZRB2FNrcHIQnavUFcXEJht_m597L6kWy2fbifxb2bQonIiIzQI&uniplatform=NZKPT&language=CHS . DOI:10.16187/j.cnki.issn1001-4918.2025.01.12 .(in Chinese)[5] 晏明霞, 唐程梦, 张强, 等. 四川资中县农村中学生新发吸烟行为影响因素研究[J]. 现代预防医学, 2021, 48(15): 2797-2801. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XDYF202115025.htmYAN M X, TANG C M, ZHANG Q, et al. Influencing factors of incidence of smoking behavior among rural junior and senior high school students in Zizhong, Sichuan[J]. Mod Prev Med, 2021, 48(15): 2797-2801. (in Chinese) https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-XDYF202115025.htm [6] 郭蕊, 陈国珍, 贺年爽, 等. 家庭环境、心理韧性、校园欺凌与青春前期青少年烟草使用的关联性[J]. 卫生研究, 2021, 50(5): 763-768, 774. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-WSYJ202105012.htmGUO R, CHEN G Z, HE N S, et al. Exploring the relationship of family life, resilience and bullying with the use of tobacco in preadolescents[J]. J Hyg Res, 2021, 50(5): 763-768, 774. (in Chinese) https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-WSYJ202105012.htm [7] 秦冉, 郭欣, 李婷, 等. 北京市高中生2019和2023年尝试吸电子烟影响因素分析[J]. 中国学校卫生, 2024, 45(2): 198-202. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2024021QIN R, GUO X, LI T, et al. Analysis of associated factors of attempting e-cigarettes use among senior high school students in Beijing City between 2019 and 2023[J]. Chin J Sch Health, 2024, 45(2): 198-202. (in Chinese) doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2024021 [8] 中国疾病预防控制中心. 2019年中国中学生烟草调查结果发布[EB/OL]. (2020-05-31)[2021-02-16]. http://www.chinacdc.cn/jkzt/sthd_3844/slhd_4156/202005/t20200531_216942.html .Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Tobacco survey results of Chinese middle school students in 2019[EB/OL]. (2020-05-31)[2021-02-16].http://www.chinacdc.cn/jkzt/sthd_3844/slhd_4156/202005/t20200531_216942.html . (in Chinese)[9] 中国疾病预防控制中心控烟办. 2021年中国中学生和大学生烟草流行监测结果发布[EB/OL]. (2022-05-29)[2022-07-19]. https://www.chinacdc.cn/jkzt/sthd_3844/slhd_12885/202205/t20220529_259439.html .Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Tobacco Control Office. Tobacco survey results of Chinese middle school and college students in 2021[EB/OL]. (2022-05-29)[2022-07-19].https://www.chinacdc.cn/jkzt/sthd_3844/slhd_12885/202205/t20220529_259439.html . (in Chinese)[10] 李玉青, 石建辉, 曹远, 等. 控烟条例实施1年对北京市15岁及以上人群禁烟场所知晓和二手烟危害认知的影响[J]. 中国慢性病预防与控制, 2020, 28(2): 126-129. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZMXB202002013.htmLI Y Q, SHI J H, CAO Y, et al. The awareness of no smoking seats and the recognition of second hand smoke hazard in Beijing residents (≥15 years old) in one year after implementing of smoke control regulations[J]. Chin J Prev Control Chronic Dis, 2020, 28(2): 126-129. (in Chinese) https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZMXB202002013.htm [11] 廖娜, 王春梅, 刘媛. 中国中学生电子烟使用情况及其影响因素的Meta分析[J]. 中国健康教育, 2023, 39(2): 132-137. https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZGJK202302007.htmLIAO N, WANG C M, LIU Y. Electronic cigarette use and its influencing factors among middle school students in China: a Meta-analysis[J]. Chin J Health Educ, 2023, 39(2): 132-137. (in Chinese) https://www.cnki.com.cn/Article/CJFDTOTAL-ZGJK202302007.htm [12] 贾晓娴, 续琨, 车贝贝, 等. 上海市初中生2013年与2019年烟草流行情况比较分析[J]. 中华流行病学杂志, 2022, 43(9): 1408-1414. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20211012-00786JIA X X, XU K, CHE B B, et al. Comparative analysis on prevalence of tobacco and e-cigarettes uses in junior middle school students in Shanghai, 2013 and 2019[J]. Chin J Epidemiol, 2022, 43(9): 1408-1414. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112338-20211012-00786 [13] JONES C A, WALLACE M J, BANDARU P, et al. E-cigarettes and arrhythmogenesis: a comprehensive review of pre-clinical studies and their clinical implications[J]. Cardiovasc Res, 2023, 119(12): 2157-2164. doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvad113 [14] KATHURIA H. Electronic cigarette use, misuse, and harm[J]. Med Clin North Am, 2022, 106(6): 1081-1092. doi: 10.1016/j.mcna.2022.07.009 [15] 龚勋, 王长明, 李丽娜, 等. 中国青少年学生电子烟使用影响因素的Meta分析[J]. 中华预防医学杂志, 2023, 57(10): 1640-1646. doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112150-20221226-01227GONG X, WANG C M, LI L N, et al. Influencing factors for electronic cigarette use among Chinese adolescent students: a Meta-analysis[J]. Chin J Prev Med, 2023, 57(10): 1640-1646. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112150-20221226-01227 [16] 秦冉, 郭欣, 符筠, 等. 北京市知晓电子烟中小学生电子烟使用及影响因素分析[J]. 中国学校卫生, 2021, 42(12): 1807-1811, 1815. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.12.012QIN R, GUO X, FU Y, et al. E-cigarette usage and associated factors among Beijing primary and secondary school students[J]. Chin J Sch Health, 2021, 42(12): 1807-1811, 1815. (in Chinese) doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2021.12.012 [17] 陈敏, 仝璐, 李国华, 等. 新型冠状病毒感染疫情期间酒店隔离中小学生焦虑抑郁状态[J]. 中国心理卫生杂志, 2024, 38 (3): 260-264. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6729.2024.03.011CHEN M, TONG L, LI G H, et al. Anxiety and depression in primary and middle school students quarantined in hotels during the COVID-19 pandemic[J]. Chin Ment Health J, 2024, 38(3): 260-264. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1000-6729.2024.03.011 [18] SOTOUDEH R, HARRIS K M, CONLEY D. Effects of the peer metagenomic environment on smoking behavior[J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2019, 116(33): 16302-16307. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1806901116 [19] ALI M M, DWYER D S. Estimating peer effects in adolescent smoking behavior: a longitudinal analysis[J]. J Adolesc Health, 2009, 45(4): 402-408. doi: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2009.02.004 期刊类型引用(5)
1. 杨彦玲，苏玮玮，闵向东，万青青，刘志涛. 云南省6～17岁儿童青少年贫血现状及影响因素分析. 中国妇幼保健. 2024(01): 116-120 . 
百度学术2. 黄伊彦文，潘月华，刘怡娅，贺林娟，吴胜男. 营养改善计划对贵州省部分农村中小学生贫血改善效果评价. 中国卫生工程学. 2023(04): 452-455 . 百度学术3. 张亚飞，吴协涛，石依鑫，栗文梅，赵俊峰. 家校协同育人视阈下寄宿制青少年饮食安全教育的实践探索. 中国校外教育. 2023(05): 54-63 . 百度学术4. 阿斯木古丽·克力木，阿迪拉·阿不来提，努尔妮赛姆·塔什，张羽珊，阿比达·阿不来提. 艾滋病致孤儿童膳食营养状况. 中国学校卫生. 2021(11): 1624-1628+1632 . 本站查看5. 吴岚艳，章艳珍，俞荷俊. 寄宿制中小学学生青春期发育现状及相关膳食营养因素分析——以黄山地区为例. 赣南医学院学报. 2020(07): 706-710 . 百度学术其他类型引用(5)
-
点击查看大图
表(4)
计量
- 文章访问数: 239
- HTML全文浏览量: 126
- PDF下载量: 33
- 被引次数: 10
