上海市中小学教室采光照明现况及监管效果分析

杨艰萍; 林建海; 李萍; 郑朝军; 王亚宁; 刘佳佳; 毛洁

doi:10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2024176

上海市中小学教室采光照明现况及监管效果分析

doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2024176

上海市卫生健康委员会监督所，200031

详细信息

作者简介:
杨艰萍(1972-)，女，江苏苏州人，大学本科，主管医师，主要研究方向为学校卫生监督管理

通讯作者:
毛洁，E-mail：maojie0902@sina.com

利益冲突声明 所有作者声明无利益冲突。
中图分类号: R179 G627.8 G478.1
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2024-04-08
- 修回日期: 2024-04-28
- 网络出版日期: 2024-06-27
- 刊出日期: 2024-06-25

Analysis of the current status and regulatory effectiveness of daylighting and artificial lighting in primary and secondary school classrooms in Shanghai

Inspecting Agency, Shanghai Municipal Health Commission, Shanghai (200031), China

摘要

摘要: 目的了解上海市中小学教室采光照明现况及监管效果，为改善学校教室视觉环境提供依据。方法于2021年4月至2023年12月，对上海市正常开设中的全部普通中小学校1 735所进行教室采光照明监测，并计算各指标合格率。采用χ²检验或Fisher确切概率法比较不同学段、区域、办学性质及采取监管措施(包括约谈、宣教、责令改正、发监督意见书、承诺整改期限、依法处罚)前后合格率的差异。结果中小学教室采光照明合格率为30.1%，其中采光合格率85.6%，照明合格率32.9%；小学和中学教室采光照明合格率(32.4%，28.1%)差异无统计学意义(χ²=3.76，P>0.05)，城市与乡镇(32.6%，26.7%)、公办与民办学校(31.4%，20.6%)教室采光照明合格率差异均有统计学意义(χ²值分别为6.99，9.92，P值均＜0.05)。采取监管措施整改后，教室采光照明合格率由30.1%提升至83.2%，其中采光合格率由85.6%提升至91.1%，照明合格率由32.9%提升至90.5%；整改前与整改后比较，教室采光照明合格率、采光合格率和照明合格率差异均有统计学意义(χ²值分别为995.29，25.34，1 219.87，P值均＜0.01)。结论有效的监管措施可促进教室采光照明的改善。应重视改善学校教室照明，为学生提供良好的视觉环境。
- 采光 /
- 合格鉴定 /
- 中小学生卫生保健服务 /
- 环境监测
Abstract: Objective To understand the current situation and regulatory effectiveness of daylighting and artificial lighting in primary and secondary school classrooms in Shanghai, so as to provide a basis for enhancing the visual environment of school classrooms. Methods From April 2021 to December 2023, the daylighting and artificial lighting conditions of classrooms in 1 735 regular primary and secondary schools currently in operation in Shanghai were monitored, and the qualified rate of each indicator was calculated. The Chi-square test or Fisher exact probability method were used to compare the differences in qualification rates across different educational stages, regions, school type, both before and after the implementation of regulatory measures. The regulatory measures included convene interview, propaganda and education, supervision order, supervisory opinion paper, rectification requests and offenses and punishment. Results The qualified rate of daylighting and artificial lighting in primary and secondary school classrooms was 30.1%, with a qualified daylighting rate of 85.6% and a qualified artificial lighting rate of 32.9%. There was no statistically significant differences in the qualified rate of daylighting and artificial lighting in primary and secondary schools (32.4%, 28.1%;χ²=3.76, P > 0.05). However, statistically significant differences were found in the qualified rate of daylighting and artificial lighting in urban and rural school classrooms (32.6%, 26.7%), as well as in public and private schools (31.4%, 20.6%) (χ²=6.99, 9.92, P < 0.05). Following the implementation of regulatory measures, the qualified rate of classroom daylighting and artificial lighting improved from 30.1% to 83.2%, while the respective qualified rates of daylighting and artificial lighting increased from 85.6% to 91.1% and 32.9% to 90.5%. Compared to the pre-implementation period, the qualified rate of classroom daylighting and artificial lighting, as well as the respective rates of daylighting and artificial lighting, all showed statistically significant differences after the implementation of regulatory measures (χ²=995.29, 25.34, 1 219.87, P < 0.01). Conclusions Effective regulatory measures can promote enhanced classroom daylighting and artificial lighting. Attention should be paid to improving classroom artificial lighting, in order to provide students with enhanced visual environment.
- Lighting /
- Eligibility determination /
- School health services /
- Environmental monitoring
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表 1 上海市不同组别中小学教室整改前采光照明合格率比较

Table 1. Comparison of the qualification rates of daylighting and artificial lighting in classrooms of primary and secondary schools in Shanghai City among different groups before the rectification

组别	选项	学校数	统计值	教室采光					教室照明						教室采光照明总体
组别	选项	学校数	统计值	采光方向	窗帘设置	书写板眩光	窗地面积比	总体	书写板局部照明灯	课桌面平均照度	课桌面照度均匀度	书写板平均照度	书写板照度均匀度	总体	教室采光照明总体
学段	小学	816		813(99.6)	802(98.3)	816(100.0)	724(88.7)	710(87.0)	812(99.5)	635(77.8)	589(72.2)	499(61.2)	337(41.3)	286(35.0)	264(32.4)
	中学	919		913(99.3)	915(99.6)	917(99.8)	784(85.3)	776(84.4)	910(99.0)	688(74.9)	669(72.8)	496(54.0)	341(37.1)	285(31.0)	258(28.1)
			χ²值	0.24	6.90	—	4.43	2.32	1.39	2.08	0.08	9.11	3.19	3.19	3.76
			P值	0.62	< 0.01	0.50^*	0.04	0.13	0.24	0.15	0.77	< 0.01	0.07	0.07	0.05
区域	城市	1 004		998(99.4)	995(99.1)	1 002(99.8)	844(84.1)	830(82.7)	997(99.3)	798(79.5)	720(71.7)	625(62.3)	416(41.4)	365(36.4)	327(32.6)
	乡镇	731		728(99.6)	722(98.8)	731(100.0)	664(90.8)	656(89.7)	725(99.2)	525(71.8)	538(73.6)	370(50.6)	262(35.8)	206(28.2)	195(26.7)
			χ²值	0.04	0.46	—	17.05	17.21	0.09	13.72	0.75	23.41	5.56	12.80	6.99
			P值	0.84	0.50	0.51^*	＜0.01	＜0.01	0.77	＜0.01	0.39	＜0.01	0.02	＜0.01	< 0.01
性质	公办	1 531		1 527(99.7)	1 517(99.1)	1 530(99.9)	1 354(88.4)	1 337(87.3)	1 528(99.8)	1 173(76.6)	1 108(72.4)	911(59.5)	602(39.3)	522(34.1)	480(31.4)
	民办	204		199(97.5)	200(98.0)	203(99.5)	154(75.5)	149(73.0)	194(95.1)	150(73.5)	150(73.5)	84(41.2)	76(37.3)	49(24.0)	42(20.6)
			χ²值	12.75	1.04	—	26.54	29.90	47.47	0.95	0.12	24.72	0.32	8.28	9.92
			P值	＜0.01	0.31	0.22^*	＜0.01	＜0.01	＜0.01	0.33	0.73	＜0.01	0.57	< 0.01	< 0.01
注： ()内数字为合格率/%；*采用Fisher确切概率法；教室人工照明合格率均为100%。

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表 2 上海市中小学教室采光照明整改前后合格率比较

Table 2. Comparison of the qualification rates of classroom daylighting and artificial lighting in primary and secondary schools in Shanghai City before and after the rectification

组别	学校数	教室采光					教室照明						教室采光照明总体
组别	学校数	采光方向	窗帘设置	书写板眩光	窗地面积比	总体	书写板局部照明灯	课桌面平均照度	课桌面照度均匀度	书写板平均照度	书写板照度均匀度	总体	教室采光照明总体
整改前	1 735	1 726(99.5)	1 717(99.0)	1 733(99.9)	1 508(86.9)	1 486(85.6)	1 722(99.3)	1 323(76.3)	1 258(72.5)	995(57.3)	678(39.1)	571(32.9)	522(30.1)
整改后	1 735	1 733(99.9)	1 733(99.9)	1 735(100.0)	1 584(91.3)	1 581(91.1)	1 735(100.0)	1 684(97.1)	1 660(95.7)	1 622(93.5)	1 583(91.2)	1 571(90.5)	1 443(83.2)
χ²值		4.47	12.87	0.50	17.15	25.34	13.05	324.81	348.14	611.10	1 039.68	1 219.87	995.29
P值		0.04	< 0.01	0.48	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01
注： ()内数字为合格率/%；教室人工照明合格率均为100%。

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