幼儿动作发展水平与抑制控制和认知灵活性加工的差异

郑权良; 王庭照; 史兵; 池爱平; 宁科

doi:10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2024060

幼儿动作发展水平与抑制控制和认知灵活性加工的差异

doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2024060

1.
西安翻译学院体育学院，陕西 710105
2.
陕西师范大学教育学部
3.
陕西师范大学体育学院

基金项目:

国家社会科学基金项目 22BTY051

陕西省教育厅科学研究计划项目 23JK0454

详细信息

作者简介:
郑权良(1994-)，男，河南平顶山人，硕士，助教，主要研究方向为幼儿动作技能与认知发展促进

通讯作者:
宁科，E-mail: ningke@snnu.edu.cn

利益冲突声明 所有作者声明无利益冲突。
中图分类号: R179 B848.5 G804.49
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-10-23
- 修回日期: 2023-12-18
- 网络出版日期: 2024-03-02
- 刊出日期: 2024-02-25

Differential characteristics of motor development levels, inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility processing in preschool children

1.
School of Physical Education, Xi'an FanYi University, Xi'an (710105), Shaanxi Province, China

摘要

摘要: 目的探讨幼儿时期动作发展水平与抑制控制、认知灵活性的神经加工差异特征，为幼儿动作学习和认知发展提供依据。方法于2023年3月20—31日，在西安市某2所幼儿园招募了84名4~6岁儿童，采用MOBAK-KG动作技能评估量表评估幼儿动作发展水平；采用GO/no-go任务范式测试幼儿抑制控制能力，维度卡片变换排序(DCCS)任务范式测试幼儿认知灵活性；通过功能近红外光谱脑成像(fNIRS)监测幼儿在完成抑制控制和认知灵活性任务期间大脑前额叶皮层血氧动力学信号，采用Matlab软件和Homer 2插件计算幼儿任务期间前额叶氧合血红蛋白浓度。结果动作技能高分组在抑制控制和认知灵活性任务期间任务正确率[0.95(0.92，0.97)，(0.54±0.12) ]均高于动作技能低分组[0.93(0.85，0.97)，(0.45±0.13) ](Z/t值分别为-2.09，3.14，P值均＜0.05)。抑制控制任务期间，动作技能高分组在左、右侧背外侧前额叶皮层(L-DLPFC、R-DLPFC)，左、右侧三角部布罗卡氏区(L-PTBA、R-PTBA)，左、右侧额极区(L-FPA、R-FPA)氧合血红蛋白浓度[0.24(0.10，0.41)，0.34(0.16，0.62)；0.30(0.07，0.52)，0.26(0.09，0.53)；0.15(0.01，0.43)，0.34(0.10，0.67)mol/L ]均大于动作技能低分组[0.04(-0.13，0.15)，0.00(-0.12，0.11)；-0.01(-0.17，0.14)，0.04(-0.14，0.16)；-0.01(-0.16，0.12)，-0.03(-0.21，0.15)mol/L ](Z值分别为-4.83，-5.57，-4.77，-4.10，-3.45，-5.74，P值均＜0.01)；认知灵活性任务期间，动作技能高分组在L-DLPFC、R-DLPFC、L-PTBA、R-PTBA、L-FPA、R-FPA脑区氧合血红蛋白浓度[0.21(0.03，0.36)，0.28(0.15，0.45)，0.15(0.05，0.30)，0.20(0.05，0.37)，0.04(-0.17，0.26)，0.14(-0.08，0.40)mol/L ]均大于动作技能低分组[0.02(-0.20，0.23)，0.02(-0.12，0.21)，0.00(-0.22，0.16)，0.00(-0.16，0.15)，-0.05(-0.25，0.06)，0.01(-0.23，0.20)mol/L ](Z值分别为-3.63，-4.45，-3.58，-3.75，-2.18，-1.98，P值均＜0.05)。结论幼儿动作发展水平与抑制控制、认知灵活性密切相关。应重视幼儿阶段动作学习，进一步促进身心协同发展。
- 动作发展 /
- 执行功能 /
- 生长和发育 /
- 儿童，学龄前
Abstract: Objective To explore the neural processing differences in inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility associated with motor development levels in preschool children, so as to provide a basis for motor learning and cognitive development in preschool children. Methods From March 20 to 31 in 2023, a total of 84 preschool children aged 4-6 were recruited from two kindergartens in Xi'an City. The MOBAK-KG Motor Development Assessment Scale was used to assess the children's motor development levels. The Go/no-go task paradigm was employed to test inhibitory control ability, and the Dimensional Change Card Sort (DCCS) task paradigm was utilized to evaluate cognitive flexibility. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) was used to monitor the preschool children's prefrontal cortex oxygenation dynamics during inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility tasks. Malab software and Homer 2 plugins were used to calculate prefrontal oxygenated hemoglobin concentration of preschool children during the tasks. Results The high motor skills group exhibited significantly higher task accuracy during inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility tasks [0.95(0.92, 0.97), (0.54±0.12) ] compared to the low motor skill group[0.93(0.85, 0.97), (0.45±0.13) ] (Z/t=-2.09, 3.14, P < 0.05). During the inhibitory control task, the high motor skill group [0.24(0.10, 0.41), 0.34(0.16, 0.62), 0.30(0.07, 0.52), 0.26(0.09, 0.53), 0.15(0.01, 0.43), 0.34(0.10, 0.67)mol/L ] showed significantly higher oxygenated hemoglobin concentrations in the left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortices (L-DLPFC, R-DLPFC), left and right pars triangular Broca's areas (L-PTBA, R-PTBA), and left and right frontopolar areas (L-FPA, R-FPA) compared to the low motor skill group [0.04(-0.13, 0.15), 0.00(-0.12, 0.11), -0.01(-0.17, 0.14), 0.04(-0.14, 0.16), -0.01(-0.16, 0.12), -0.03(-0.21, 0.15)mol/L ] (Z=-4.83, -5.57, -4.77, -4.10, -3.45, -5.74, P < 0.01). During the cognitive flexibility task, the high motor skill group[0.21(0.03, 0.36), 0.28(0.15, 0.45), 0.15(0.05, 0.30), 0.20(0.05, 0.37), 0.04(-0.17, 0.26), 0.14(-0.08, 0.40)mol/L ] exhibited significantly higher oxygenated hemoglobin concentrations in the L-DLPFC, R-DLPFC, L-PTBA, R-PTBA, L-FPA, R-FPA brain regions compared to the low motor skill group [0.02(-0.20, 0.23), 0.02(-0.12, 0.21), 0.00(-0.22, 0.16), 0.00(-0.16, 0.15), -0.05(-0.25, 0.06), 0.01(-0.23, 0.20)mol/L ] (Z=-3.63, -4.45, -3.58, -3.75, -2.18, -1.98, P < 0.05). Conclusions The motor development level in preschool children is closely related to inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility. It is crucial to emphasize motor learning in early childhood to further promote holistic development of both mind and body.
- Motor development /
- Executive function /
- Growth and development /
- Child, preschool
注释:

1) 利益冲突声明 所有作者声明无利益冲突。

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表 1 幼儿动作技能与抑制控制和认知灵活性测试指标的相关性(r值，n=84)

Table 1. Correlation between motor skills and test metrics of inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility among preschool children(r, n=84)

测试指标	选项	抑制控制	认知灵活性
兴趣脑区	R-DLPFC	0.69^**	0.53^**
	L-DLPFC	0.60^**	0.43^**
	R-PTBA	0.55^**	0.46^**
	L-PTBA	0.56^**	0.43^**
	R-FPA	0.66^**	0.32^**
	L-FPA	0.48^**	0.24^*
行为学	反应时	-0.21	-0.06
	正确率	0.26^*	0.35^**
注：P＜0.05，*P＜0.01。

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表 2 不同动作技能组幼儿在不同认知任务中的行为学结果比较(x±s)

Table 2. Comparison of behavioral statistics during different cognitive tasks among preschool children of different motor skill groups(x±s)

动作技能	人数	抑制控制		认知灵活性
动作技能	人数	反应时/ms^a	正确率^a	反应时/ms	正确率
低分组	43	825.46(748.65，902.08)	0.93(0.85，0.97)	1 417.34±227.96	0.45±0.13
高分组	41	773.64(696.77，806.64)	0.95(0.92，0.97)	1 348.19±196.72	0.54±0.12
Z/t值		-2.86	-2.09	1.49	-3.14
P值		＜0.01	＜0.05	0.14	＜0.01
注：a数据非正态分布，用M(P₂₅，P₇₅)表示。

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表 3 不同动作技能组别幼儿在不同认知任务期间氧合血红蛋白浓度比较[M(P₂₅，P₇₅)，mol/L]

Table 3. Comparison of oxygenated hemoglobin concentration during different cognitive tasks among preschool children of different motor skill groups[M(P₂₅, P₇₅), mol/L]

认知任务期	动作技能	人数	统计值	R-DLPFC	L-DLPFC	R-PTBA	L-PTBA	R-FPA	L-FPA
抑制控制	低分组	43		0.00(-0.12, 0.11)	0.04(-0.13, 0.15)	0.04(-0.14, 0.16)	-0.01(-0.17, 0.14)	-0.03(-0.21, 0.15)	-0.01(-0.16, 0.12)
	高分组	41		0.34(0.16, 0.62)	0.24(0.10, 0.41)	0.26(0.09, 0.53)	0.30(0.07, 0.52)	0.34(0.10, 0.67)	0.15(0.01, 0.43)
			Z值	-5.57	-4.83	-4.10	-4.77	-5.74	-3.45
			P值	＜0.01	＜0.01	＜0.01	＜0.01	＜0.01	＜0.01
认知灵活性	低分组	43		0.02(-0.12, 0.21)	0.02(-0.20, 0.23)	0.00(-0.16, 0.15)	0.00(-0.22, 0.16)	0.01(-0.23, 0.20)	-0.05(-0.25, 0.06)
	高分组	41		0.28(0.15, 0.45)	0.21(0.03, 0.36)	0.20(0.05, 0.37)	0.15(0.05, 0.30)	0.14(-0.08, 0.40)	0.04(-0.17, 0.26)
			Z值	-4.45	-3.63	-3.75	-3.58	-1.98	-2.18
			P值	＜0.01	＜0.01	＜0.01	＜0.01	＜0.01	＜0.05

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