雌二醇在父母教养方式与学龄前儿童行为问题中的调节作用

夏莫言; 严超; 董素华; 唐金蕙; 刘影; 宋星星; 陶兰; 姚荣英

doi:10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2024007

雌二醇在父母教养方式与学龄前儿童行为问题中的调节作用

doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2024007

1.
蚌埠医科大学公共卫生学院儿童少年卫生学教研室，安徽 233000
2.
绍兴文理学院附属医院院感管理处
3.
蚌埠市妇幼保健院儿童保健科
4.
新吴区康复医院预防保健科

基金项目:

蚌埠医学院自然科学重点项目 2021byzd033

详细信息

作者简介:
夏莫言(2000- )，女，安徽合肥人，在读硕士，主要研究方向为妇儿保健与人口健康

通讯作者:
姚荣英，E-mail: yaorongying@126.com

利益冲突声明 所有作者声明无利益冲突。
中图分类号: B844.1 G478 Q579.1⁺³
计量
- 文章访问数: 104
- HTML全文浏览量: 71
- PDF下载量: 14
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-08-14
- 修回日期: 2023-09-18
- 网络出版日期: 2024-02-01
- 刊出日期: 2024-01-25

The moderating role of estradiol in the relationship between parenting styles and preschool children's behavioral problems

1.
School of Public Health, Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu (233000), Anhui Province, China

摘要

摘要: 目的探讨雌二醇(E2)在父母教养方式与学龄前儿童行为问题间的调节作用，为促进学龄前儿童行为健康发展提供理论依据。方法 2022年9—11月，采用分层整群抽样方法选取蚌埠市2所幼儿园354名3~6岁儿童及其父母为研究对象，采用父母教养方式量表和儿童行为核查表(CBCL)评价父母教养方式和儿童行为问题，采用唾液E2水平评估儿童体内E2水平。利用独立样本t检验比较父母教养方式和儿童行为问题量表的得分；采用Pearson相关性分析探讨父母教养方式、E2及儿童行为问题之间的关系。结果父母溺爱、放任、专制、不一致型教养方式得分与儿童行为问题的评分均呈正相关(r=0.14~0.70)；父亲民主型教养方式与儿童行为问题的6个维度评分(退缩、焦虑抑郁、社交问题、注意问题、违纪问题、攻击行为)均呈负相关(r值分别为-0.14，-0.22，-0.21，-0.17，-0.27，-0.20)，母亲民主型教养方式与儿童行为问题除退缩维度外的5个维度评分均呈负相关(r值分别为-0.14，-0.12，-0.13，-0.21，-0.12)(P值均<0.05)。调节效应结果显示，E2水平在母亲溺爱型、放任型教养方式评分与儿童退缩问题评分中的调节作用均有统计学意义(β值分别为0.68，-1.00)，在母亲溺爱型得分和儿童社交问题评分间的调节也有统计学意义(β=0.75)(P值均<0.05)；当儿童E2质量体积浓度处于低水平时，儿童退缩问题评分随母亲溺爱型教养方式评分的增加和放任型教养方式评分的降低而降低，社交问题评分随母亲溺爱型教养方式评分增加而降低；当儿童E2质量体积浓度处于高水平时，儿童退缩问题评分随母亲溺爱型教养方式评分的降低而降低，社交问题评分随母亲溺爱型教养方式评分降低而降低(t值分别为2.84，6.24，3.16，2.37，4.49，P值均<0.05)。结论父母教养方式与儿童行为问题密切相关；儿童E2水平在母亲溺爱型、放任型教养方式与儿童退缩问题、社交问题中起调节作用。父母应多采用积极的教养方式，并重点关注E2水平在母亲教育方式中的作用，以减少儿童行为问题的发生。
- 雌二醇 /
- 教育 /
- 行为 /
- 精神卫生 /
- 回归分析 /
- 儿童, 学龄前
Abstract: Objective To explore the moderating role of estradiol in the relationship between parenting styles and preschool children's behavioral problems, so as to provide a theoretical basis for improving the development of human's emotional health development in early life stage. Methods During September to November in 2022, 354 children aged 3-6 years and their parents from two kindergartens in Bengbu City were chosen by using stratified cluster sampling method for the questionnaire survey. The Parenting Style Scale and the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) were used to collect information on parenting style and child behavioral problems. Salivary estradiol of children was collected and tested. Independent samples t test was applied to compare the scores of the scale for parental up-bringing and children's behavioral problems, and Pearson correlation analysis was conducted to explore the relationship among parental up-bringing, estradiol and children's behavioral problems. Results Parents' doting, laissez faire, autocratic, and inconsistent parenting styles were positive associated with child behavior problems(r=0.14-0.70); fathers' democratic parenting style was negatively associated with child behavior problems(r=-0.14, -0.22, -0.21, -0.17, -0.27, -0.20); mothers' democratic parenting styles was negatively correlated with scores on all five dimensions of child behavior problems except the withdrawal dimension (r=-0.14, -0.12, -0.13, -0.21, -0.12)(P<0.05). Estradiol levels had significant moderating effects on maternal doting parenting style and children's withdrawal (β=0.68) as well as social problems (β=-1.00), also moderating laissez-faire parenting styles and children's withdrawal problems (β=0.75)(P<0.05). For children with low levels of estradiol, withdrawal problem scores were negatively associated with mother's doting parenting style and positively associated with laissez faire parenting style, and socialization problem scores were associated with mother's doting parenting style; for children with high levels of estradiol, withdrawal problem scores were positively associated with mother's doting parenting style, and socialization problem scores were associated with mother's doting parenting style (t=2.84, 6.24, 3.16, 2.37, 4.49, P<0.05). Conclusions Parenting styles are strongly associated with child behavioral problems; estradiol levels play a moderating role in mothers' doting, laissez faire parenting styles and children's withdrawal problems and social problems.Parents should adopt more positive parenting styles and focus on the role of estradiol levels in maternal education to reduce the occurrence of behavioral problems in children.
- Estradiol /
- Education /
- Behavior /
- Mental health /
- Regression analysis /
- Child, preschool
注释:

1) 利益冲突声明 所有作者声明无利益冲突。

HTML全文

图 1 E2调节母亲教养方式和学龄前儿童退缩和社交问题的作用

Figure 1. The role of estradiol in moderating maternal parenting styles and preschool children withdrawal and socialization problems

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 父母教养方式、学龄前儿童行为问题评分及儿童E2水平之间的Pearson相关性分析(r值，n=354)

Table 1. Pearson's correlation analysis among parenting styles, preschool children's behavioral problems scores and estradiol levels(r, n=354)

变量	E2	退缩	焦虑/抑郁	社交问题	注意问题	违纪问题	攻击行为	溺爱型	民主型	放任型	专制型
退缩	-0.10
焦虑/抑郁	-0.08	0.48^**
社交问题	-0.07	0.49^**	0.49^**
注意问题	-0.03	0.31^**	0.47^**	0.68^**
违纪问题	-0.04	0.38^**	0.46^**	0.66^**	0.64^**
攻击行为	0.01	0.32^**	0.52^**	0.60^**	0.73^**	0.70^**
母亲溺爱型	0.01	0.19^**	0.26^**	0.26^**	0.28^**	0.26^**	0.26^**
父亲溺爱型	0.02	0.20^**	0.22^**	0.20^**	0.21^**	0.28^**	0.26^**
母亲民主型	-0.04	-0.10	-0.14^*	-0.12^*	-0.13^*	-0.21^**	-0.12^*	-0.26^**
父亲民主型	-0.05	-0.14^**	-0.22^**	-0.21^**	-0.17^**	-0.27^**	-0.20^**	-0.32^**
母亲放任型	0.05	0.27^**	0.19^**	0.21^**	0.27^**	0.32^**	0.30^**	0.49^**	-0.34^**
父亲放任型	0.00	0.27^**	0.28^**	0.30^**	0.25^**	0.34^**	0.25^**	0.50^**	-0.43^**
母亲专制型	-0.07	0.14^**	0.17^**	0.24^**	0.23^**	0.20^**	0.23^**	0.27^**	0.01	0.23^**
父亲专制型	-0.05	0.19^**	0.21^**	0.27^**	0.24^**	0.20^**	0.27^**	0.21^**	-0.06	0.18^**
母亲不一致型	-0.04	0.27^**	0.21^**	0.26^**	0.32^**	0.33^**	0.34^**	0.40^**	-0.13^*	0.47^**	0.37^**
父亲不一致型	0.01	0.29^**	0.28^**	0.31^**	0.33^**	0.39^**	0.35^**	0.43^**	-0.33^**	0.56^**	0.33^**
注：P<0.05，*P<0.01。

下载: 导出CSV

表 2 E2对母亲教养方式和学龄前儿童行为问题的调节效应分析(n=354)

Table 2. Analysis of the moderating effect of estradiol on maternal parenting style and preschool children's behavior problems (n=354)

因变量	常量与自变量	第一层				第二层				第三层
因变量	常量与自变量	β值	B值	t值	P值	β值	B值	t值	P值	β值	B值	t值	P值
退缩问题	常数	4.37		18.77	<0.01	3.45		5.00	<0.01	0.68		0.31	0.76
	年级	0.08	0.06	1.12	0.26	0.05	0.04	0.66	0.51	0.02	0.01	0.26	0.80
	性别	0.07	0.04	0.67	0.51	0.10	0.05	0.97	0.34	0.08	0.04	0.74	0.46
	E2					-0.00	-0.09	-1.68	0.10	0.03	0.68	1.22	0.22
	溺爱型					0.01	0.03	0.50	0.62	-0.16	-0.48	-2.20	0.03
	放任型					0.04	0.17	2.68	<0.01	0.19	0.85	3.53	<0.01
	溺爱型×E2									0.00	0.68	2.38	0.02
	放任型×E2									-0.00	-1.00	-2.92	<0.01
社交问题	常数	6.65		21.81	<0.01	5.28		5.87	<0.01	4.49		1.55	0.12
	年级	0.13	0.07	1.36	0.18	0.10	0.06	1.07	0.28	0.06	0.04	0.64	0.52
	性别	-0.42	-0.15	-2.87	<0.01	-0.37	-0.13	-2.62	0.01	-0.38	-0.14	-2.71	<0.01
	E2					-0.00	-0.04	-0.70	0.49	0.01	0.15	0.26	0.79
	溺爱型					0.07	0.15	2.54	0.01	-0.17	-0.39	-1.84	0.07
	溺爱型×E2									0.00	0.75	2.61	<0.01

下载: 导出CSV

参考文献(35)

[1]	ZOU J. The effect of parenting pressure on children's internalizing problem behaviors and its mechanism[J]. Work, 2021, 69(2): 675-685. doi: 10.3233/WOR-213508
[2]	MCLAUGHLIN K A, BRESLAU J, GREEN J G, et al. Childhood socio-economic status and the onset, persistence, and severity of DSM-Ⅳ mental disorders in a US national sample[J]. Soc Sc Med, 2011, 73(7): 1088-1096. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.06.011
[3]	CHOI J K, WANG D, JACKSON A P. Adverse experiences in early childhood and their longitudinal impact on later behavioral problems of children living in poverty[J]. Child Abuse Negl, 2019, 98: 104181. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104181
[4]	XING X, WANG M, WANG Z. Parental corporal punishment in relation to children's executive function and externalizing behavior problems in China[J]. Soc Neurosci, 2018, 13(2): 184-189. doi: 10.1080/17470919.2016.1258009
[5]	HOSOKAWA R, KATSURA T. Role of parenting style in children's behavioral problems through the transition from preschool to elementary school according to gender in Japan[J]. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2018, 16(1): 21. doi: 10.3390/ijerph16010021
[6]	EIDEN R D, LESSARD J, COLDER C R, et al. Developmental cascade model for adolescent substance use from infancy to late adolescence[J]. Dev Psychol, 2016, 52(10): 1619-1633. doi: 10.1037/dev0000199
[7]	WU C Y, LEE T S H. Impact of parent-child relationship and sex on trajectories of children internalizing symptoms[J]. J Affect Disord, 2020, 260: 167-173. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.09.016
[8]	DAYAS C V, XU Y, BULLER K M, et al. Effects of chronic oestrogen replacement on stress-induced activation of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis control pathways[J]. J Neuroendocrinol, 2000, 12(8): 784-794. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2826.2000.00527.x
[9]	LUND T D, MUNSON D J, HALDY M E, et al. Androgen inhibits, while oestrogen enhances, restraint-induced activation of neuropeptide neurones in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus[J]. J Neuroendocrinol, 2004, 16(3): 272-278. doi: 10.1111/j.0953-8194.2004.01167.x
[10]	CAMERON J L. Interrelationships between hormones, behavior, and affect during adolescence: complex relationships exist between reproductive hormones, stress-related hormones, and the activity of neural systems that regulate behavioral affect[J]. Ann N Y Acad Sci, 2004, 1021: 134-142. doi: 10.1196/annals.1308.015
[11]	KOHNE S, DIEKHOF E K. Testosterone and estradiol affect adolescent reinforcement learning[J]. Peer J, 2022, 10: e12653. doi: 10.7717/peerj.12653
[12]	CHUNG Y S, POPPE A, NOVOTNY S, et al. A preliminary study of association between adolescent estradiol level and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activity during emotion regulation[J]. Psychoneuroendocrinol, 2019, 109: 104398. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104398
[13]	IGARASHI M, AYABE T, YAMAMOTO-HANADA K, et al. Female-dominant estrogen production in healthy children before adrenarche[J]. Endocrinol Connect, 2021, 10(10): 1221-1226. doi: 10.1530/EC-21-0134
[14]	RUSSELL N, GROSSMANN M. Mechanisms in endocrinology: estradiol as a male hormone[J]. Eur J Endocrinol, 2019, 181(1): R23-R43. doi: 10.1530/EJE-18-1000
[15]	RUSSELL N, ALLEBONE J, DANDASH O, et al. Effect of estradiol on cognition in men undergoing androgen deprivation therapy: a randomized placebo-controlled trial[J]. Clin Endocrinol, 2022, 97(5): 622-633. doi: 10.1111/cen.14689
[16]	ACHENBACH T M, VERHULST F C, BARON G D, et al. A comparison of syndromes derived from the Child Behavior Checklist for American and Dutch boys aged 6-11 and 12-16[J]. J Child Psychol Psychiatry Allied Discipl, 1987, 28(3): 437-453. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7610.1987.tb01765.x
[17]	杨丽珠, 杨春卿. 幼儿气质与母亲教养方式的选择[J]. 心理科学, 1998(1): 43-46, 56-96. YANG L Z, YANG C Q. Young children's temperament and mothers' parenting choices[J]. J Psychol Sci, 1998(1): 43-46, 56-96. (in Chinese)
[18]	孙玉杰. 父母放任型教养方式对儿童性格的影响[J]. 亚太教育, 2022(20): 23-25. SUN Y J. The effect of permissive parenting on children's personalities[J]. Asia Pacific Educ, 2022(20): 23-25. (in Chinese)
[19]	黄永玲, 李若瑜, 方亮, 等. 家庭教养方式与3~6岁儿童情绪行为问题的关联[J]. 中国学校卫生, 2022, 43(2): 242-246. doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.02.019 HUANG Y L, LI R Y, FANG L, et al. Relationship between family rearing style and 3-6-year-old children's emotional and behavioral problems[J]. Chin J Sch Health, 2022, 43(2): 242-246. (in Chinese) doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.02.019
[20]	LUNKENHEIMER E, RAM N, SKOWRON E A, et al. Harsh parenting, child behavior problems, and the dynamic coupling of parents' and children's positive behaviors[J]. J Fam Psychol, 2017, 31(6): 689-698. doi: 10.1037/fam0000310
[21]	OLSON S L, CHOE D E, SAMEROFF A J. Trajectories of child externalizing problems between ages 3 and 10 years: contributions of children's early effortful control, theory of mind, and parenting experiences[J]. Dev Psychopathol, 2017, 29(4): 1333-1351. doi: 10.1017/S095457941700030X
[22]	CHEN X, LIU M, LI D. Parental warmth, control, and indulgence and their relations to adjustment in Chinese children: a longitudinal study[J]. J Fam Psychol, 2000, 14(3): 401-419. doi: 10.1037/0893-3200.14.3.401
[23]	GAZELLE H, KUPERSMIDT J B, PUTALLAZ M, et al. The role of parenting styles in children's problem behavior[J]. Child Dev, 2005, 76(6): 227-246.
[24]	LIU L, WANG M. Parenting stress and children's problem behavior in China: the mediating role of parental psychological aggression[J]. J Fam Psychol, 2015, 29(1): 20-28. doi: 10.1037/fam0000047
[25]	GRUBER E, BIOCINA S M. Effects of parenting style on normal and dysfunctional emotional behaviors in small children[J]. Psychiatr Danub, 2022, 34(1): 34-43. doi: 10.24869/psyd.2022.34
[26]	LEE S J, PACE G T, LEE J Y, et al. The association of fathers' parental warmth and parenting stress to child behavior problems[J]. Child Youth Serv Rev, 2018, 91: 1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.05.020
[27]	高洁, 胡亚楠, 任丽平. 家庭教养方式对幼儿社会适应的影响研究[J]. 石家庄学院学报, 2021, 23(6): 120-129. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-1972.2021.06.020 GAO J, HU Y N, REN L P. A study of the effects of family parenting styles on young children's social adjustment[J]. J Shijiazhuang Univ, 2021, 23(6): 120-129. (in Chinese) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-1972.2021.06.020
[28]	NGUYEN T V, JONES S L, GOWER T, et al. Age-specific associations between oestradiol, cortico-amygdalar structural covariance, and verbal and spatial skills[J]. J Neuroendocrinol, 2019, 31(4): e12698. doi: 10.1111/jne.12698
[29]	何显达, 梁素容, 方翠珍. 教养方式对学龄前儿童情绪与行为的影响[J]. 深圳中西医结合杂志, 2021, 31(10): 33-35. HE X D, LIANG S R, FANG C Z. The effects of parenting styles on preschoolers' emotions and behavior[J]. Shenzhen J Integr Med, 2021, 31(10): 33-35. (in Chinese)
[30]	YOUNG E A, ALTEMUS M, PARKISON V, et al. Effects of estrogen antagonists and agonists on the ACTH response to restraint stress in female rats[J]. Neuropsychopharmacology, 2001, 25(6): 881-891. doi: 10.1016/S0893-133X(01)00301-3
[31]	KIRSCHBAUM C, SCHOMMER N, FEDERENKO I, et al. Short-term estradiol treatment enhances pituitary-adrenal axis and sympathetic responses to psychosocial stress in healthy young men[J]. J Clin Endocrinol Metab, 1996, 81(10): 3639-3643.
[32]	VIAU V, MEANEY M J. Alpha1 adrenoreceptors mediate the stimulatory effects of oestrogen on stress-related hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal activity in the female rat[J]. J Neuroendocrinol, 2004, 16(1): 72-78. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2826.2004.01122.x
[33]	FUJISAWA T X, NISHITANI S, OBARA T, et al. Loneliness depends on salivary estradiol levels in adolescent females[J]. Neuroendocrinol Lett, 2012, 33(5): 525-529.
[34]	MIEDL S F, WEGERER M, KERSCHBAUM H, et al. Neural activity during traumatic film viewing is linked to endogenous estradiol and hormonal contraception[J]. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 2018, 87: 20-26. doi: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.10.006
[35]	WEGERER M, KERSCHBAUM H, BLECHERT J, et al. Low levels of estradiol are associated with elevated conditioned responding during fear extinction and with intrusive memories in daily life[J]. Neurobiol Learn Mem, 2014, 116: 145-154. doi: 10.1016/j.nlm.2014.10.001