School lunch leftovers of primary and middle school students and its influencing factors in Ningbo
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摘要:
目的 分析宁波市中小学生营养午餐剩餐情况及剩餐行为的影响因素，为制定改善营养餐质量、降低剩餐率的政策提供依据。 方法 2022年3—5月，在宁波市10个区县(市)抽取20所中小学校，选取小学四至六年级、初中一至三年级4 443名学生进行问卷调查，获取学生一般情况和剩餐情况。 结果 学生总剩餐率为62.4%，7.9%的学生每天都剩饭，18.3%的学生每天都剩菜，小学生剩饭频率低于初中生(χ2=-2.18，P < 0.05)。68.3%的学生剩饭量只有一点点，49.4%的学生剩菜量为一小半，小学生剩饭和剩菜量较大的人数比例小于初中生(χ2值分别为-2.05，-2.36，P值均 < 0.05)。学生剩饭的主要原因是“量太大吃不完”(占30.6%)，小学生和初中生的剩饭和剩菜原因差异均有统计学意义(χ2值分别为16.94，14.28，P值均 < 0.05)。蔬菜剩餐率最高(54.5%)，奶类剩餐率最低(2.5%)。多因素Logistic回归模型显示，近1年上过营养与食品相关课程、听说过《中国居民膳食指南》、对食堂饭菜满意度越满意(一般、比较满意、非常满意)、认为学校食堂饭菜优于家里饭菜(差不多、比家里好)的学生剩餐可能性小(OR值分别为0.79，0.73，0.57，0.41，0.26，0.69，0.82，P值均 < 0.05)；供餐方式为自己选择后由老师盛、老师分餐及吃零食频率高(4~6次/周、1次/d、2次/d、≥3次/d)的学生剩餐可能性大(OR值分别为1.64，2.23，1.27，1.21，1.52，1.44，P值均 < 0.05)。 结论 中小学生剩餐率较高，应该优化营养午餐配置，加强营养知识宣教。 Abstract:Objective To analyze the situation and associated factors of school lunch leftovers of primary and middle school students in Ningbo, so as to provide a basis for formulating policies to improve the quality of nutritious meals and reduce the leftover meal rates. Methods During March to May of 2022, 20 primary and middle schools were selected from 10 districts in Ningbo, and 4 443 students were selected from grade 4 to 6 of primary school and grade 1 to 3 of middle school. A questionnaire was conducted among them for the students' general situation and remaining meal situation. Results The total leftover rate was 62.4%, 7.9% of the students left rice every day, and 18.3% of the students left vegetables every day. The frequency of primary school students' leftover food was lower than that of junior high school students (χ2=-2.18, P < 0.05). Most of the students (68.3%) had only a little leftover food, half of the students (49.4%) had less than half leftovers, and the proportion of primary school students with large leftover food and leftovers was smaller than that of junior high school students (χ2=-2.05, -2.36, P < 0.05). The main reason for students' leftover food was "too much to eat" (accounting for 30.6%), and there was a statistical difference between primary school students and junior high school students in the composition of leftover food and leftovers (χ2=16.94, 14.28, P < 0.05). The leftover rate of vegetables was the highest (54.5%) and the leftover rate of milk was the lowest (2.5%). Multivariate Logistic regression model showed that nutrition and food-related courses during recent year, being aware the Chinese residents dietary guidelines, statisfaction with canteen food (general, more satisfied, very satisfied), reckoning school canteen food better than home food (almost, better than home) were less possibility to have leftover meals (OR=0.79, 0.73, 0.57, 0.41, 0.26, 0.69, 0.82, P < 0.05). Students chosed the meal after the teacher served the meal, the teacher divided meals and students who ate more frequently (4-6 times/week, 1 time/d, 2 times/d, ≥3 times/d) were more likely to have leftover meals (OR=1.64, 2.23, 1.27, 1.21, 1.52, 1.44, P < 0.05). Conclusion More than half of the students have leftovers. It should optimize the configuration of nutrition lunch, strengthen the education of nutrition knowledge and reduce the leftovers rate. -
Key words:
- Food habits /
- Food services /
- Regression analysis /
- Students
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表 1 宁波市不同组别中小学生营养午餐剩餐率比较
Table 1. Comparison of the detection rate of nutritional lunch residues among primary and secondary school students in different groups in Ningbo City
组别 人数 剩餐人数 χ2/Z值 P值 区域 市区 2 782 1 740(62.5) 0.06 0.81 县区 1 661 1 033(62.2) 学段 小学 2 111 1 336(63.3) 1.31 0.25 初中 2 332 1 437(61.6) 性别 男 2 331 1 453(62.3) 0.01 0.91 女 2 112 1 320(62.5) 近1年是否上过营养与食品相关课程 是 2 679 1 549(57.8) 60.67 < 0.01 否 1 764 1 224(69.4) 是否听说过《中国居民膳食指南》 是 2 430 1 375(56.6) 77.38 < 0.01 否 2 013 1 398(69.4) 供餐方式 自取 1 034 502(48.5) 112.82 < 0.01 老师分餐 2 942 1 975(67.1) 自己选择后老师盛 467 296(63.4) 对食堂饭菜满意度 非常不满意 247 188(76.1) -14.49 < 0.01 比较不满意 579 445(76.9) 一般 1 905 1 272(66.8) 比较满意 1 070 598(55.9) 非常满意 642 270(42.1) 学校供餐与家里相比 比家里好 286 140(49.0) -10.58 < 0.01 差不多 1 759 969(55.1) 没有家里好 2 398 1 664(69.4) 吃零食的频率 ≤3次/周 2 482 1 491(60.1) -4.84 < 0.01 4~6次/周 693 435(62.8) 1次/d 907 589(64.9) 2次/d 175 124(70.9) ≥3次/d 186 134(72.0) 注： ()内数字为剩餐率/%。 
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表 2 不同特征学生剩餐频率、剩餐量和剩餐原因比较
Table 2. Comparison of the rate, quantity, and reasons for leftover meals among students with different characteristics
组别 选项 人数 统计值 剩饭频率 剩饭占重量的大小 剩饭最主要的原因 5~7 d/周 1~4 d/周 1~3 d/月 一点点 一小半 一多半 大多数 不喜欢食物 口味不好 量大吃不完 不饿 节食减肥 学段 小学 1 336 85(6.4) 347(26.0) 904(67.7) 937(70.1) 335(25.1) 52(3.9) 12(0.9) 335(25.1) 194(14.5) 409(30.6) 191(14.3) 207(15.5) 初中 1 437 134(9.3) 377(26.2) 926(64.4) 957(66.6) 398(27.7) 58(4.0) 24(1.7) 331(23.0) 281(19.6) 439(30.5) 160(11.1) 226(15.7) χ2/Z值 -2.18 -2.05 16.94 P值 0.03 0.04 < 0.01 性别 男 1 453 113(7.8) 370(25.5) 970(66.8) 999(68.8) 383(26.3) 52(3.6) 19(1.3) 351(24.2) 249(17.1) 444(30.6) 187(12.9) 222(15.3) 女 1 320 106(8.0) 354(26.8) 860(65.2) 895(67.8) 350(26.5) 58(4.4) 17(1.3) 315(23.9) 226(17.1) 404(30.6) 164(12.4) 211(16.0) χ2/Z值 -0.86 -0.64 0.36 P值 0.39 0.52 0.99 区域 市区 1 740 143(8.2) 450(25.9) 1 147(65.9) 1 204(69.2) 445(25.6) 67(3.8) 24(1.4) 410(23.6) 306(17.6) 535(30.7) 220(12.6) 269(15.5) 县区 1 033 76(7.4) 274(26.5) 683(66.1) 690(66.8) 288(27.9) 43(4.2) 12(1.2) 256(24.8) 169(16.4) 313(30.3) 131(12.7) 164(15.9) χ2/Z值 -0.25 -1.24 1.08 P值 0.80 0.22 0.90 组别 选项 人数 统计值 剩饭频率 剩饭占重量的大小 剩饭最主要的原因 5~7 d/周 1~4 d/周 1~3 d/月 一点点 一小半 一多半 大多数 不喜欢食物 口味不好 量大吃不完 不饿 节食减肥 学段 小学 1 336 226(16.9) 641(48.0) 469(35.1) 498(37.3) 661(49.5) 145(10.8) 32(2.4) 634(47.5) 323(24.1) 176(13.2) 88(6.6) 115(8.6) 初中 1 437 282(19.6) 685(47.7) 470(32.7) 492(34.2) 708(49.3) 189(13.2) 48(3.3) 621(43.2) 427(29.7) 200(13.9) 71(4.9) 118(8.2) χ2/Z值 -1.86 -2.36 14.28 P值 0.06 0.02 < 0.01 性别 男 1 453 277(19.1) 699(48.1) 477(32.8) 497(34.2) 730(50.2) 183(12.6) 43(3.0) 658(45.3) 402(27.6) 192(13.2) 77(5.3) 124(8.5) 女 1 320 231(17.5) 627(47.5) 462(35.0) 493(37.3) 639(48.4) 151(11.4) 37(2.8) 597(45.2) 348(26.4) 184(13.9) 82(6.2) 109(8.3) χ2/Z值 -1.39 -1.75 1.77 P值 0.16 0.08 0.78 区域 市区 1 740 335(19.3) 825(47.4) 580(33.3) 626(36.0) 851(48.9) 213(12.2) 50(2.9) 770(44.2) 487(28.0) 236(13.6) 99(5.7) 148(8.5) 县区 1 033 173(16.7) 501(48.5) 359(34.8) 364(35.2) 518(50.2) 121(11.7) 30(2.9) 485(46.9) 263(25.4) 140(13.6) 60(5.8) 85(8.2) χ2/Z值 -1.35 -0.16 2.65 P值 0.18 0.87 0.62 注： ()内数字为构成比/%。
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表 3 学生剩餐行为相关因素的多因素Logistic回归分析(n=4 443)
Table 3. Multivariate Logistic regression analysis of influencing factors of students' leftover meals(n=4 443)
自变量 β值 Wald χ2值 OR值(95%CI) P值 学段 初中 -0.07 1.31 0.93(0.83~1.05) 0.25 性别 女 0.01 0.01 1.01(0.89~1.14) 0.91 区域 县区 -0.02 0.06 0.99(0.87~1.12) 0.81 近1年是否上过营养与食品相关课程 是 -0.24 9.34 0.79(0.68~0.92) < 0.01 是否听说过《中国居民膳食指南》 是 -0.32 17.98 0.73(0.63~0.84) < 0.01 供餐方式 自己选择后老师盛 0.80 104.71 1.64(1.30~2.07) < 0.01 老师分餐 0.50 17.09 2.23(1.91~2.60) < 0.01 对食堂饭菜满意度 比较不满意 -0.19 1.00 0.83(0.57~1.20) 0.32 一般 -0.57 11.25 0.57(0.41~0.79) < 0.01 比较满意 -0.89 25.40 0.41(0.29~0.58) < 0.01 非常满意 -1.34 50.37 0.26(0.18~0.38) < 0.01 与家里相比 差不多 -0.37 7.01 0.69(0.52~0.91) 0.01 比家里好 -0.20 6.50 0.82(0.70~0.96) 0.01 吃零食频率 4~6次/周 0.24 5.46 1.27(1.04~1.54) 0.02 1次/d 0.19 5.10 1.21(1.03~1.43) 0.02 2次/d 0.42 5.41 1.52(1.07~2.15) 0.02 ≥3次/d 0.37 4.26 1.44(1.02~2.04) 0.04 注：自变量分别以小学、男生、市区、近1年未上过营养与食品相关课程、未听说过《中国居民膳食指南》、供餐方式自取、对食堂饭菜非常不满意、学校供餐与家里相比没有家里好、吃零食的频率≤3次/周为参照组；因变量以无剩餐行为为参照组。
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