云南省小学和初中生膳食质量状况

冉飞; 字芬湖; 路西洋; 毛勇军; 穆德宇; 张顺军; 岳鑫尉; 蔡和家; 杨文粉; 王航平

doi:10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.07.006

云南省小学和初中生膳食质量状况

doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.07.006

1.
云南师范大学体育学院，昆明 650500
2.
广西师范大学体育与健康学院
3.
昆明滇池国家旅游度假区大渔幼儿园

基金项目:

云南省哲学社会科学规划项目 YB2020097

云南省教育厅科学研究基金项目 2023Y0583

详细信息

作者简介:
冉飞(1999-)，男，云南文山人，在读硕士，主要研究方向为运动营养与健康

通讯作者:
王航平，E-mail：wanghangping2006@163.com

利益冲突声明 所有作者声明无利益冲突。
中图分类号: R151.4⁺² R153.2
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-04-07
- 修回日期: 2023-05-15
- 网络出版日期: 2023-07-25
- 刊出日期: 2023-07-25

Diet quality of primary and secondary school students in Yunnan Province

1.
School of Physical Education, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming(650500), China

摘要

摘要: 目的了解云南省儿童青少年的膳食营养现状及其膳食营养存在的问题，为针对性制定云南省儿童青少年膳食营养干预措施提供理论依据。方法采用分层整群随机抽样的方法，于2022年8—11月选取云南省6个地级市的1 078名小学和初中学生作为研究对象，在3 d 24 h膳食调查基础上，应用中国儿童膳食指数(2016)(CCDI-2016)对其膳食质量进行评价。结果云南省儿童青少年的总膳食指数得分M(P₂₅，P₇₅)为62.63(54.57，71.19)。整体在谷类、蛋类和含糖饮料上基本达到推荐摄入量，膳食指数得分依次为9.91(8.24, 10.00)、5.58(0, 8.58)、9.20(7.38, 10.00)；蔬菜、豆类、饮水量、维生素A和膳食纤维摄入不足，得分依次为5.63(4.09, 7.59)、3.48(0, 9.70)、4.23(2.67, 5.50)、2.33(1.56, 3.53)、3.19(1.63, 5.67)；水果、奶类和水产品严重缺乏，得分依次为0(0, 1.74)、0(0, 2.37)、0(0, 9.85)；禽肉类摄入过量，膳食指数得分为0(0, 2.46)。分层分析表明，11~13岁儿童青少年的总膳食指数得分最高[65.35(54.29, 72.03)]，其次7~10岁[63.46(56.19, 72.63)]，14~17岁最低[59.07(51.15, 68.30)](H=32.23，P < 0.01)，女生高于男生[64.20(56.12, 72.56), 59.32(52.60, 69.72)，Z=-5.16，P < 0.01]，城镇高于农村[65.30(54.84, 73.62)，62.17(54.31, 70.70)，Z=-2.11，P < 0.05]，父、母学历水平越高的膳食指数得分也越高(H值分别为27.68，22.58，P值均 < 0.01)；各民族比较中，佤族儿童青少年的总膳食指数得分最高，哈尼族最低(H=27.51，P < 0.01)。结论云南省儿童青少年整体膳食质量不高，膳食营养失衡情况较为突出，膳食结构亟待调整优化。应重点关注儿童青少年的蔬果类、奶豆类以及水产品摄入不足和禽肉类摄入过量的问题。
- 膳食调查 /
- 营养状况 /
- 儿童 /
- 青少年 /
- 少数民族
Abstract: Objective To evaluate diet quality and related problems among children and adolescents in Yunnan Province, in order to provide a theoretical basis for the formulation of targeted dietary interventions for children and adolescents in this region. Methods Using a stratified random sampling method, 1 078 primary and secondary school students from six prefecture-level cities in Yunnan Province were selected from August to November 2022. Dietary quality was evaluated by applying the China Children's Dietary Index (CCDI-2016) on the basis of a 3 d 24 h dietary survey. Results The total dietary index score of children and adolescents in Yunnan Province was 62.63(54.57, 71.19). The overall recommended intakes were largely achieved by consumption of cereals, eggs and sugary drinks, with dietary index scores of 9.91(8.24, 10.00), 5.58(0, 8.58) and 9.20(7.38, 10.00), respectively; there were inadequate intakes of vegetables, legumes, water, vitamin A and dietary fiber, with scores of 5.63(4.09, 7.59), 3.48(0, 9.70), 4.23(2.67, 5.50), 2.33(1.56, 3.53), 3.19(1.63, 5.67), respectively; intake of fruits, dairy and aquatic products were severely deficient, with scores of 0(0, 1.74), 0(0, 2.37), 0(0, 9.85), respectively; excessive intake of meat was found, with a dietary index score of 0(0, 2.46). The stratified analysis showed that children and adolescents aged 11-13 years had the highest total dietary scores[65.35(54.29, 72.03)], followed by those aged 7-10 years[63.46(56.19, 72.63)], while the 14-17 year-old age-group had the lowest scores[59.07(51.15, 68.30), H=32.23, P < 0.01]. Girls had higher total dietary scores than that of boys[64.20(56.12, 72.56), 59.32(52.60, 69.72), Z=-5.16, P < 0.01], while urban children and adolescents had higher total dietary scores than rural children and adolescents[65.30(54.84, 73.62), 62.17(54.31, 70.70), Z=-2.11, P < 0.05]. Furthermore, higher total dietary index scores were observed among children and adolescents whose parents had a higher educational level(H=27.68, 22.58, P < 0.01). The comparison of ethnic groups revealed that the Wa children and adolescents had the highest total dietary index scores, while the Hani children had the lowest(H=27.51, P < 0.01). Conclusion The overall dietary quality of children and adolescents in Yunnan Province is not high, the imbalance of dietary nutrition is prominent, and the dietary structure needs to be adjusted and optimized. Intervention programs should focus on the problem of insufficient intake of fruits and vegetables, milk and legumes, aquatic products and excessive intake of poultry meat among children and adolescents.
- Diet surveys /
- Nutritional status /
- Child /
- Adolescent /
- Minority groups
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表 1 不同年龄段儿童青少年各类食物日均摄入量[M(P₂₅, P₇₅)]

Table 1. Average daily intake of various food groups for children and adolescents in different age groups[M(P₂₅, P₇₅)]

年龄/岁	能量/kcal	谷类/g	蔬菜/g	水果/g	奶类/g	豆类/g	禽肉类/g	水产品/g	蛋类/g
7~10	1 468(1 124, 1 901)	233(177, 283)	150(133, 250)	0(0, 26)	0(0, 33)	3(0, 16)	100(83, 170)	33(0, 67)	40(16, 65)
11~13	1 590(1 367, 1 812)	250(207, 287)	190(133, 257)	0(0, 17)	10(0, 83)	4(0, 15)	142(97, 208)	0(0, 16)	27(20, 50)
14~17	1 428(1 210, 1 723)	253(217, 293)	130(100, 200)	0(0, 24)	0(0, 40)	4(0, 17)	133(88, 183)	0(0, 27)	26(16, 44)
注： 1 kcal=4.18 kJ。

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表 2 不同年龄段儿童青少年的实际推荐食物指数/[(g·1 000 kcal^-1), M(P₂₅, P₇₅)]

Table 2. The actural IFR for children and adolescents of different age groups/[(g·1 000 kcal^-1), M(P₂₅, P₇₅)]

年龄/岁	谷类	蔬菜	水果	奶类	豆类	禽肉类	水产品	蛋类
7~10	157.96(130.19, 203.99)	118.90(93.17, 142.00)	0(0, 21.22)	0(0, 31.44)	2.65(0, 8.47)	83.33(56.59, 110.55)	15.41(0, 47.26)	24.06(10.16, 47.31)
11~13	156.79(131.63, 188.60)	115.25(81.24, 163.23)	0(0, 11.90)	5.59(0, 46.81)	2.47(0, 8.07)	94.24(55.45, 120.13)	0(0, 14.48)	17.54(9.73, 31.41)
14~17	169.44(137.00, 221.04)	92.19(70.50, 123.19)	0(0, 16.70)	0(0, 25.84)	2.50(0, 7.65)	96.41(70.96, 116.96)	0(0, 17.71)	19.74(9.66, 34.64)

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表 3 云南省7~17岁儿童青少年各类食物膳食指数得分情况[M(P₂₅, P₇₅)]

Table 3. Dietary index scores of children and adolescents aged 7-17 in Yunnan Province for various food group[M(P₂₅, P₇₅)]

人口学指标	选项	人数	谷类	蔬菜	水果	奶类	豆类	禽肉类	水产品
性别	男	497	9.89(8.12, 10.00)	5.39(4.07, 7.54)	0(0, 1.15)	0(0, 1.49)	3.32(0, 10.00)	0(0, 1.37)	0(0, 8.79)
	女	581	9.94(8.35, 10.00)	5.89(4.19, 7.64)	0(0, 2.74)	0(0, 3.15)	3.55(0, 9.18)	0(0, 3.33)	0(0, 10.00)
年龄/岁	7~10	334	10.00(8.05, 10.00)	6.32(4.96, 7.55)	0(0, 2.26)	0(0, 1.67)	2.65(0, 8.47)	0(0, 2.38)	6.16(0, 10.00)
	11~13	421	9.52(8.12, 10.00)	5.76(4.06, 8.16)	0(0, 1.19)	0.37(0, 3.12)	3.30(0, 10.00)	0(0, 0.58)	0(0, 5.79)
	14~17	323	10.00(8.39, 10.00)	4.92(3.76, 6.57)	0(0, 1.34)	0(0, 2.07)	4.17(0, 10.00)	0(0, 3.24)	0(0, 8.43)
民族	汉族	505	9.81(8.05, 10.00)	5.94(4.20, 8.05)	0(0, 1.90)	0(0, 1.48)	3.11(0, 9.16)	0(0, 3.51)	0(0, 9.79)
	哈尼族	109	10.00(8.85, 10.00)	4.89(3.90, 6.67)	0	0(0, 2.37)	0(0, 6.80)	0(0, 2.39)	0(0, 10.00)
	苗族	106	10.00(8.21, 10.00)	6.20(4.58, 7.97)	0	0(0, 1.62)	6.40(0, 10.00)	0(0, 2.24)	0
	佤族	104	9.14(7.56, 10.00)	5.51(3.32, 7.25)	1.21(0, 6.24)	1.92(0.37, 4.28)	8.16(3.35, 10.00)	0(0, 1.70)	0(0, 10.00)
	其他	254	10.00(8.37, 10.00)	5.41(4.18, 7.18)	0(0, 2.28)	0.66(0, 2.93)	2.13(0, 8.71)	0(0, 0.05)	0(0, 9.66)
户口类型	城镇	245	9.50(8.19, 10.00)	5.07(3.63, 6.89)	0(0, 5.13)	1.17(0, 3.81)	5.36(0, 10.00)	0(0, 1.30)	0(0, 10.00)
	农村	833	10.00(8.24, 10.00)	5.98(4.31, 7.78)	0(0, 0.03)	0(0, 1.74)	2.51(0, 8.74)	0(0, 2.53)	0(0, 9.41)
留守状况	留守	244	10.00(8.36, 10.00)	6.28(4.63, 8.40)	0	0(0, 1.30)	4.45(0, 8.94)	0(0, 1.23)	0
	非留守	834	9.83(8.22, 10.00)	5.45(3.99, 7.35)	0(0, 2.34)	0(0, 2.88)	3.30(0, 10.00)	0(0, 2.81)	0(0, 10.00)
父亲学历	小学及以下	440	10.00(8.38, 10.00)	5.40(4.20, 7.54)	0	0(0, 1.51)	1.35(0, 9.16)	0(0, 2.98)	0(0, 9.90)
	中学	509	9.93(8.33, 10.00)	6.07(4.36, 7.76)	0(0, 1.18)	0(0, 2.15)	3.60(0, 10.00)	0(0, 2.28)	0(0, 9.58)
	大专及以上	129	9.06(7.07, 10.00)	5.02(2.98, 6.88)	3.67(0, 8.48)	1.85(0, 5.30)	5.34(1.08, 10.00)	0(0, 1.59)	5.30(0, 10.00)
母亲学历	小学及以下	496	9.91(8.09, 10.00)	5.46(4.12, 7.74)	0	0(0, 1.78)	2.70(0, 9.04)	0(0, 2.97)	0(0, 6.75)
	中学	450	10.00(8.60, 10.00)	6.20(4.50, 7.57)	0(0, 1.50)	0(0, 1.78)	3.29(0, 10.00)	0(0, 1.84)	0(0, 10.00)
	大专及以上	132	9.09(7.16, 10.00)	4.63(3.32, 6.63)	2.83(0, 7.90)	2.06(0, 5.21)	5.26(0.98, 10.00)	0(0, 2.69)	0(0, 10.00)
家庭人均年收入/万元	< 1.5	466	10.00(8.37, 10.00)	6.09(4.36, 7.61)	0	0	3.21(0, 9.57)	0(0, 2.94)	0(0, 9.11)
	1.5~3.5	506	9.85(8.05, 10.00)	5.41(4.07, 7.53)	0(0, 1.72)	1.02(0, 2.94)	3.40(0, 10.00)	0(0, 3.12)	0(0, 10.00)
	>3.5	106	9.42(7.99, 10.00)	5.06(3.16, 8.46)	2.26(0, 6.61)	1.29(0, 3.51)	4.00(0, 9.76)	0	0(0, 8.28)
总体		1 078	9.91(8.24, 10.00)	5.63(4.09, 7.59)	0(0, 1.74)	0(0, 2.37)	3.48(0, 9.70)	0(0, 2.46)	0(0, 9.85)

人口学指标	选项	人数	蛋类	饮水量	含糖饮料	维生素A	膳食纤维	食物种类	日均能量
性别	男	497	5.52(0, 8.29)	4.10(2.43, 5.50)	9.33(7.60, 10.00)	2.14(1.33, 3.25)	3.14(1.62, 5.77)	4.00(3.33, 4.58)	7.73(5.17, 9.31)
	女	581	5.62(0, 8.96)	4.92(2.79, 5.50)	9.20(7.33, 10.00)	2.45(1.76, 3.89)	3.22(1.63, 5.59)	4.00(3.50, 5.00)	8.18(6.39, 9.71)
年龄/岁	7~10	334	4.79(0, 9.20)	5.50(2.67, 5.50)	10.00(8.13, 10.00)	3.45(2.17, 4.38)	2.40(1.31, 4.37)	3.67(3.33, 4.33)	8.15(6.62, 9.73)
	11~13	421	6.23(0, 8.75)	4.21(2.12, 5.67)	9.20(7.60, 10.00)	2.22(1.57, 3.19)	3.91(1.87, 6.74)	4.00(3.67, 4.67)	8.70(7.15, 9.85)
	14~17	323	4.97(0, 8.15)	4.15(3.11, 5.41)	8.40(6.53, 10.00)	1.81(1.22, 2.66)	3.56(1.76, 5.67)	4.33(3.67, 5.00)	6.07(3.74, 8.33)
民族	汉族	505	6.20(0.97, 9.01)	4.23(2.78, 5.50)	10.00(7.60, 10.00)	2.44(1.66, 3.47)	3.08(1.68, 5.68)	4.00(3.33, 4.42)	7.95(5.67, 9.53)
	哈尼族	109	2.36(0, 7.53)	4.23(2.68, 5.50)	10.00(7.77, 10.00)	2.17(1.22, 4.00)	1.76(1.26, 4.85)	3.67(3.33, 4.33)	7.72(5.19, 9.10)
	苗族	106	6.01(0, 9.17)	5.00(3.54, 5.75)	8.92(7.60, 10.00)	2.06(1.22, 3.09)	4.19(1.92, 6.36)	4.00(3.67, 4.67)	7.65(5.16, 9.54)
	佤族	104	3.63(0, 8.06)	2.73(2.09, 4.45)	7.88(4.88, 9.20)	2.72(1.66, 4.07)	4.45(2.49, 7.02)	4.67(4.00, 5.33)	8.87(7.05, 10.00)
	其他	254	5.00(0, 7.66)	4.84(2.73, 5.50)	8.67(6.77, 10.00)	2.29(1.53, 3.69)	3.09(1.47, 5.12)	4.00(3.33, 5.00)	8.05(6.05, 9.66)
户口类型	城镇	245	1.57(0, 7.78)	3.08(2.09, 5.50)	8.27(5.33, 10.00)	2.31(1.29, 3.96)	4.16(2.24, 6.20)	4.33(3.67, 5.33)	8.76(7.32, 10.00)
	农村	833	5.94(0.67, 8.84)	4.53(3.00, 5.50)	9.47(7.60, 10.00)	2.33(1.64, 3.46)	3.04(1.55, 5.47)	4.00(3.33, 4.33)	7.72(5.48, 9.36)
留守状况	留守	244	6.26(0.07, 8.74)	5.00(2.46, 6.13)	10.00(7.87, 10.00)	2.31(1.60, 3.20)	3.63(1.85, 5.67)	4.00(3.67, 4.33)	8.10(6.47, 9.51)
	非留守	834	5.09(0, 8.57)	4.23(2.73, 5.50)	9.20(7.20, 10.00)	2.34(1.55, 3.70)	3.08(1.54, 5.70)	4.00(3.33, 5.00)	7.92(5.69, 9.61)
父亲学历	小学及以下	440	5.63(0, 8.30)	4.50(2.67, 5.50)	9.20(7.60, 10.00)	2.06(1.42, 3.05)	2.78(1.47, 5.39)	4.00(3.33, 4.67)	7.76(5.33, 9.27)
	中学	509	5.74(0, 9.15)	4.42(3.03, 5.50)	10.00(7.60, 10.00)	2.56(1.70, 3.73)	3.33(1.68, 5.94)	4.00(3.33, 4.67)	8.10(5.90, 9.71)
	大专及以上	129	3.84(0, 7.83)	3.03(1.97, 5.36)	7.33(4.93, 9.33)	2.93(1.63, 5.07)	3.94(2.37, 5.72)	5.33(4.00, 5.67)	8.30(6.90, 9.78)
母亲学历	小学及以下	496	5.91(0.94, 8.56)	4.23(2.59, 5.53)	9.20(7.60, 10.00)	2.06(1.46, 3.08)	3.04(1.60, 5.57)	4.00(3.33, 4.67)	7.86(5.50, 9.42)
	中学	450	4.63(0, 8.95)	4.59(3.07, 5.50)	10.00(7.60, 10.00)	2.61(1.69, 4.09)	3.14(1.49, 5.69)	4.00(3.33, 4.67)	8.01(5.75, 9.63)
	大专及以上	132	3.87(0, 8.16)	3.22(1.97, 5.50)	8.27(5.60, 9.93)	2.94(1.94, 4.30)	3.92(2.37, 5.88)	5.00(4.00, 5.67)	8.57(6.91, 9.90)
家庭人均年收入/万元	< 1.5	466	5.68(0, 8.88)	4.23(2.50, 5.50)	10.00(7.60, 10.00)	2.25(1.50, 3.43)	3.25(1.58, 5.62)	4.00(3.33, 4.33)	7.78(5.48, 9.41)
	1.5~3.5	506	5.69(0, 8.58)	4.23(2.73, 5.50)	9.20(7.33, 10.00)	2.30(1.67, 3.49)	3.17(1.60, 5.87)	4.00(3.33, 4.67)	8.10(5.95, 9.71)
	>3.5	106	3.86(0, 7.88)	4.71(2.80, 5.83)	7.80(5.60, 9.82)	2.77(1.62, 4.42)	3.06(2.24, 5.52)	4.58(3.92, 5.33)	8.27(6.90, 9.68)
总体		1 078	5.58(0, 8.58)	4.23(2.67, 5.50)	9.20(7.38, 10.00)	2.33(1.56, 3.53)	3.19(1.63, 5.67)	4.00(3.33, 4.67)	7.99(5.87, 9.60)

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表 4 云南省不同组别7~17岁儿童青少年膳食指数总分比较[M(P₂₅, P₇₅)]

Table 4. Comparion of total dietary index scores of children and adolescents aged 7-17 among different groups in Yunnan Province[M(P₂₅, P₇₅)]

组别	选项	人数	膳食总分	Z/H值	P值
性别	男	497	59.32(52.60, 69.72)	-5.16	< 0.01
	女	581	64.20(56.12, 72.56)
年龄/岁	7~10	334	63.46(56.19, 72.63)	32.23	< 0.01
	11~13	421	65.35(54.29, 72.03)
	14~17	323	59.07(51.95, 68.30)
民族	汉族	505	63.71(55.21, 71.53)	27.51	< 0.01
	哈尼族	109	57.84(53.44, 64.55)
	苗族	106	62.29(53.46, 72.17)
	佤族	104	68.78(55.63, 76.86)
	其他	254	60.21(53.18, 70.52)
户口类型	城镇	245	65.30(54.84, 73.62)	-2.11	0.04
	农村	833	62.17(54.31, 70.70)
留守状况	留守	244	62.65(55.15, 70.26)	-0.23	0.82
	非留守	834	62.61(54.28, 71.65)
父亲学历	小学及以上	440	59.44(53.72, 69.07)	27.68	< 0.01
	中学	509	63.48(55.34, 71.96)
	大专及以上	129	68.72(55.57, 78.70)
母亲学历	小学及以上	496	61.00(53.06, 69.87)	22.58	< 0.01
	中学	450	63.01(55.50, 71.64)
	大专及以上	132	68.65(55.62, 78.63)
家庭人均年收	< 1.5	466	61.48(54.17, 70.18)	4.66	0.10
入/万元	1.5~3.5	506	63.41(55.20, 71.70)
	>3.5	106	64.48(53.45, 73.43)

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参考文献(25)

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