Development of speed indexes in student physical fitness tests
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摘要: 速度素质是世界各国(地区)学生体质健康测试的重要构成，不同测试体系通常以移动速度、动作速度与反应速度为参照设置各类指标；测试指标形式多样但数量较为统一，在适用年龄与性别上存在异同。就分类指标而言，移动速度测试指标有短跑与折返跑两种运动方式；动作速度与反应速度测试的必要性存在分歧。基于此，从能量代谢、健康效益等角度出发，对移动速度的测量属性与测试方式、动作速度与反应速度测试的必要性予以分析。结果提示，加速能力应是移动速度的测量属性，30 m跑可作为全体学生移动速度的通用指标；折返跑不宜作为移动速度测试指标的运动方式；动作速度与体质健康的关联程度较低，暂不适宜将其纳入测试体系；反应速度与体质健康存在紧密联系，理应将其纳入测试体系。Abstract: Speed is an important component of physical fitness testing for students around the world. On the whole, the different testing systems usually set up various indexes based on the moving speed, action speed and reaction speed; the indexes are diverse but uniform in number; there are differences in the age of application of the indexes and no gender differences. As far as the classification of indexes is concerned, there are two types of movement: sprinting and shuttle-run, for the moving speed test indexes; there are differences in the need for action speed and reaction speed tests. Based on this, from the perspective of energy metabolism and health benefits, the properties and testing methods for measuring moving speed and the need for action speed and reaction speed testing are analyzed. The study shows that acceleration capability should be a measured attribute of moving speed, the 30 m running can be used as a general index of moving speed for all students; the shuttle-run is not suitable as an index of moving speed; action speed is less correlated with physical health, so it should not be included in the testing system for the time being; and reaction speed which closely relates to physical health, should be included in the testing system.
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Key words:
- Body constitution /
- Speed quality /
- Health promotion /
- Students
1) 利益冲突声明 所有作者声明无利益冲突。 -
表 1 国内外体质健康测试体系中的速度素质指标
Table 1. List of speed indexes in domestic and foreign physical fitness testing systems
国家
(地区)标准名称 速度素质指标 年龄范围 移动速度 动作速度 反应速度 中国 国家学生体质健康标准[2] 50 m跑 小学一年级至大学四年级 国家体育锻炼标准[3] 30 m跑、50 m跑 30 s跳绳 30 m跑：6~8岁；50 m跑：9~24岁； 30 s跳绳：6~24岁 国民体质测定标准[4] 双脚连续跳 选择反应时 双脚连续跳：3~6岁；选择反应时： 20~69岁 新加坡 国民体质健康奖[5] 4×10 m折返跑 10~20岁 日本 新体力测定标准[6] 50 m跑 6~19岁 欧盟 青少年体适能测试[1] 10×5 m折返跑 双手交叉敲击圆盘 6~18岁 儿童青少年体适能组合测试[7] 4×10 m折返跑 13~17岁 俄罗斯 2013版劳卫制[8] 3×10 m折返跑、30 m跑、60 m跑、100 m跑 3×10 m折返跑：6~8岁；30 m跑：6~49岁；60 m跑：9~49岁；100 m跑：18~29岁 德国 运动能力测试[9] 20 m跑 6~18岁 美国 总统挑战计划[1] 4×10 m折返跑 6~17岁 
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