Comparison of emotional and behavioral problems of preschool children in only-child and multiple-child families/ FANG Hongying*
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摘要:
目的 探究不同生育环境下家庭单孩、多孩的情绪和行为问题，为结合养育方式提出合理有效的对策提供参考。 方法 采取分层随机整群抽样法，于2022年4—6月抽取铜陵市2 647名学龄前儿童的主要监护人进行调查, 采用自编养育情况调查表，运用儿童长处和困难问卷(SDQ)(父母版)对儿童情绪和行为问题进行评估。 结果 学龄前儿童情绪和行为问题总分异常检出率为15.5%，以同伴交往异常最高(19.5%)。多孩中，大孩(17.5%，20.4%)相较于二孩及三孩(11.5%，9.5%)更易发生品行问题、多动注意不能问题(χ2值分别为8.44，29.75，P值均 < 0.01)。单孩和多孩家庭养育态度差异有统计学意义(χ2=9.38，P < 0.05)。Logistic回归分析结果显示，做事常与孩子商量、说服教育、家庭成员管教观念一致与单孩和多孩情绪和行为异常呈负相关(OR值分别为0.15，0.49，0.38；0.34，0.40，0.42，P值均 < 0.05)，家庭关系融洽仅与单孩情绪和行为异常呈负相关(OR=0.08，P < 0.01)，母亲学历高(大专及以上，高中/中专/初中)仅与多孩情绪和行为异常呈负相关(OR值分别为0.30，0.45，P值均 < 0.05)。 结论 铜陵市学龄前儿童情绪和行为问题检出率较高，应积极关注多孩中的大孩及单孩的心理变化，促进学龄前儿童身心健康发展。 Abstract:Objective To explore the emotional and behavioral problems of different only-child and multiple-child families, and to provide a reference for developing effective parenting styles. Methods A stratified random cluster sampling method was adopted to investigate 2 647 guardians of preschool children in Tongling City from April to June, 2022. Children's emotional and behavioral problems were evaluated by using the self-designed parenting questionnaire and the Children's Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) parent edition. Results The abnormal total score detection rate of emotional and behavioral problems of preschool children was 15.5%, and the rate of abnormal peer interaction was the highest (19.5%). In multiple-child families, the first-born child (17.5%, 20.4%), compared with the second and third child (11.5%, 9.5%), was more likely to exhibit conduct and hyperactivity problems (χ2=8.44, 29.75, P < 0.01). There were differences in parenting attitudes between only-child and multiple-child families(χ2=9.38, P < 0.05). The results of the Logistic regression analysis showed that more frequent parent-child discussion, the persuasive education and consistent family discipline strategy were negatively related to the emotional and behavioral problems of only-children and children in multiple child families (OR=0.15, 0.49, 0.38; 0.34, 0.40, 0.42, P < 0.05). However, harmonious family relationships were only negatively related to emotional and behavioral problems in only-children (OR=0.08, P < 0.01), and a higher education level among mothers was negatively related to emotional and behavioral problems in children from multiple child family environments(OR=0.30, 0.45, P < 0.05). Conclusion The emotional and behavioral problems are serious of preschool children in Tongling City, the psychological development of the oldest children from multiple child and only-child families should be actively followed, as this would help to promote a better understanding of the development of preschool children's physical and mental health. -
Key words:
- Emotions /
- Behavior /
- Mental health /
- Regression analysis /
- Child, preschool
1) 利益冲突声明 所有作者声明无利益冲突。 -
表 1 不同组别多孩家庭儿童情绪和行为问题异常检出率比较
Table 1. Comparison of abnormal detection rates of emotional and behavioral problems in multiple children among different groups
组别 选项 人数 统计值 情绪症状 品行问题 多动注意不能 同伴交往 亲社会行为 困难总分 出生顺序 大孩 348 28(8.0) 61(17.5) 71(20.4) 58(16.7) 29(8.3) 35(10.1) 二孩及三孩 1 126 74(6.6) 130(11.5) 107(9.5) 233(20.7) 92(8.2) 92(8.2) χ2值 0.90 8.44 29.75 2.72 0.01 1.20 P值 0.34 < 0.01 < 0.01 0.10 0.92 0.27 儿童年龄差/岁 ＜5 753 46(6.1) 107(14.2) 105(13.9) 141(18.7) 73(9.7) 63(8.4) 5~＜10 472 30(6.4) 50(10.6) 40(8.5) 83(17.6) 32(6.8) 34(7.2) 10~＜15 217 20(9.2) 28(12.9) 27(12.4) 56(25.8) 13(6.0) 25(11.5) ≥15 32 6(18.8) 6(18.8) 6(18.8) 11(34.4) 3(9.4) 5(15.6) χ2值 9.73 4.34 9.61 11.24 4.96 5.58 P值 0.02 0.23 0.02 0.01 0.18 0.13 注：()内数字为检出率/%。 
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表 2 单孩和多孩家庭养育环境构成比较
Table 2. Comparison of the composition ratio of parenting environment between single-child and multi-child
组别 人数 养育态度 教育方式 管教观念 家庭关系 命令 百依百顺 商量 听之任之 顺其自然 说服教育 训斥责骂 一致 偶尔不一致 经常不一致 融洽 比较融洽 不融洽 单孩 1 173 88(7.5) 15(1.3) 1 064(90.7) 6(0.5) 27(2.3) 1 035(88.2) 111(9.5) 441(37.6) 689(58.7) 43(3.7) 929(79.2) 237(20.2) 7(0.6) 多孩 1 474 111(7.5) 31(2.1) 1 309(88.8) 23(1.6) 47(3.2) 1 271(86.2) 156(10.6) 498(33.8) 929(63.0) 47(3.2) 1 133(76.9) 336(22.8) 5(0.3) χ2值 9.38 2.95 5.08 3.44 P值 0.03 0.23 0.08 0.18 注：()内数字为构成比/%。
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表 3 单孩和多孩养育环境下的儿童情绪和行为问题单因素分析
Table 3. Univariate analysis of children's emotions and behaviors in single-child and multi-child parenting environments
组别 选项 单孩 多孩 人数 检出人数 χ2值 P值 人数 检出人数 χ2值 P值 母亲文化程度 大专及以上 755 93(12.3) 21.68 < 0.01 566 67(11.8) 16.57 < 0.01 高中/中专/初中 414 94(22.7) 870 142(16.3) 小学及以下 4 1(25.0) 38 13(34.2) 父亲文化程度 大专及以上 737 104(14.1) 5.85 0.05 683 90(13.2) 5.30 0.07 高中/中专/初中 433 83(19.2) 773 127(16.4) 小学及以下 3 1(33.3) 18 5(27.8) 养育态度 命令 88 26(29.5) 20.00 < 0.01 111 28(25.2) 24.60 < 0.01 百依百顺 15 4(26.7) 31 8(25.8) 商量 1 064 155(14.6) 1 309 177(13.5) 听之任之 6 3(50.0) 23 9(39.1) 教育方式 顺其自然 27 5(18.5) 30.60 < 0.01 47 12(25.5) 54.94 < 0.01 说服教育 1 035 145(14.0) 1 271 157(12.4) 训斥责骂 111 38(34.2) 156 53(34.0) 管教观念 一致 441 53(12.0) 23.54 < 0.01 498 49(9.8) 23.80 < 0.01 偶尔不一致 689 118(17.1) 929 158(17.0) 经常不一致 43 17(39.5) 47 15(31.9) 家庭关系 融洽 929 126(13.6) 31.49 < 0.01 1 133 174(15.4) 0.48 0.79 比较融洽 237 57(24.1) 336 47(14.0) 不融洽 7 5(71.4) 5 1(20.0) 注：()内数字为检出率/%。
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表 4 单孩和多孩养育环境下的学龄前儿童情绪和行为多因素Logistic回归分析
Table 4. Logistic regression analysis of emotions and behaviors of preschool children in single-child and multi-child rearing environments
自变量 选项 单孩(n=1 173) 多孩(n=1 474) β值 标准误 Wald χ2值 P值 OR值(OR值95%CI) β值 标准误 Wald χ2值 P值 OR值(OR值95%CI) 母亲文化程度 大专及以上 -0.67 1.27 0.28 0.60 0.51(0.04~6.62) -1.21 0.40 8.99 < 0.01 0.30(0.14~0.66) 高中/中专/初中 0.04 1.26 < 0.01 0.98 1.04(0.09~12.31) -0.79 0.39 4.17 0.04 0.45(0.21~0.97) 养育态度 命令 -1.29 0.88 2.15 0.14 0.27(0.05~1.55) -0.66 0.44 2.21 0.14 0.52(0.22~1.23) 百依百顺 -1.61 1.04 2.39 0.12 0.20(0.03~1.54) -0.64 0.53 1.46 0.23 0.53(0.19~1.49) 商量 -1.87 0.85 4.89 0.03 0.15(0.03~0.81) -1.08 0.41 6.86 0.01 0.34(0.15~0.76) 教育方式 顺其自然 -0.73 0.57 1.66 0.20 0.48(0.16~1.47) -0.54 0.33 2.74 0.10 0.58(0.31~1.10) 说服教育 -0.71 0.25 8.17 < 0.01 0.49(0.30~0.80) -0.91 0.16 32.36 < 0.01 0.40(0.30~0.55) 管教观念 一致 -0.96 0.39 6.11 0.01 0.38(0.18~0.82) -0.86 0.27 10.06 < 0.01 0.42(0.25~0.72) 偶尔不一致 -0.64 0.37 2.99 0.08 0.53(0.26~1.09) -0.43 0.25 2.84 0.09 0.65(0.40~1.07) 家庭关系 融洽 -2.54 0.91 7.86 0.01 0.08(0.01~0.47) -0.32 1.12 0.08 0.78 0.73(0.08~6.53) 比较融洽 -2.02 0.91 4.89 0.03 0.13(0.02~0.80) -0.43 1.13 0.15 0.70 0.65(0.07~5.95) 注：母亲文化程度以小学及以下为对照，养育态度以听之任之为对照，教育方式以训斥责骂为对照，管教观念以经常不一致为对照，家庭关系以不融洽为对照。
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