河南省农村学校饮用水重金属空间分布特征和健康风险评估

张欣烨; 张杰; 彭靖; 闫晓娜; 赵秋艳; 杨似玉; 王永星

doi:10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.02.034

河南省农村学校饮用水重金属空间分布特征和健康风险评估

doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.02.034

河南省疾病预防控制中心环境卫生研究室，郑州 450016

详细信息

作者简介:
张欣烨(1987-)，女，河南郑州人，硕士，副主任技师，主要从事环境与健康和理化检验工作

利益冲突声明 所有作者声明无利益冲突。
中图分类号: G478 R123
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-09-01
- 修回日期: 2022-10-15
- 网络出版日期: 2023-03-02
- 刊出日期: 2023-02-25

Spatial distribution and health risk assessment of heavy metals in drinking water of rural schools in Henan Province

Department of Environmental Sanitation, Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhengzhou(450016), China

摘要

摘要: 目的评估河南省农村学校饮用水中5种重金属的健康风险，为农村学校饮水安全提供科学依据。方法对河南省106个地市、县(区)的农村学校1 269份饮用水样品中砷、镉、铬、铅、汞5种重金属(As、Cd、Cr⁶⁺、Pb、Hg)进行监测，基于地理信息系统(GIS)对其空间分布特征进行研究，同时采用美国环境保护署(EPA)推荐的健康风险评估方法对5种重金属经口摄入途径的健康风险进行评估。结果监测饮用水中As的质量体积浓度合格率为100%，Cd、Cr⁶⁺、Pb、Hg的达标率分别为99.9%，99.9%，99.5%，99.6%。致癌性风险最高的是As(3.05×10^-5)，其次为Cr⁶⁺(2.73×10^-5)；非致癌性风险最高的是As(0.158 3)，其次为Pb(0.041 7)。女生的致癌风险和非致癌风险均高于男生；致癌性风险和非致癌性风险在不同地区间差异有统计学意义(P值均 < 0.05)。结论河南省农村学校饮用水中5种重金属的健康风险均在EPA推荐的人群可接受风险范围内，其中砷、铬、铅为河南省农村学校饮用水中主要的健康风险因子，可能会对中小学生的健康成长产生负面影响，应在日后的饮水安全管理中予以优先关注。
- 饮水 /
- 金属, 重 /
- 环境监测 /
- 农村卫生
Abstract: Objective To evaluate health risks of five heavy metals in drinking water of rural schools in Henan Province, so as to provide scientific basis for drinking water safety in rural schools. Methods Totally 1 269 drinking water samples were collected and analyzed for five heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr⁶⁺, Pb, Hg) concentration in 106 cities and counties of Henan Province, and its spatial distribution characteristics were explored by geographic information system (GIS). Risk assessment method recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) was applied to evaluate health risks from five heavy metals through oral ingestion. Results The qualified rate of As concentration was 100%, and the qualified rates of Cd, Cr⁶⁺, Pb and Hg were 99.9%, 99.9%, 99.5%, 99.6%. The highest carcinogenic risk was As (3.05×10^-5), followed by Cr⁶⁺(2.73×10^-5), and the highest non-carcinogenic risk was As (0.158 3), followed by Pb(0.041 7). The carcinogenic risk and non-carcinogenic risk were all higher in girls than boys. The carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks were differences in different regions(P < 0.05). Conclusion Health risks of five heavy metals in drinking water for rural schools in Henan Province were within the acceptable risk level recommended by EPA. As, Cr⁶⁺ and Pb were the main health risk factors in drinking water, and that might impact negatively the healthy growth of primary and middle school students. These should be future efforts of drinking water safety management.
- Drinking /
- Metals, heavy /
- Environmental monitoring /
- Rural health
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图 1 河南省农村学校饮用水中重金属质量体积浓度各地区分布

Figure 1. Distribution of heavy metals in drinking water of rural schools in Henan Province

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表 1 河南省农村学校饮用水中重金属质量体积浓度水平/(mg·L^-1)

Table 1. Heavy metals concentrations in drinking water of rural schools in Henan Province/(mg·L^-1)

重金属	合格率/%	检出限	检出率/%	范围	M(P₂₅, P₇₅)
砷	100.0	0.001 0	20.3	ND~0.044 0	0.000 5(0.000 5, 0.001 0)
镉	99.9	0.000 5	13.9	ND~0.005 0	0.000 2(0.000 2, 0.000 2)
铬	99.9	0.004 0	12.0	ND~0.055 0	0.002 0(0.002 0, 0.002 0)
铅	99.5	0.002 5	9.2	ND~0.019 0	0.001 2(0.001 2, 0.001 2)
汞	99.6	0.000 1	14.4	ND~0.001 0	0.000 1(0.000 1, 0.000 1)

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表 2 河南省农村学校饮用水中重金属的健康风险评估

Table 2. Health risk assessment of heavy metals in drinking water of rural schools in Henan province

组别	选项	水样数	致癌风险(CR)			非致癌风险(HQ)
组别	选项	水样数	砷	铬	铅	砷	镉	铬	铅	汞
性别	男	654	2.93×10^-5	2.63×10^-5	2.04×10^-7	0.152 2	0.035 1	0.024 5	0.040 1	0.012 4
	女	615	3.20×10^-5	2.86×10^-5	2.23×10^-7	0.165 7	0.038 2	0.026 7	0.043 7	0.013 5
地区	豫北	270	3.05×10^-5	2.74×10^-5	2.13×10^-7	0.158 1	0.036 6	0.025 5	0.041 7	0.012 9
	豫南	443	2.66×10^-5	2.87×10^-5	2.11×10^-7	0.138 1	0.039 1	0.026 8	0.041 4	0.014 3
	豫西	136	2.20×10^-5	2.57×10^-5	1.88×10^-7	0.113 9	0.026 0	0.024 0	0.036 8	0.012 0
	豫东	169	2.42×10^-5	2.11×10^-5	1.96×10^-7	0.125 6	0.027 6	0.019 7	0.038 5	0.013 0
	豫中	251	1.43×10^-5	2.28×10^-5	1.85×10^-7	0.073 9	0.026 3	0.021 3	0.036 2	0.008 0
水样类型	出厂水	239	3.41×10^-5	2.22×10^-5	2.35×10^-7	0.176 9	0.033 8	0.020 7	0.046 0	0.013 9
	末梢水	1 030	3.05×10^-5	2.73×10^-5	2.13×10^-7	0.158 3	0.036 5	0.025 5	0.041 7	0.012 9
总体		1 269	3.05×10^-5	2.73×10^-5	2.13×10^-7	0.158 3	0.036 5	0.025 5	0.041 7	0.012 9

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