中国2010—2019年5个少数民族中学生体质健康状况及性别差异

刘云飞; 师嫡; 钟盼亮; 党佳佳; 马宁; 蔡珊; 胡佩瑾; 马军; 宋逸

doi:10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.01.023

中国2010—2019年5个少数民族中学生体质健康状况及性别差异

doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2023.01.023

北京大学公共卫生学院/儿童青少年卫生研究所, 北京 100191

基金项目:

北京市教育科学规划重点课题项目 3017-0019

详细信息

作者简介:
刘云飞(1997-), 男, 江西省人, 在读博士, 主要研究方向为儿童青少年健康和健康公平

通讯作者:
宋逸, E-mail: songyi@bjmu.edu.cn

利益冲突声明 所有作者声明无利益冲突。
中图分类号: R179 G478
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-07-18
- 修回日期: 2022-09-22
- 网络出版日期: 2023-02-06
- 刊出日期: 2023-01-25

Physical fitness and health status and gender differences of middle school students among five Chinese minorities during 2010 to 2019

School of Public Health/Institute of Child and Adolescent Health, Peking University, Beijing(100191), China

摘要

摘要: 目的分析中国蒙古族、回族、维吾尔族、壮族和朝鲜族中学生体质健康状况及性别差异, 为制定改善其体质健康干预措施提供理论依据。方法基于2010, 2014和2019年全国学生体质与健康调研数据, 根据《国家学生体质健康标准(2014年修订)》定义体质健康优秀/优良标准。使用Cochran-Armitage趋势性检验分析体质健康状况变化趋势, 使用χ²检验和Logistic回归分析其性别和年度差异。结果 2010-2019年, 蒙古族、回族、维吾尔族、壮族和朝鲜族学生体质健康优秀率分别从1.8%, 0.7%, 0.3%, 0.5%和1.3%上升为4.3%, 2.8%, 1.2%, 1.3%和3.5%, 蒙古族、回族、维吾尔族和壮族学生优良率分别从12.9%, 8.0%, 7.2%, 8.4%上升为24.7%, 20.1%, 12.6%, 19.8%(Z值分别为6.15, 6.71, 4.12, 3.06, 5.26;11.88, 13.42, 6.70, 11.08, P值均 < 0.05)。2019年, 各民族13~15岁学生体质健康状况优于16~18岁学生, 男生优于女生, 但性别差异在10年间出现缩小趋势。结论五大少数民族学生体质健康状况在2010-2019年间有所改善, 且性别差异缩小, 但距离国家提出的目标仍有较大差距。需要针对女生、16~18岁学生特点, 进一步采取对应措施提高其体质健康水平。
- 体质 /
- 性别因素 /
- 回归分析 /
- 少数民族 /
- 学生
Abstract: Objective To analyze physical fitness and health status and gender differences of middle school students among 5 minorities (Mongolian, Hui, Uyghur, Zhuang and Korean), and to provide the theoretical basis for the strategy formulation. Methods The present data came from 3 waves of Chinese National Survey on Students Constitution and Health (2010, 2014, and 2019).According to National Standards for Students' Physical Health (2014 Revision), excellent, and excellent-good physical fitness and health status were defined.Cochran-Armitage test was used to examine the trends of physical fitness and health status.Chi-square test and Logistic regression were used to analyze the difference of physical fitness and health status by sex and survey year. Results From 2010 to 2019, the excellent physical fitness and health status rate of Mongolian, Hui, Uyghur, Zhuang and Korean students increased from 1.8%, 0.7%, 0.3%, 0.5% and 1.3% to 4.3%, 2.8%, 1.2%, 1.3% and 3.5%, respectively.The excellent-good physical fitness and health status rate of Mongolian, Hui, Uyghur and Zhuang students increased from 12.9%, 8.0%, 7.2% and 8.4% to 24.7%, 20.1%, 12.6% and 19.8%(Z=6.15, 6.71, 4.12, 3.06, 5.26;11.88, 13.42, 6.70, 11.08, P < 0.05), respectively.In 2019, students aged 13 to 15 years showed higher proportion of excellent/excellent-good physical fitness and health status than that of students aged 16 to 18.Boys were more likely to be in excellent/excellent-good physical fitness and health status than girls from 2010 to 2019.The sex difference in excellent/excellent-good physical fitness and health status narrowed during 2010 and 2019. Conclusion Physical fitness and health status of minority students improved while sex difference narrowed during last decade, but there is still a long way to reach the goal proposed by China.Targeted intervention should be proposed to promote physical fitness and health status in accordance with the developmental characteristics, especially for girls and students aged 16 to 18 years.
- Body constitution /
- Sex factors /
- Regression analysis /
- Minority groups /
- Students
注释:

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表 1 不同民族中学生2010—2019年体质健康优秀率与优良率比较

Table 1. Comparison of physical fitness and health status of middle school students from different minorities during 2010 and 2019

民族	年份	统计值	优秀率			优良率
民族	年份	统计值	13~15岁	16~18岁	合计	13~15岁	16~18岁	合计
蒙古族	2010		22(2.2)	16(1.5)	38(1.8)	150(15.2)	117(10.8)	267(12.9)
	2014		25(1.9)	11(0.9)	36(1.4)	233(18.1)	152(11.8)	385(15.0)
	2019		126(6.3)^*	31(1.8)	157(4.3) ^*	603(30.3) ^*	307(18.2) ^*	910(24.7)
		Z值	6.14	1.04	6.15	10.03	5.78	11.88
		P值	< 0.01	0.30	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01
回族	2010		11(0.7)	10(0.7)	21(0.7)	120(7.4)	127(8.6)	247(8.0)
	2014		19(1.3)	12(0.9)	31(1.1)	233(16.5) ^*	167(12.3) ^*	400(14.5) ^*
	2019		66(3.9)^*	14(1.3)	80(2.8) ^*	406(23.8) ^*	161(14.4)	567(20.1) ^*
		Z值	6.55	1.51	6.71	12.85	4.66	13.42
		P值	< 0.01	0.13	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01
维吾尔族	2010		4(0.3)	4(0.3)	8(0.3)	88(6.2)	118(8.2)	206(7.2)
	2014		3(0.2)	8(0.6)	11(0.4)	75(5.3)	95(6.7)	170(6.0)
	2019		20(1.7)^*	8(0.7)	28(1.2) ^*	163(13.6) ^*	139(11.7) ^*	302(12.6) ^*
		Z值	4.19	1.45	4.12	6.63	2.91	6.70
		P值	< 0.01	0.15	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01
壮族	2010		9(0.8)	2(0.2)	11(0.5)	139(11.7)	60(5.1)	199(8.4)
	2014		9(0.7)	6(0.5)	15(0.6)	198(14.6) ^*	138(10.8) ^*	336(12.8) ^*
	2019		17(1.6)	9(0.9)	26(1.3)	272(25.6) ^*	134(13.5)	406(19.8) ^*
		Z值	1.99	2.45	3.06	8.71	6.77	11.08
		P值	< 0.05	0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01
朝鲜族	2010		27(2.1)	5(0.4)	32(1.3)	299(23.4)	83(6.7)	382(15.1)
	2014		16(1.4)	3(0.3)	19(0.9)	234(20.1)	96(9.7) ^*	330(15.3)
	2019		59(5.3)^*	9(1.1)	68(3.5) ^*	297(26.9) ^*	36(4.3) ^*	333(17.2)
		Z值	4.53	1.88	5.26	1.83	-1.59	1.76
		P值	< 0.01	0.06	< 0.01	0.07	0.11	0.08
注： ()内数字为优良率或优秀率/%。*与前一调查年份比较，P < 0.05。

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表 2 不同民族中学生2010—2019年体质健康优秀率性别间比较

Table 2. Comparison of sex difference for excellent physical fitness and health status of middle school students from different minorities during 2010 to 2019

民族	性别	统计值	2010年			2014年			2019
民族	性别	统计值	13~15岁	16~18岁	合计	13~15岁	16~18岁	合计	13~15岁	16~18岁	合计
蒙古族	男		20(4.1)	16(2.9)	36(3.5)	23(3.6)	11(1.7)	34(2.7)	99(9.8)	28(3.4)	127(7.0)
	女		2(0.4)	0	2(0.2)	2(0.3)	0	2(0.2)	27(2.7)	3(0.4)	30(1.6)
		χ²值	13.65	14.11	29.19	16.54	9.42	27.64	40.98	20.17	62.36
		P值	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01
回族	男		10(1.2)	8(1.1)	18(1.1)	18(2.7)	11(1.7)	29(2.2)	50(5.8)	11(2.1)	61(4.4)
	女		1(0.1)	2(0.3)	3(0.2)	1(0.1)	1(0.1)	2(0.1)	16(1.9)	3(0.5)	19(1.3)
		χ²值	4.92	3.99	8.46	15.09	7.97	24.88	15.98	4.81	23.47
		P值	0.03	0.10^*	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01	0.03	< 0.01
维吾尔族	男		4(0.6)	4(0.6)	8(0.6)	3(0.4)	8(1.1)	11(0.8)	17(2.8)	8(1.3)	25(2.1)
	女		0	0	0	0	0	0	3(0.5)	0	3(0.3)
		χ²值						9.19	8.16		15.39
		P值	0.12^*	0.12^*	< 0.01^*	0.12^*	< 0.01^*	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01^*	< 0.01
壮族	男		8(1.3)	2(0.3)	10(0.8)	7(1.1)	5(0.8)	12(0.9)	16(3.0)	8(1.6)	24(2.3)
	女		1(0.2)	0	1(0.1)	2(0.3)	1(0.2)	3(0.2)	1(0.2)	1(0.2)	2(0.2)
		χ²值	7.96		5.74	3.73	5.00	4.51	11.45	7.94	16.77
		P值	0.04^*	0.50^*	0.02	0.10^*	0.22^*	0.03	< 0.01	0.04^*	< 0.01
朝鲜族	男		22(3.4)	4(0.6)	26(2.0)	14(2.4)	2(0.4)	16(1.5)	25(4.7)	5(1.2)	30(3.1)
	女		5(0.8)	1(0.2)	6(0.5)	2(0.4)	1(0.2)	3(0.3)	34(6.0)	4(1.0)	38(3.9)
		χ²值	9.04	4.00	10.99	7.18	2.03	7.42	0.66	1.24	0.53
		P值	< 0.01	0.37^*	< 0.01	< 0.01	0.62^*	< 0.01	0.42	1.00^*	0.47
注： ()内数字为优秀率/%。*为使用Fisher精确检验。

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表 3 不同民族中学生2010—2019年体质健康优良率性别间比较

Table 3. Comparison of difference for excellent-good physical fitness and health status of middle school students from different minorities during 2010 to 2019

民族	性别	统计值	2010年			2014年			2019
民族	性别	统计值	13~15岁	16~18岁	合计	13~15岁	16~18岁	合计	13~15岁	16~18岁	合计
蒙古族	男		112(22.8)	93(17.0)	205(19.8)	179(27.9)	132(20.8)	311(24.4)	367(36.4)	238(28.9)	605(33.0)
	女		38(7.7)	24(4.4)	62(6.0)	54(8.3)	20(3.1)	74(5.7)	236(24.0)	69(8.0)	305(16.5)
		χ²值	42.94	43.45	86.67	82.18	95.12	175.10	36.01	122.85	134.64
		P值	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01
回族	男		93(10.9)	96(12.9)	189(11.8)	147(21.7)	118(18.6)	265(20.2)	260(30.0)	106(20.6)	366(26.5)
	女		27(3.6)	31(4.2)	58(3.9)	86(11.7)	49(6.8)	135(9.3)	146(17.4)	55(9.1)	201(14.0)
		χ²值	29.95	34.63	64.98	25.13	41.71	65.36	36.24	28.95	68.44
		P值	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01
维吾尔族	男		76(10.8)	104(14.5)	180(12.6)	68(9.6)	93(13.1)	161(11.3)	114(18.7)	132(21.9)	246(20.3)
	女		12(1.7)	14(2.0)	26(1.8)	7(1.0)	2(0.3)	9(0.6)	49(8.3)	7(1.2)	56(4.7)
		χ²值	48.10	72.88	122.27	51.29	91.62	143.65	26.67	122.64	129.84
		P值	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01
壮族	男		97(16.2)	43(7.2)	140(11.7)	120(18.3)	94(14.6)	214(16.5)	176(32.8)	80(16.0)	256(24.7)
	女		42(7.1)	17(2.9)	59(5.0)	78(11.2)	44(6.9)	122(9.1)	96(18.3)	54(11.0)	150(14.8)
		χ²值	22.84	10.71	34.01	12.84	19.24	31.09	28.88	4.83	31.35
		P值	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01	< 0.01	0.03	< 0.01
朝鲜族	男		186(28.6)	47(7.5)	233(18.3)	145(24.4)	50(10.1)	195(17.9)	135(25.2)	25(6.0)	160(16.8)
	女		113(18.1)	36(5.8)	149(12.0)	89(15.6)	46(9.2)	135(12.6)	162(28.4)	11(2.6)	173(17.5)
		χ²值	18.98	1.24	19.07	13.26	0.15	11.20	1.23	4.78	0.15
		P值	< 0.01	0.27	< 0.01	< 0.01	0.70	< 0.01	0.27	0.03	0.69
注： ()内数字为优良率/%。

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表 4 不同民族中学生2010—2019年体质健康优秀率和体质健康优良率与性别的关联

Table 4. The relationship between the excellent/excellent-good physical fitness and health status rate and sex among middle school students from different minorities during 2010 to 2019

民族	年龄段/岁	体质健康优秀率			体质健康优良率
民族	年龄段/岁	2010	2014	2019	2010	2014	2019
蒙古族	13~15	10.51(1.54~71.50)^*	12.02(1.79~80.72)^*	3.86(2.18~6.85)^*	3.57(2.13~5.98)^*	4.26(2.77~6.55)^*	1.82(1.41~2.35)^*
	16~18	—	—	10.12(2.11~48.63)^*	4.41(2.39~8.14)^*	8.28(4.38~15.66)^*	4.69(3.21~6.85)^*
	合计	18.61(2.86~121.19)^*	17.75(2.72~115.99)^*	4.52(2.66~7.68)^*	3.87(2.62~5.74)^*	5.34(3.76~7.58)^*	2.50(2.03~3.07)^*
回族	13~15	8.93(0.60~133.42)	20.10(1.42~284.49)^*	3.14(1.48~6.65)^*	3.29(1.85~5.87)^*	2.10(1.43~3.07)^*	2.03(1.50~2.74)^*
	16~18	3.99(0.52~30.74)	12.60(0.85~186.39)	4.38(0.81~23.62)	3.37(1.95~5.85)^*	3.11(1.95~4.93)^*	2.59(1.64~4.11)^*
	合计	5.65(1.13~28.24)^*	16.40(2.49~108.06)^*	3.46(1.75~6.85)^*	3.31(2.22~4.94)^*	2.47(1.84~3.31)^*	2.22(1.73~2.86)^*
维吾尔族	13~15	—	—	5.61(1.11~28.34)^*	6.98(3.10~15.72)^*	10.74(3.83~30.16)^*	2.54(1.59~4.05)^*
	16~18	—	—	—	8.49(4.02~17.93)^*	53.49(8.44~338.86)^*	23.43(8.52~64.44)^*
	合计	—	—	8.27(1.71~40.04)^*	7.77(4.48~13.46)^*	20.17(8.30~49.02)^*	5.12(3.44~7.61)^*
壮族	13~15	7.97(0.52~123.01)	3.73(0.47~29.57)	16.15(1.13~230.91)^*	2.52(1.53~4.16)^*	1.77(1.18~2.65)^*	2.19(1.50~3.19)^*
	16~18	—	5.01(0.30~84.47)	7.95(0.52~122.63)	2.62(1.23~5.57)^*	2.32(1.41~3.80)^*	1.54(0.95~2.50)
	合计	9.95(0.67~148.49)	4.14(0.78~21.87)	12.02(1.80~80.33)^*	2.52(1.67~3.82)^*	1.96(1.43~2.67)^*	1.89(1.41~2.54)^*
朝鲜族	13~15	4.34(1.20~15.67)^*	6.83(0.97~48.16)	0.77(0.39~1.55)	1.81(1.28~2.57)^*	1.74(1.18~2.56)^*	0.85(0.60~1.21)
	16~18	4.00(0.22~71.51)	2.03(0.09~47.76)	1.24(0.22~7.05)	1.32(0.73~2.39)	1.11(0.64~1.93)	2.33(0.90~6.02)
	合计	4.30(1.33~13.88)^*	5.30(1.04~26.89)^*	0.81(0.43~1.54)	1.65(1.23~2.21)^*	1.51(1.10~2.06)^*	0.95(0.69~1.29)
注：模型分别以处于体质健康优秀、优良状态为因变量(处于优秀/优良状态，是=1，否=0)，以性别为自变量(女生为参照组)；*P < 0.05。

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参考文献(18)

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