Physical fitness and associated factors among primary and middle school students in Henan Province in 2019
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摘要:
目的 了解河南省中小学生的体能状况及影响因素, 为提高中小学生的身体素质水平提供理论依据。 方法 采用2019年河南省全国学生体质与健康调研数据, 共调查42 734人。通过Z分法计算各项体能指标的Z值, 相加得出体能指数(PFI), 综合反映体能状况。比较不同组别学生的体能指标, 并通过多重线性回归对PFI的影响因素进行分析。 结果 男生的肺活量、握力、立定跳远、50 m跑、50 m×8往返跑、PFI分别为, 均优于女生, 差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为59.35, 62.66, 81.87, -74.92, -16.72, 85.96, P值均 < 0.01);而男生坐位体前屈低于女生, 差异有统计学意义(t=-68.57, P < 0.01)。男女生在不同年龄段的各项体能指标的成绩差异均有统计学意义(P值均 < 0.01);城市男生在力量素质、耐力素质和柔韧性素质方面与农村男生有一定差距; 城市女生的身体素质整体优于农村女生。中小学生视力不良、营养不良、超重肥胖、贫血、血压偏高的检出率分别为68.0%, 5.4%, 26.0%, 15.9%, 18.0%。地区、性别、年龄段和营养状况(营养不良、超重肥胖)为PFI的影响因素(β值分别为-0.23, -2.92, -0.11, -1.19, -0.78, P值均 < 0.05)。 结论 河南省中小学生的体能状况在不同性别、不同年龄段、不同地区、不同患病情况之间存在差异。应对农村、女生、高年级、营养不良和超重肥胖的学生重点进行科学的干预和指导, 改善体能状况。 Abstract:Objective To understand physical fitness among primary and middle school students in Henan Province, so as to provide theoretical basis for physical fitness promotion among primary and middle school students. Methods Based on data of National Survey on Student Physical Fitness and Health in Henan Province in 2019, a total of 42 734 students were investigated.The Z-value of each physical fitness index were calculated by Z method, physical fitness index (PFI) was obtained to reflect the physical fitness condition synthetically.Physical fitness of different groups were compared, and associated factors of PFI were analyzed by multiple linear regression. Results Lung capacity, grip strength, standing long jump, 50 m run, 50 m×8 shuttle run and PFI in boys were, respectively, which were significantly higher than that of girls (t=59.35, 62.66, 81.87, -74.92, -16.72, 85.96, P < 0.01).The seated forward flexion of boys was significantly lower than that of girls, the difference was statistically significant (t=-68.57, P < 0.01).Significant sex differences were observed in physical fitness at different age (P < 0.01).There was a certain gap between urban boys and rural boys in terms of strength quality, endurance quality and flexibility quality, and the physical quality of urban girls was better than that of rural girls as a whole.The detection rates of poor eyesight, malnutrition, overweight and obesity, anemia and high blood pressure of primary and middle school students were 68.0%, 5.4%, 26.0%, 15.9% and 18.0%, respectively.Region, sex, age and nutritional status (malnutrition, overweight and obesity) were the influencing factors of PFI (β=-0.23, -2.92, -0.11, -1.19, -0.78, P < 0.05). Conclusion Physical fitness among primary and middle school students varies in gender, age group, region and disease condition in Henan Province.Scientific intervention should be administered, especially for rural, female students, senior students, undernourished and overweight and obese students, to improve health awareness and physical fitness. -
Key words:
- Growth and development /
- Running /
- Vital capacity /
- Regression analysis /
- Students
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表 1 不同性别学生各项体能指标比较(x±s)
Table 1. Comparison of physical fitness indexes of students in different gender groups(x±s)
性别 人数 肺活量/mL 握力/N 坐位体前屈/cm 立定跳远/cm 50 m跑/s 50 m×8往返跑/s PFI 男 21 376 2 552.1±1 226.5 26.0±13.9 7.0±7.5 171.0±43.7 9.3±1.8 132.1±22.6 1.4±3.6 女 21 358 1 965.2±765.3 19.1±8.2 11.8±7.1 142.4±26.6 10.5±1.4 136.9±21.1 -1.4±3.2 t值 59.35 62.66 -68.57 81.87 -74.92 -16.72 85.96 P值 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 
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表 2 不同性别学生各年龄段体能指标比较(x±s)
Table 2. Comparison of physical fitness indexes of students in different age and gender groups(x±s)
性别 年龄/岁 人数 统计值 肺活量/mL 握力/N 坐位体前屈/cm 立定跳远/cm 斜身引体向上或1 min仰卧起坐/(次·min-1) 男 6~9 6 647 1 324.3±423.0 11.8±3.7 5.6±6.1 126.8±20.5 19.1±16.2 10~12 4 957 2 115.2±605.9* 20.2±6.0* 3.9±6.7* 155.7±24.0* 22.2±18.8 13~15 4 836 3 244.6±824.4*# 34.0±8.4*# 7.9±7.7*# 197.9±26.4*# 16~18 4 936 3 965.9±740.8*#△ 43.0±7.6*#△ 11.2±7.6*#△ 219.6±22.9*#△ F/t值 18 318.9 25 810.1 1 039.3 17 996.5 -89.1 P值 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 女 6~9 6 649 1 200.1±383.8 10.2±3.6 10.7±6.0 117.1±18.7 21.1±9.7 10~12 5 010 1 896.4±530.0* 18.4±5.0* 9.6±7.0* 142.5±20.0* 26.4±9.4* 13~15 4 864 2 411.7±573.5*# 24.3±5.2*# 12.9±7.3*# 156.2±19.6*# 29.1±9.6*# 16~18 4 835 2 639.2±546.0*#△ 26.8±5.0*#△ 14.7±7.1*#△ 163.0±18.8*#△ 29.7±9.0*#△ F值 9 290.1 14 409.2 571.9 6 514.2 1 015.8 P值 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 性别 年龄/岁 人数 统计值 引体向上/(次·min-1) 50 m跑/s 50 m×8往返跑/s 800或1 000 m跑/s PFI 男 6~9 6 647 11.1±1.3 137.3±19.0 0.5±3.7 10~12 4 957 9.7±1.2* 125.1±25.0 0.6±3.8* 13~15 4 836 2.0±2.9 8.2±1.0*# 283.2±45.6 2.0±3.6*# 16~18 4 936 3.3±3.6 7.7±0.8*#△ 258.1±33.0 2.8±2.6*#△ F/t值 -410.3 10 787.7 893.5 977.6 542.0 P值 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 女 6~9 6 649 11.6±1.3 142.3±18.1 -0.5±3.5 10~12 5 010 10.2±1.1* 129.7±22.5 -0.6±3.3 13~15 4 864 9.8±1.0*# 258.9±31.6 -2.0±2.7*# 16~18 4 835 9.9±1.0*# 252.8±27.4 -1.4±3.2*#△ F/t值 3 299.1 1 131.1 102.3 736.6 P值 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 注： *为与6~9岁比较，P < 0.01；#为与10~12岁比较，P < 0.01；△为与13~15岁比较，P < 0.01。
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表 3 不同性别城乡学生各项体能指标比较(x±s)
Table 3. Comparison of physical fitness indexes between urban and rural students of different genders(x±s)
性别 地区 人数 统计值 肺活量/mL 握力/N 坐位体前屈/cm 立定跳远/cm 力量素质/(次·min-1) 50 m跑/s 耐力跑/s PFI 1 min仰卧起坐 斜身引体向上 引体向上 50 m×8 800/1 000 m 男 城市 11 032 2 686.8±1 228.6 26.5±13.9 6.6±7.9 172.9±44.6 20.0±17.4 2.5±3.3 9.3±1.8 134.4±25.1 270.6±43.2 1.5±3.7 农村 10 344 2 408.5±1 207.9 25.5±13.9 7.4±7.0 169.0±42.6 20.8±17.4 2.9±3.3 9.4±1.7 129.8±19.5 270.4±40.0 1.3±3.5 t值 16.70 5.24 -7.59 6.55 -2.68 -4.87 -3.16 10.81 0.23 3.40 P值 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 0.82 < 0.01 女 城市 10 979 2 066.8±763.2 19.3±8.2 11.9±7.3 143.9±27.5 28.3±10.0 10.4±1.4 139.7±24.7 256.9±30.7 -1.3±3.3 农村 10 379 1 857.7±752.7 18.9±8.1 11.8±6.8 140.8±25.6 23.9±9.7 10.5±1.3 134.1±16.1 254.6±28.6 -1.5±3.1 t值 20.14 3.96 1.22 8.61 32.81 -9.13 14.35 3.79 4.91 P值 < 0.01 < 0.01 0.22 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01
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表 4 不同患病情况学生各项体能指标比较(x±s)
Table 4. Comparison of physical fitness indexes of students in different conditions of illness groups(x±s)
疾病种类 分组 人数 统计值 肺活量/mL 握力/N 坐位体前屈/cm 立定跳远/cm 50 m跑/s 耐力跑/s PFI 50 m×8 800 m 1 000 m 视力 正常 13 673 1 857.1±940.6 18.0±10.6 8.2±7.1 144.4±35.5 10.3±1.6 134.9±20.5 259.2±32.5 278.4±47.1 0.1±3.7 不良 29 061 2 447.8±1 065.7 24.7±11.9 10.0±7.8 162.5±39.1 9.7±1.6 134.1±23.1 255.4±29.3 268.6±40.0 -0.1±3.7 t值 -57.98 -58.14 -24.10 -47.52 39.60 2.76 3.72 8.42 5.72 P值 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 营养状况 营养不良 2 296 1 911.5±930.7 18.6±10.5 7.5±7.4 154.3±38.9 10.01.7 131.5±18.9 251.1±27.8 272.0±37.3 -0.7±3.3 正常体重 29 336 2 244.1±1 045.6* 22.4±11.7* 10.0±7.6* 159.7±39.1* 9.8±1.6* 131.6±20.6 253.1±28.9 263.3±37.2* 0.2±3.7* 超重肥胖 11 102 2 369.4±1 117.6*# 23.7±12.5*# 8.5±7.8*# 149.1±37.4*# 10.2±1.7*# 141.8±23.9*# 267.1±30.6*# 289.1±47.6*# -0.3±3.8*# F值 186.85 177.54 234.77 304.84 225.29 538.22 178.59 381.33 102.53 P值 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 血压 非偏高 35 023 2 247.7±1 068.5 22.3±11.9 9.4±7.7 156.4±39.1 9.9±1.7 134.5±21.7 254.4±29.1 267.6±40.0 0.0±3.7 偏高 7 711 2 308.9±1 039.8 23.7±12.1 9.4±7.5 158.1±37.9 9.9±1.6 134.5±23.0 262.2±31.7 282.8±46.3 -0.1±3.8 t值 -4.66 -9.70 1.03 -3.54 1.76 -0.17 -9.65 -13.05 2.22 P值 < 0.01 < 0.01 0.31 < 0.01 0.08 0.86 < 0.01 < 0.01 0.03 贫血 否 11 102 1 964.1±853.6 19.0±9.5 8.1±7.4 147.5±32.6 10.1±1.5 133.0±24.3 255.8±33.0 277.3±43.3 1.0±3.7 是 2 098 1 796.7±800.0 17.1±8.8 8.2±7.3 140.8±31.3 10.4±1.5 136.4±23.9 261.7±35.1 286.8±40.9 0.1±3.5 t值 8.69 8.85 -0.43 8.95 -8.26 -5.08 -2.74 -3.12 10.72 P值 < 0.01 < 0.01 0.67 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 注： *为与营养不良组比较，P < 0.01；#为与正常体重组比较，P < 0.01。
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表 5 河南省2019年中小学生PFI多重线性回归分析(n=42 734)
Table 5. Multiple linear regression analysis of physical fitness index PFI among primary and middle school students in Henan Province in 2019(n=42 734)
自变量 选项 t值 P值 β值(β值95%CI) 地区 农村 -6.96 < 0.01 -0.23(-0.30~-0.17) 性别 女 -88.24 < 0.01 -2.92(-3.00~-2.86) 年龄/岁 10~12 0.21 0.84 0.01(-0.08~0.10) 13~15 -1.17 0.24 -0.06(-0.15~0.04) 16~18 -2.31 0.02 -0.11(-0.21~-0.02) 视力 视力不良 -0.14 0.33 0.04(-0.04~0.11) 血压 血压偏高 0.60 0.54 -0.03(-0.11~0.06) 营养状况 营养不良 -16.04 < 0.01 -1.19(-1.33~-1.04) 超重肥胖 -20.14 < 0.01 -0.78(-0.85~-0.70)
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