南京市中小学生2019—2021学年因病缺课监测分析

杨月; 叶盛; 刘辉; 刘黎

doi:10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.12.018

南京市中小学生2019—2021学年因病缺课监测分析

doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.12.018

江苏省南京市疾病预防控制中心学校卫生科，210003

详细信息

作者简介:
杨月(1995-)，女，江苏淮安人，硕士，医师，主要从事儿少卫生与妇幼保健工作

通讯作者:
刘黎，E-mail: 895047907@qq.com

利益冲突声明 所有作者声明无利益冲突。
中图分类号: R179 G478 R193
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-06-17
- 修回日期: 2022-08-23
- 网络出版日期: 2022-12-30
- 刊出日期: 2022-12-25

Sickness absenteeism among primary and middle school students in Nanjing during 2019-2021

Department of School Health, Nanjing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanjing (210003), China

摘要

摘要: 目的分析2019—2021学年南京市中小学生因病缺课情况，为进一步做好校园新型冠状病毒肺炎(以下简称“新冠肺炎”)疫情和常见传染病预防工作提供参考。方法利用“江苏省学生健康监测系统”，收集并整理2019—2021学年南京市中小学生因病缺课监测数据，比较不同学年和学段学生因病缺课率，症状和病因构成以及时间分布。结果 2019—2021学年南京市中小学生总体因病缺课率分别为0.25%，0.39%和0.73%(χ²=392 611.44，P < 0.01)；各学年小学因病缺课率均高于其他学段(χ²值分别为47 783.45，20 935.07，13 459.63，P值均 < 0.01)。各学年因病缺课症状构成排名前2位是发热和咳嗽，病因构成是感冒和胃肠道疾病。2021学年因意外伤害缺课排位有所上升，居缺课疾病排位第4。2019和2021学年因病缺课高峰均在11—12和3—4月，2020学年受新冠肺炎疫情影响第2高峰延至6月。结论南京市中小学生因病缺课率逐年上升，小学生是重点关注人群。呼吸道和胃肠道疾病是校内常见病预防重点，冬春季是流行高发期。加强因病缺课监测对新冠肺炎疫情常态化下校内常见传染病防控具有重要意义。
- 疾病 /
- 缺勤 /
- 人群监测 /
- 学生
Abstract: Objective To understand the sickness absenteeism among primary and middle school students in Nanjing during 2019-2021, so as to provide evidence for infectious diseases prevention and control in school settings. Methods Data on sickness absenteeism among primary and middle school students in Nanjing during 2019-2021 were collected through the Health Surveillance System of Students in Jiangsu. Descriptive analysis was conducted to compare the sickness absenteeism, symptoms and pathogeny, as well as time distribution among different terms and academic years. Results The overall sickness absenteeism during 2019-2021 were 0.25%, 0.39% and 0.73%(χ²=392 611.44, P < 0.01). The rate of sickness absenteeism in primary school was higher than that of middle schools across 2019 to 2021 (χ²=47 783.45, 20 935.07, 13 459.63, P < 0.01). The most common symptoms of sickness absenteeism were fever and cough. The leading cause of sickness absenteeism was influenza, followed by gastrointestinal diseases. In addition, unintentional injuries were currently the fourth leading cause. The peaks of absenteeism occurred during November to December and March to April in the 2019 and 2021. Due to the COVID-19 epidemic, the second peak in the 2020 academic year occurred in June. Conclusion The sickness absenteeism among primary and middle school students in Nanjing showed an increasing trend, and more attention should be paid to primary school students. Prevention efforts should focus on respiratory and gastrointestinal diseases in schools, especially in winter and spring. It is of great significance to strengthen sickness absenteeism surveillance for future epidemic prevention and control in schools under normal conditions.
- Disease /
- Absenteeism /
- Public health surveillance /
- Students
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图 1 南京市中小学生2019—2021学年因病缺课时间分布

Figure 1. Time distribution of illness-induced absenteeism among primary and middle school students in Nanjing during 2019-2021 academic years

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表 1 不同学校类型中小学生2019—2021学年因病缺课情况

Table 1. Status of illness-induced absenteeism among primary and middle school students in different periods during 2019-2021 academic years

学校类型	2019学年		2020学年		2021学年
学校类型	因病缺课率/%	人均因病缺课天数/d	因病缺课率/%	人均因病缺课天数/d	因病缺课率/%	人均因病缺课天数/d
小学	0.33	1.43	0.46	1.38	0.80	2.62
初中	0.19	1.31	0.31	1.39	0.65	2.93
九年一贯制	0.24	1.36	0.41	1.46	0.77	2.92
普通高中	0.09	1.46	0.32	1.61	0.61	3.40
十二年一贯制	0.25	1.73	0.36	1.68	0.68	3.22
完中	0.22	1.47	0.34	1.36	0.69	2.88
职业高中	0.14	1.28	0.21	1.61	0.59	2.76

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表 2 南京市中小学生因病缺课症状人次数2019—2021学年构成情况

Table 2. Symptoms composition of illness-induced absenteeism among primary and middle school students in Nanjing during 2019-2021 academic years

症状	2019学年(n=293 492)	2020学年(n=578 586)	2021学年(n=880 012)
发热	126 041(42.95)	148 367(25.64)	127 323(14.47)
咳嗽	34 568(11.78)	74 972(12.96)	98 654(11.21)
头痛	21 725(7.40)	47 961(8.29)	91 650(10.41)
腹痛	17 774(6.06)	42 874(7.41)	84 720(9.63)
皮疹	17 271(5.88)	18 203(3.15)	30 811(3.50)
咽痛	11 974(4.08)	51 631(8.92)	75 357(8.56)
呕吐	10 612(3.62)	17 170(2.97)	40 901(4.65)
腹泻	7 607(2.59)	17 656(3.05)	30 223(3.43)
受伤	7 446(2.54)	13 646(2.36)	31 730(3.61)
流涕	2 831(0.96)	30 430(5.26)	41 922(4.76)
头晕	1 987(0.68)	10 744(1.86)	22 213(2.52)
耳朵痛	917(0.31)	1 629(0.28)	3 072(0.35)
红眼	630(0.22)	1 023(0.17)	1 210(0.14)
鼻子痒、干	498(0.17)	1 769(0.31)	3 051(0.35)
打喷嚏	443(0.15)	2 223(0.38)	4 836(0.55)
鼻血	392(0.13)	1 363(0.23)	1 634(0.18)
呼吸困难(气急)	372(0.13)	695(0.12)	870(0.10)
有喘鸣	244(0.08)	506(0.09)	933(0.11)
嗓子哑(异物感)	89(0.03)	590(0.10)	1 149(0.13)
嗜睡或不易叫醒	90(0.03)	91(0.02)	141(0.02)
抽搐	69(0.02)	94(0.02)	275(0.03)
新冠肺炎相关症状	—	—	1(0.00)
其他	29 912(10.19)	94 949(16.41)	187 336(21.29)
注：n为人次；()内数字为构成比/%。

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表 3 南京市中小学生因病缺课病因2019—2021学年构成情况

Table 3. Diseases composition of illness-induced absenteeism among primary and middle school students in Nanjing during 2019-2021 academic years

症状	2019学年(n=255 668)	2020学年(n=519 149)	2021学年(n=802 668)
感冒	142 333(55.67)	248 466(47.86)	304 263(37.91)
胃肠道疾病	22 350(8.74)	46 129(8.89)	84 100(10.48)
水痘	14 671(5.74)	12 817(2.47)	19 619(2.44)
气管炎、肺炎	8 182(3.20)	11 825(2.28)	12 891(1.61)
意外伤害	5 193(2.03)	7 754(1.49)	15 875(1.98)
耳鼻喉疾病	2 597(1.02)	7 701(1.48)	10 911(1.36)
手足口病	2 260(0.88)	590(0.11)	4 321(0.54)
牙科疾病和检查	1 420(0.56)	3 087(0.59)	7 337(0.91)
腮腺炎	832(0.33)	1 150(0.22)	1 909(0.24)
猩红热	457(0.18)	599(0.12)	398(0.05)
神经衰弱	269(0.11)	887(0.17)	2 074(0.26)
风疹	229(0.09)	316(0.06)	396(0.05)
泌尿系统疾病	191(0.07)	315(0.06)	444(0.05)
急性出血性结膜炎	186(0.07)	270(0.05)	291(0.04)
麻疹	151(0.06)	163(0.03)	289(0.04)
结核	83(0.03)	96(0.02)	62(0.01)
肝炎	45(0.02)	21(0.00)	7(0.00)
痛经	—	—	3 155(0.39)
新冠肺炎	—	10(0.00)	5(0.00)
不明原因疾病	5 915(2.31)	12 976(2.50)	19 066(2.37)
其他	48 304(18.89)	163 977(31.60)	315 255(39.27)
注：n为人次；()内数字为构成比/%。

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