北京市3~12岁儿童正确洗手行为家庭影响因素

曹远; 郭铭杰; 柴晶鑫; 于彤; 刘秀荣

doi:10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.11.019

北京市3~12岁儿童正确洗手行为家庭影响因素

doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.11.019

北京市疾病预防控制中心健康教育所, 100020

基金项目:

北京市疾病预防控制中心科研培育专项 2020-BJYJ-19

详细信息

作者简介:
曹远(1982-), 女, 吉林四平人, 硕士, 副主任医师, 主要从事健康教育与健康促进工作

通讯作者:
刘秀荣, E-mail: xiurongliu@163.com

利益冲突声明 所有作者声明无利益冲突。
中图分类号: R 179 G 478
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-03-21
- 修回日期: 2022-06-02
- 网络出版日期: 2022-11-30
- 刊出日期: 2022-11-25

Family factors associated with handwashing behavior among children aged 3 to 12 years in Beijing

Health Education Institute of Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing (100020), China

摘要

摘要: 目的了解北京市学龄前儿童及小学生正确洗手行为及其家庭影响因素，为进一步开展洗手相关健康干预提供参考。方法 2020年11—12月，利用问卷星软件使用自行设计的调查问卷对北京市9个区36所幼儿园和18所小学的7 494名儿童家长开展线上调查。调查内容为儿童及其家庭基本情况，家长对新型冠状病毒肺炎(以下简称“新冠肺炎”)防护知识正确知晓、对疫情风险感知程度、为儿童提供洗手指导等的情况，以及儿童的洗手行为。结果学龄前儿童正确洗手的比例为70.2%，高于小学生(61.9%)(χ²=57.63，P＜0.01)。学龄前儿童家长知晓洗手相关知识(36.2%，33.4%)、对疫情风险感知低(28.9%，25.4%)、提供洗手指导(99.1%，97.9%)的比例均高于小学生家长，差异均有统计学意义(χ²值分别为6.72，22.84，18.68，P值均＜0.05)，学龄前儿童家长自我效能高的比例(75.7%)低于小学生家长(78.2%)(χ²=6.43，P=0.04)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示，无论学龄前儿童还是小学生，城区、家长自我效能较高、风险感知低、为儿童提供洗手指导，儿童正确洗手的可能性高；对于学龄前儿童，非独生子女与正确洗手行为呈负相关(OR=0.79，95%CI=0.69~0.92)；对于小学生，女童正确洗手的可能是男童1.21倍(95%CI=1.06~1.39)，家长知晓知识者是不知晓者的1.20倍(95%CI=1.04~1.40，P值均＜0.05)。结论学龄前儿童洗手行为优于小学生，家长对于新冠肺炎疫情、洗手行为的认知，自我效能以及采取的指导行为对于儿童健康行为养成有不同程度的影响。应采取措施进一步提高家长指导儿童预防传染病的能力和自我效能。
- 洗手 /
- 健康行为 /
- 健康教育 /
- 回归分析 /
- 儿童
Abstract: Objective To understand the proper handwashing behavior of preschool children and primary school students in Beijing, and to analyze associated family factors to provide reference for further health intervention related to handwashing. Methods From November to December 2020, parents of 36 kindergartens and 18 primary schools in 9 districts of Beijing were investigated online by using a self-designed questionnaire with questionnaire star software. The contents of the survey included the basic situation of children and their families, parents' correct knowledge of the prevention of novel coronavirus pneumonia, their perception of the epidemic risk, the provision of handwashing guidance for children, and children's handwashing behavior. Results The proportion of proper handwashing of preschool children was 70.2%, which was higher than that of primary school students (61.9%) (χ²=57.63, P < 0.01). The proportion of parents of preschool children who correctly knew handwashing related knowledge (36.2%, 33.4%), had low perception of epidemic risk (28.9%, 25.4%), and provided handwashing guidance (99.1%, 97.9%) was higher than that of parents of primary school students, and the differences were statistically significant (χ²=6.72, 22.84, 18.68, P < 0.05). But the proportion of parents of preschool children who had high self-efficacy (75.7%, 78.2%)was lower compared to parents of primary school students(χ²=6.43, P=0.04). Multivariate regression results showed that whether preschool children or primary school students, urban areas and parents had high self-efficacy, low risk perception, and provided hand washing guidance for children, children were more likely to wash their hands correctly. For preschool children, non-only children were 0.79(95%CI=0.69-0.92) times more likely to wash their hands correctly than only children. For primary school students, girls were 1.21(95%CI=1.06-1.39) times more likely to wash their hands correctly than boys, and parents who know knowledge correctly were 1.20(95%CI=1.04-1.40) times more likely to know it incorrectly(P < 0.05). Conclusion Proper hand washing behavior of preschool children is higher than that of primary school students. Parental awareness of COVID-19 epidemic, handwashing behavior, self-efficacy and guidance behavior have effects on the development of children's health behavior. Measures should be taken to enhance parents' awareness of infectious diseases and their ability and self-efficacy of guiding children in disease prevention.
- Hand disinfection /
- Health behavior /
- Health education /
- Regression analysis /
- Child
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表 1 不同组别儿童洗手行为影响因素分析

Table 1. Analysis on influencing factors of children's hand washing behavior in different groups

组别	选项	学龄前儿童				小学生
组别	选项	人数	正确洗手人数	χ²值	P值	人数	正确洗手人数	χ²值	P值
城乡	城区	1 639	1 189(72.5)	7.75	0.01	1 622	1 080(66.6)	26.79	＜0.01
	郊区	2 101	1 436(68.3)			2 132	1 243(58.3)
性别	男	1 950	1 346(69.0)	2.63	0.11	1 931	1 152(59.7)	8.33	＜0.01
	女	1 790	1 279(71.5)			1 823	1 171(64.2)
家长类别	父亲	1 011	728(72.0)	2.20	0.14	1 108	686(61.9)	＜0.01	0.98
	母亲	2 729	1 897(69.5)			2 646	1 637(61.9)
家长年龄/岁	≤30	415	294(70.8)	0.21	0.98	149	89(59.7)	4.21	0.24
	31~35	1 662	1 168(70.3)			1 139	680(59.7)
	36~40	1 294	907(70.1)			1 695	1 074(63.4)
	＞40	369	256(69.4)			771	480(62.3)
家长文化程度	高中/中专及以下	427	294(68.9)	0.42	0.81	1 356	797(58.8)	8.79	0.01
	本科/大专	2 662	1 872(70.3)			2 092	1 334(63.8)
	硕士及以上	651	459(70.5)			306	192(62.7)
家长职业	公务员及事业单位人员	992	708(71.4)	2.51	0.47	667	415(62.2)	2.31	0.51
	医务人员	237	159(67.1)			113	63(55.8)
	企业及公司职员	1 734	1 205(69.5)			1 742	1 072(61.5)
	其他	777	553(71.2)			1 232	773(62.7)
家中儿童数量/名	1	2 062	1 504(72.9)	16.63	＜0.01	2 162	1 368(63.3)	4.20	0.04
	≥2	1 678	1 121(66.8)			1 592	955(60.0)
家长正确知晓	是	1 355	964(71.1)	0.93	0.34	1 253	816(65.1)	8.39	＜0.01
	否	2 385	1 661(69.6)			2 501	1 507(60.3)
家长风险感知	高	830	540(65.1)	37.00	＜0.01	996	571(57.3)	29.81	＜0.01
	中	1 831	1 254(68.5)			1 803	1 094(60.7)
	低	1 079	831(77.0)			955	658(68.9)
家长自我效能	高	2 832	2 134(75.4)	152.96	＜0.01	2 935	1 956(66.6)	130.46	＜0.01
	中	769	426(55.4)			696	317(45.5)
	低	139	65(46.8)			123	50(40.7)
家长提供洗手	是	3 708	2 612(70.4)	13.48	＜0.01	3 677	2 306(62.7)	52.80	＜0.01
指导	否	32	13(40.6)			77	17(22.1)
注： ()内数字为报告率/%。

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表 2 儿童正确洗手行为影响因素的多因素Logistic分析

Table 2. Multivariate Logistic analysis of influencing factors of children's hand washing behavior

自变量	组别	学龄前儿童(n=3 740)					小学生(n=3 754)
自变量	组别	β值	标准误	Wald χ²值	P值	OR值(OR值95%CI)	β值	标准误	Wald χ²值	P值	OR值(OR值95%CI)
城乡	郊区	-0.23	0.08	8.45	＜0.01	0.80(0.69~0.93)	-0.30	0.08	16.10	＜0.01	0.74(0.64~0.86)
性别	女						0.19	0.07	7.46	0.01	1.21(1.06~1.39)
家长文化程度	本科/大专						0.06	0.08	0.55	0.46	1.06(0.91~1.24)
	硕士及以上						0.05	0.14	0.11	0.74	1.05(0.79~1.38)
家中儿童数量	≥2	-0.23	0.07	9.88	＜0.01	0.79(0.69~0.92)	-0.13	0.07	3.44	0.06	0.88(0.76~1.01)
家长知识知晓	是						0.19	0.08	6.38	0.01	1.20(1.04~1.40)
家长风险感知	低	0.42	0.11	16.08	＜0.01	1.53(1.24~1.88)	0.30	0.10	9.28	＜0.01	1.35(1.11~1.64)
	中	0.13	0.09	2.03	0.15	1.14(0.95~1.36)	0.05	0.08	0.40	0.53	1.05(0.90-1.24)
家长自我效能	低	-1.10	0.18	37.43	＜0.01	0.33(0.24~0.48)	-0.90	0.19	21.90	＜0.01	0.41(0.28~0.59)
	中	-0.86	0.09	99.75	＜0.01	0.42(0.36~0.50)	-0.87	0.09	98.11	＜0.01	0.42(0.35~0.50)
家长提供洗手指导	是	0.88	0.38	5.42	0.02	2.40(1.15~5.03)	1.60	0.28	31.92	＜0.01	4.94(2.84~8.59)
注：自变量中城乡以城区为参照，家中儿童数量以1个为参照，家长风险感知、家长自我效能均以较高组为参照，家长提供洗手指导以否为参照，儿童性别以男为参照，家长文化程度以高中及以下为参照，家长知识知晓以否为参照。

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