Cellphone usage and addiction among Chinese children and adolescents and related factors
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摘要:
目的 了解中国儿童青少年的手机使用和成瘾现状及其影响因素，为更有效预防干预儿童青少年手机使用和成瘾提供参考依据。 方法 采用分层随机抽样方法，对中国31个省市自治区的11 213名儿童青少年及其家长进行调查。 结果 孩子自我报告和父母报告中国儿童青少年的每日手机使用时间中位数均为120.00 min。孩子年龄越大、具有更强的享乐和社交动机的儿童，使用手机的时间更长(β值分别为0.12，0.11，0.09，P值均 < 0.01)；父母更多地与孩子沟通手机使用并知晓孩子手机使用情况，以及孩子具有更强的工具性和自我表现手机使用动机可以降低儿童青少年的手机使用时长(β值分别为-0.06，-0.03，-0.04，-0.16，P值均 < 0.05)。年龄更大的孩子手机成瘾水平更低(β=-0.04，P < 0.05)；父母经常与孩子沟通并知晓孩子的手机使用情况能够有效降低孩子的手机成瘾程度(β值分别为-0.09，-0.14，P值均 < 0.01)；有更强的工具性手机使用动机的孩子手机成瘾程度更低(β=-0.22，P < 0.01)；与手机相关的父母监控、自我表现和享乐手机使用动机与儿童青少年手机成瘾呈正相关(β值分别为0.07，0.03，0.29，P值均 < 0.05)。 结论 中国儿童青少年的手机使用时间和手机成瘾受到手机使用动机、父母教养方式等多种内外部因素的影响。未来的学校教育应帮助孩子养成科学的手机使用动机；家庭教育应帮助父母培养沟通、知晓等积极教养行为，以减少不当手机使用行为的发生。 Abstract:Objective To understand the current situation and associated factors of cellphone usage and addiction among Chinese children and adolescents, to provide reference for effective prevention and intervention of cellphone addiction. Methods Using a stratified random sampling approach, 11 213 children and adolescents and their parents from 31 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions in China were recruited and surveyed. Results The median of daily mobile phone use time among Chinese children and adolescents were 120.00 minutes, as reported by either children or parents. Child's age(β=0.12), hedonic(β=0.11) and social(β=0.09) cellphone use motivations positively related to time spent on cellphone(P < 0.01). Cellphone-related parental communication(β=-0.06) and knowledge(β=-0.03), as well as cellphone usage on instrumental(β=-0.04) or self-representation(β=-0.16) motivation negatively related to time spent on cellphone(P < 0.05). Child's age(β=-0.04), cellphone-related parental communication(β=-0.09) and awareness(β=-0.14), cellphone use on instrumental motivation(β=-0.22) were negatively associated with cellphone addiction among children and adolescents(P < 0.05). Cellphone-related parental monitoring(β=0.07), as well as cellphone usage on self-representation motivation(β=0.03) or hedonic motivation(β=0.29) positively related to cellphone addiction in children and adolescents(P < 0.05). Conclusion Time spent on mobile phone and mobile phone addiction of Chinese children and adolescents are influenced by various internal and external factors, such as the mobile phone use motivation and parenting style.Future school education should help children develop scientific motivation for mobile phone use. Family education should help parents develop positive parenting behaviors such as communication and awareness, so as to reduce the possibility of improper mobile phone use. -
Key words:
- Cellular phone /
- Tool use behavior /
- Behavior, addictive /
- Mental health /
- Regression analysis /
- Students
1) 利益冲突声明 所有作者声明无利益冲突。 -
表 1 不同组别中国儿童青少年手机使用时间比较/(min·d-1)
Table 1. Demographic characteristics of daily cellphone use time among Chinese children and adolescents/(min·d-1)
组别 选项 孩子报告手机使用时间 父母报告手机使用时间 人数 M(P25, P75) Z/H值 人数 M(P25, P75) Z/H值 性别 男 4 830 120.00(60.00, 240.00) 3.12** 4 830 120.00(60.00, 240.00) 1.94 女 3 611 120.00(60.00, 240.00) 3 611 120.00(60.00, 230.00) 年龄/岁 5 36 120.00(60.00, 495.00) 310.11** 6 193 90.00(50.00, 240.00) 7 666 100.00(30.00, 240.00) 8 23 100.00(35.00, 200.00) 195.58** 930 117.50(36.00, 240.00) 9 142 120.00(60.00, 242.50) 770 80.00(40.00, 200.00) 10 871 120.00(60.00, 240.00) 1 133 120.00(60.00, 200.00) 11 1 245 120.00(60.00, 300.00) 1 321 120.00(60.00, 240.00) 12 1 532 100.00(50.00, 200.00) 1 533 100.00(50.00, 200.00) 13 1 424 110.00(40.00, 240.00) 1 424 110.00(60.00, 200.00) 14 1 405 120.00(52.00, 240.00) 1 407 120.00(60.00, 240.00) 15 1 283 160.00(80.00, 200.00) 1 284 160.00(90.25, 200.00) 16 516 240.00(120.00, 300.00) 516 240.00(120.00, 300.00) 家庭年收入/元 < 1 000 30 120.00(95.00, 315.00) 251.34** 65 126.00(100.00, 650.00) 327.27** 1 000~ < 2 000 57 100.00(30.00, 350.00) 116 100.00(60.00, 330.00) 2 000~ < 5 000 512 60.00(20.00, 100.00) 619 20.00(20.00, 100.00) 5 000~ < 8 000 199 120.00(60.00, 450.00) 310 120.00(60.00, 480.00) 8 000~ < 10 000 311 180.00(80.00, 300.00) 472 180.00(80.00, 300.00) 10 000~ < 30 000 647 120.00(45.00, 300.00) 947 120.00(60.00, 300.00) 30 000~ < 50 000 845 120.00(30.00, 265.00) 1 147 120.00(60.00, 260.00) 50 000~ < 100 000 2 834 120.00(60.00, 200.00) 3 564 120.00(60.00, 200.00) ≥100 000 2 857 130.00(60.00, 240.00) 3 725 120.00(60.00, 240.00) 不清楚 149 100.00(60.00, 240.00) 248 120.00(60.00, 240.00) 父母受教育水平 初中或以下 871 120.00(60.00, 300.00) 68.31** 1 330 120.00(60.00, 300.00) 31.63** 高中或中专 2 094 120.00(60.00, 280.00) 2 845 120.00(60.00, 260.00) 大专 2 882 120.00(50.00, 220.00) 3 655 120.00(60.00, 200.00) 本科 2 297 120.00(60.00, 220.00) 2 984 120.00(60.00, 200.00) 硕士研究生或以上 297 160.00(70.00, 300.00) 399 130.00(60.00, 300.00) 父母年龄/岁 ≤30 2 110.00(100.00, 120.00) 55.06** 1 055 150.00(60.00, 320.00) 75.44** 31~35 1 573 128.00(60.00, 300.00) 2 554 110.00(50.00, 240.00) 36~40 3 605 120.00(50.00, 240.00) 4 173 120.00(60.00, 200.00) 41~45 2 748 120.00(60.00, 240.00) 2 893 120.00(60.00, 210.00) 46~50 446 120.00(56.00, 260.00) 462 100.00(60.00, 200.00) 51~60 63 120.00(60.00, 195.00) 70 120.00(60.00, 270.00) ≥61 4 110.00(50.00, 168.00) 6 110.00(82.50, 215.00) 是否有自己的手机 有 6 796 150.00(80.00, 300.00) 11.06** 6 796 120.00(60.00, 260.00) 11.54** 没有 673 100.00(54.00, 200.00) 673 60.00(40.00, 170.00) 家庭所在城市归属 直辖市 151 130.00(60.00, 350.00) 69.12** 265 152.00(80.00, 300.00) 109.40** 沿海省份 2 122 100.00(50.00, 200.00) 3 057 100.00(47.00, 200.00) 中部省份 3 778 130.00(60.00, 290.00) 4 872 120.00(60.00, 260.00) 西部省份 2 390 120.00(60.00, 210.00) 3 019 120.00(60.00, 200.00) 城乡区域 市区 6 636 120.00(60.00, 240.00) 94.12** 8 559 120.00(60.00, 200.00) 95.75** 郊区 847 120.00(55.00, 300.00) 1 276 120.00(60.00, 300.00) 下属区县 958 150.00(100.00, 300.00) 1 378 150.00(98.00, 300.00) 注：**P < 0.01；是否有自己的手机组数据有信息缺失。 
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表 2 中国儿童青少年手机使用时间及手机成瘾相关因素的多元线性回归分析
Table 2. Multiple linear regression analysis of predictors on Chinese children's and adolescents' time of daily cellphone use
自变量 手机使用时间(n=11 213) 手机成瘾(n=7 469) β值(β值95%CI) 标准误 t值 β值(β值95%CI) 标准误 t值 儿童性别 0.01(-0.02~0.03) 0.01 0.41 -0.09(-0.11~-0.07) 0.01 -8.21** 儿童年龄 0.12(0.09~0.14) 0.01 9.11** -0.04(-0.07~-0.00) 0.02 -2.16* 父母年龄 -0.12(-0.14~-0.09) 0.01 -8.85** -0.01(-0.04~0.02) 0.02 -0.91 是否有自己的手机 否 -0.11(-0.14~-0.09) 0.01 -9.14** 0.00(-0.02~0.02) 0.01 -0.14 城乡区域 城市郊区 0.06(0.04~0.08) 0.01 5.68** 0.03(0.00~0.05) 0.01 2.33* 城市下属区县 0.09(0.07~0.11) 0.01 8.91** 0.07(0.05~0.09) 0.01 6.00** 家庭所在城市归属 直辖市 0.03(0.01~0.05) 0.01 2.67** 0.03(0.00~0.05) 0.01 2.02* 沿海省份 0.00(-0.02~0.03) 0.01 0.24 -0.06(-0.08~-0.03) 0.01 -4.23** 中部省份 0.07(0.05~0.10) 0.01 6.11** -0.01(-0.03~0.02) 0.01 -0.65 家庭年收入 0.02(-0.00~0.04) 0.01 1.74 0.03(0.01~0.05) 0.01 2.66** 父母受教育水平 -0.01(-0.03~0.01) 0.01 -1.15 -0.01(-0.04~0.01) 0.01 -1.15 与手机相关的父母教养行为 父母沟通 -0.06(-0.09~-0.03) 0.01 -4.36** -0.09(-0.12~-0.06) 0.02 -5.99** 父母知晓 -0.03(-0.05~-0.00) 0.01 -2.06* -0.14(-0.17~-0.11) 0.01 -9.81** 父母监控 -0.03(-0.05~0.00) 0.01 -1.92 0.07(0.05~0.10) 0.01 5.28** 手机使用动机 工具性动机 -0.04(-0.07~-0.01) 0.01 -2.74** -0.22(-0.24~-0.19) 0.01 -17.58** 自我表现动机 -0.16(-0.19~-0.13) 0.02 -10.12** 0.03(0.00~0.06) 0.01 2.04* 享乐动机 0.11(0.07~0.14) 0.02 6.03** 0.29(0.26~0.32) 0.02 19.14** 社交动机 0.09(0.06~0.13) 0.02 5.67** -0.03(-0.06~0.00) 0.01 -1.92 注：*P < 0.05，**P < 0.01。儿童性别以男生为参考组形成哑变量，城乡区域以城市市区为参考组形成哑变量，家庭所在城市归属以西部省份为参考组形成哑变量，是否有手机以有手机的儿童作为参考组形成哑变量；儿童年龄、父母年龄、家庭年收入、父母受教育水平为连续型变量。
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