Effect of functional sports on children's spatial awareness aged 6-8 years
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摘要:
目的 探讨功能性体育游戏对6~8岁儿童空间感的影响,为提高儿童空间感能力提供参考。 方法 采用分层随机抽样方法,在郑州市1所小学的一至三年级选取125名6~8岁儿童作为被试,采用随机数字表法将其分为实验组(62名)与对照组(63名),实验组进行8周,每周3次,每次20 min的功能性体育游戏干预,对照组同步进行传统体育游戏项目。 结果 干预后实验组6和7岁儿童相比对照组在深度知觉、方位知觉、空间知觉的误差值分别减小1.98 cm、2.88°、22.00 cm和1.61 cm、2.34°、17.99 cm,差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为-3.07,-2.94,-3.07;-3.25,-3.29,-3.15,P值均 < 0.01);干预后实验组与对照组8岁儿童在深度知觉、方位知觉、空间知觉的误差值差异均无统计学意义(P值均>0.05)。实验组干预前后相比,6,7和8岁儿童在深度知觉、方位知觉、空间知觉的误差值分别减小2.30 cm、3.88°、28.05 cm,2.16 cm、2.15°、17.45 cm和1.16 cm、1.81°、9.10 cm,差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为8.50,9.04,7.35;7.39,10.30,11.05;4.67,4.46,14.14,P值均 < 0.01);对照组干预后与干预前相比,6~8岁儿童仅在空间知觉方面差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为4.13,6.71,8.93,P值均 < 0.01)。 结论 功能性体育游戏干预可提升6~8岁儿童深度知觉、方位知觉和空间知觉能力,因此可以将功能性体育游戏融入到儿童的日常活动中,为促进儿童健康成长发挥积极作用。 Abstract:Objective To examine the effect of functional sports training on the development of spatial awareness in children aged 6-8 years old, to provide a reference to improve children's ability of spatial sense. Methods A class of 125 children aged 6-8 years from first, second, and third grades of an elementary school in Zhengzhou City were conveniently selected by stratified random sampling, who were divided into the experimental group (n=62) and the control group (n=63) by random number tables. The experimental group received functional sports intervention for 8 weeks, 3 times a week, 20 min each time, and the control group received traditional sports game program. Results After the intervention, the error values of depth perception, orientation perception, and space perception in the experimertal group of 6 and 7-year-old children reduced by 1.98 cm, 2.88°, and 22.00 cm (6-year-old children) and 1.61 cm, 2.34°, and 17.99 cm (7-year-old children) compared with the control group, respectively. Compared with those in the control group of 8-year-old after the intervention, and the differences were of statistical signifiance(t=-3.07, -2.94, -3.07; -3.25, -3.29, -3.15, P < 0.01). There was no significant difference in the error values of depth perception, orientation perception and space perception between the experimental group and the control group after intervention (P>0.05). In the experimental group, the error values of depth perception, orientation perception and space perception reduced by 2.30 cm, 3.88°, 28.05 cm (6-year-old children), 2.16 cm, 2.15°, 17.45 cm (7-year-old children) and 1.16 cm, 1.81°, 9.10 cm (8-year-old children) in children aged 6-8 years after intervention, significant improvement were observed compared with before intervention (t=8.50, 9.04, 7.35; 7.39, 10.30, 11.05; 4.67, 4.46, 14.14, P < 0.01). Compared with before the intervention, children aged 6-8 in the control group only had significant differences in space perception(t=4.13, 6.71, 8.93, P < 0.01). Conclusion Functional sports games can improve depth perception, orientation perception and spatial perception for children aged 6-8 years. It can be integrated into children's daily activities to play a positive role in promoting the healthy growth of children. -
Key words:
- Physical education and training /
- Space perception /
- Depth perception /
- Health promotion /
- Intervention studies /
- Child
1) 利益冲突声明 所有作者声明无利益冲突。 -
表 1 儿童功能性体育游戏训练方法
Table 1. Training method of functional sports games for children
训练名称 训练方法 迷你保龄球 距离原点5 m处摆放5个直径为10 cm的软皮球,每个间距50 cm,儿童站在原点使用1个单独的直径为21 cm的软皮球从原点滚向摆放的皮球,命中3个即可进行下一个游戏。 手脚开合跳 站立时双腿并拢,双手自然垂直,跳跃起来双脚向外,双手举向头顶靠拢,然后迅速跳回原来直立的状态,双腿、手臂回落到身边时,膝盖稍微弯曲,减少下降时的冲击力。 接沙包 该游戏需要两个人完成,同伴站在距离接沙包者3 m处,然后将沙包抛向接沙包者,接中3个即可进行下一个游戏。 穿越隧道 选取长180 cm,直径50 cm布制隧道,实验时在隧道下面铺垫海绵垫,防止地面过硬实验者实验过程中受伤,儿童从隧道中穿过去即可进行下一个游戏。 挡眼抓球 该游戏需要两个人来完成,同伴将直径10 cm软皮球抛向高空,落在规定的区域,游戏者戴上挡眼眼镜,在球不落地的情况下,将球接住,接住3个即可进行下一个游戏(每人2次,左右眼睛各遮挡一次)。 原地抛接球/原地单脚抛接球 游戏者将直径21 cm软皮球抛向高空,待球落地之前将球接在手中,抛接中5个即可进行下一个游戏。原地单脚抛接球是游戏者单脚站立进行抛接球。 不规则跳球 游戏者在规定区域将不规则弹跳球举起垂直自由下落,待球从地面上弹起后迅速将球抓住,不规则弹跳球只能与地面接触一次才算有效接球,接中2个即可进行下一个游戏。 花式直线行走 首先画一条3 m直线,在直线上贴上数对12 cm×6 cm脚印贴纸,脚尖随机朝向各个方向,符合人体基本生理特征,使儿童能够根据贴纸做出来动作。 定点投掷/单眼定点投掷 画一条1 m线段,在距离线1 m处放置一个圆桶,儿童站在线外使用沙包投向圆桶,投中1~3个即可进行下一个游戏。 花式绳梯 将绳梯间隔距离调整好,摆放在平整地面上,儿童按照教练设计口令,在绳梯上变化脚步动作,从绳梯起始端到终端做一遍即可进行下一个游戏。 侧滚抛接球 在平坦地面上铺垫一个大小适中的海绵垫,儿童躺在上面,手里拿一个软皮球,将手中的球抛向同伴后,快速做一个翻滚动作,然后同伴将球抛回来。 对墙抛接球/单眼对墙抛接球 距离墙壁2 m处画一条与墙壁平行的线段,儿童站在线外,将软皮球抛向墙壁,待球弹回来时将球接在手中,球不准落地,接中3~5个即可进行下一个游戏。单眼对墙抛接球是让儿童戴上遮眼眼镜,左右眼睛各遮1次,每次接中3~5个球即可进行下一个游戏。 前滚翻 在平坦地面上铺垫大小、厚度适中的海绵垫,儿童做5次前滚翻动作,要求儿童尽可能地保持身体平衡,做完5次即可进行下一个游戏。 花式爬行 在平坦地面上铺垫300 cm × 60 cm手脚爬行垫,儿童按照上面姿势用手脚依次进行爬行,中间不能有间隔,爬到最后一个即可进行下一个游戏。 定点跳跃旋转/跳跃旋转拍打悬吊物/定点跳跃旋转投球 定点跳跃旋转:在规定区域内,儿童做10次跳跃旋转360°即可进行下一个游戏; 跳跃旋转拍打悬吊物:在规定区域上方悬挂柔软物体,儿童在下方做跳跃旋转360°拍打悬挂物; 定点跳跃旋转投球:在儿童正前方2 m处放置一个圆桶,儿童做跳跃旋转360°,同时把手中的软皮球投向圆桶,如果做不到,可落地后将手中的球投向圆桶,投中1~3个即可进行下一个游戏。 障碍跳/花式障碍跳 障碍跳:在平坦地面上摆放高度23 cm跨栏架数个,间距30 cm,儿童单脚、双脚或者侧向依次跳过每个栏架即可进行下一个游戏。花式障碍跳:障碍跳增加难度时,使栏架摆放成各种形状(蛇形、U型等),儿童依次跳过每个栏架即可进行下一个游戏。 辅助自主闭眼寻标志 距离原点3 m处摆放3个标志桶,每个间隔50 cm,儿童站在原点处戴上眼罩寻找规定标志桶,找到一次即可进行下一个游戏; 如果难度过高,儿童找不到,可在同伴指引下完成。 单脚跳/移动单脚跳 摆放10个敏捷圈,摆出各种形状,难度不宜太大,儿童依次交换脚步落入敏捷圈内,每次只能一只脚着地,跳完所有圈即可进行下一个游戏。 表 2 实验组与对照组6~8岁儿童空间感干预前后测试结果比较(x±s)
Table 2. Comparison of spatial perception test results before and after intervention for children aged 6-8 in the experimental groups and the control groups(x±s)
组别 干预前后 统计值 6岁 7岁 8岁 深度知觉/cm 方位知觉/(°) 空间知觉/cm 深度知觉/cm 方位知觉/(°) 空间知觉/cm 深度知觉/cm 方位知觉/(°) 空间知觉/cm 实验组 干预前 6.59±2.33 10.88±4.48 69.43±39.75 5.59±2.22 9.10±2.55 42.75±22.93 5.34±1.47 9.29±2.88 36.10±11.04 干预后 4.29±1.73 7.00±2.93 41.38±23.97 3.43±1.31 6.95±2.19 25.30±17.53 4.18±1.52 7.48±2.58 27.00±10.18 t值 8.50 9.04 7.35 7.39 10.30 11.05 4.67 4.46 14.14 P值 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 对照组 干预前 6.33±2.43 10.07±3.92 67.91±25.24 5.18±1.81 9.55±2.69 46.52±19.59 4.90±1.46 8.88±1.85 34.24±9.09 干预后 6.27±2.40 9.88±3.39 63.38±22.46 5.04±1.81 9.29±2.35 43.29±18.99 4.79±1.41 8.62±1.61 31.91±8.87 t值 0.76 0.70 4.13 1.64 1.76 6.71 1.73 0.98 8.93 P值 0.46 0.49 < 0.01 0.12 0.09 < 0.01 0.10 0.34 < 0.01 -
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