北京市2017—2020年中小学校环境健康影响因素分析

赵金辉; 秦冉; 郭欣; 赵海

doi:10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.07.033

北京市2017—2020年中小学校环境健康影响因素分析

doi: 10.16835/j.cnki.1000-9817.2022.07.033

北京市疾病预防控制中心学校卫生所，北京 100013

详细信息

作者简介:
赵金辉(1973-)，女，河北省人，硕士，副主任技师，主要研究方向为环境与儿童健康

通讯作者:
郭欣，E-mail: gguoxin2000@126.com

利益冲突声明 所有作者声明无利益冲突。
中图分类号: G478 R179 R122
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-12-16
- 修回日期: 2022-04-15
- 网络出版日期: 2022-07-27
- 刊出日期: 2022-07-25

Associated factors of environmental health in primary and secondary schools in Beijing from 2017 to 2020

Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing(100013), China

摘要

摘要: 目的了解北京市中小学校教学生活环境现状，为针对存在的问题开始干预行动提供依据。方法 2017—2020年每年下半年对北京市16个区年平均92所学校开展卫生状况调查，调查内容包括学校饮用水、食堂、厕所、宿舍管理和设备配置。同时对部分学校教室环境进行检测，每所学校抽取6间教室，检测内容包括教室人均面积、课桌椅分配符合率、黑板反射比、课桌面平均照度和均匀度、黑板平均照度和均匀度、噪声。结果 2017—2020年调查学校提供饮用水的方式主要以使用净水器或直饮水为主，2020年达到85.1%。城区学校建立学生食堂的比例不断增加，2020年90.5%的学校建设了食堂，郊区学校变化不大。学校厕所配置肥皂比例明显增加，2020年有92.0%的学校厕所全部配备肥皂。学生宿舍人均面积 < 3 m²的比例逐年下降，2020年全部达标。教室人均面积、课桌面平均照度和均匀度、噪声合格率均高于80%，黑板平均照度和均匀度、黑板反射比、课桌椅分配符合的合格率低于80%。结论近年来北京市教学生活环境有所改善，但仍存在一定问题。
- 环境和公共卫生 /
- 环境监测 /
- 合格鉴定 /
- 设备和供应
Abstract: Objective To understand the current situation of teaching and living environment in primary and secondary schools in Beijing and to provide basis for further intervention. Methods According to the national plan, an annual average of 92 schools in 16 districts of Beijing were investigated from 2017 to 2020, including school drinking water, canteen, toilet, dormitory management and equipment allocation. Classroom environment of some schools were tested, including the per capita area of classrooms, the agreement rate of desks and chairs distribution, blackboard reflectance, the average illumination and uniformity of desks, the average illumination and uniformity of blackboards, and noise. Results From 2017 to 2020, most of schools provided water purifiers and direct drinking water, accounting for 85.1% of all investigated schools. The proportion of students' canteens in urban schools was increasing, accounting for 90.5% of all schools in 2020. And there was little change in suburban schools, reaching 85.1% in 2020. The proportion of school toilets equipped with soap increased significantly, 92.0% of school toilets were equipped with soap in 2020. The proportion of student dormitories with a per capita area of less than 3 m² decreased by year, and all reached the standard in 2020. The qualified rates of various classroom testing indicators, including per capita area in classroom, desk illumination uniformity, and noises, were higher than 80%, while the qualified rates of the blackboard illumination uniformity, desk allotment were lower than 80%. Conclusion The teaching and living environment in Beijing has improved in recent years, but there are still some problems need to be solved.
- Environment and public health /
- Environmental monitoring /
- Eligibility determination /
- Equipment and supplies
注释:

1) 利益冲突声明 所有作者声明无利益冲突。

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表 1 北京市2017—2020年学校为学生提供饮用水方式比较

Table 1. Comparison of the ways of Beijing schools will provide drinking water for students in 2017-2020

年份	学校数	开水	桶装水	自己带水	净水器	直饮水	净水/直饮
2017	88	32(36.4)	4(4.5)	14(15.9)	46(52.3)	22(25.0)	65(73.9)
2018	82	28(34.1)	2(2.4)	14(17.1)	28(34.1)	51(62.2)	73(89.0)
2019	100	37(37.0)	1(1.0)	15(15.0)	34(34.0)	47(47.0)	77(77.0)
2020	101	37(36.6)	1(1.0)	25(24.8)	24(23.8)	67(66.3)	86(85.1)
χ²值		0.19	3.70	3.95	17.03	39.14	8.55
P值		0.98	0.30	0.27	< 0.05	< 0.05	< 0.05
注： ()内数字为报告率/%。

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表 2 北京市2017—2020年学校宿舍建设报告率比较

Table 2. Comparison of school dormitory construction in Beijing from 2017 to 2020

年份	学校数	学校有地下或半地下宿舍	宿舍床铺安排并床现象	男女生宿舍分区/单元布置	人均面积＜3 m²
2017	41	0	1(2.7)	39(95.1)	6(14.6)
2018	34	1(2.9)	1(2.9)	34(100.0)	6(18.2)
2019	40	2(5.0)	1(2.5)	39(97.5)	2(5.0)
2020	43	2(4.7)	3(7.0)	42(97.7)	0
χ²值		2.61	1.58	1.79	10.62
P值		0.46	0.66	0.62	0.01
注： ()内数字为报告率/%。

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表 3 北京市2017—2020年学生宿舍的功能分区比较

Table 3. Comparison of functional zoning of student dormitories in Beijing from 2017 to 2020

年份	学校数	管理室	盥洗室	厕所	贮藏室和清洁用具室
2017	41	38(92.7)	39(95.1)	39(95.1)	23(56.1)
2018	34	30(88.2)	31(91.2)	32(94.2)	21(61.8)
2019	40	33(82.5)	39(97.5)	40(100.0)	29(72.5)
2020	43	42(97.7)	42(97.7)	41(95.3)	32(74.4)
χ²值		11.09	2.64	3.44	3.98
P值		< 0.05	0.45	0.33	0.26
注： ()内数字为报告率/%。

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表 4 北京市2017—2020年学校教室环境监测合格率比较

Table 4. Comparison of qualified rate of school classroom environmental monitoring in Beijing from 2017 to 2020

年份	教室数	教室人均面积	课桌分配符合率达80%	课椅分配符合率达80%	课桌椅分配均符合达80%	黑板反射比	黑板平均照度	黑板照度均匀度	课桌面平均照度	课桌面照度均匀度	噪声
2017	288	237(82.3)	-	-	177(61.5)	130(45.8)	155(53.8)	177(61.5)	246(85.4)	256(88.9)	280(97.2)
2018	306	271(88.6)	205(68.3)	201(67.0)	-	106(34.6)	143(46.7)	208(68.0)	266(86.9)	238(77.8)	302(98.7)
2019	600	535(89.2)	375(65.9)	352(62.2)	307(54.0)	271(45.6)	305(51.3)	345(58.1)	474(79.0)	548(91.3)	540(90.0)
2020	606	538(88.8)	426(72.4)	422(71.8)	376(64.0)	285(47.8)	348(58.4)	344(57.7)	513(84.7)	529(87.3)	588(97.3)
χ²值		9.93	8.27	16.08	16.82	13.62	10.77	12.45	12.58	34.3	48.6
P值		< 0.05	< 0.05	< 0.05	< 0.05	< 0.05	< 0.05	< 0.05	< 0.05	< 0.05	< 0.05
注： ()内数字为合格率/%；“-”未检测。2019年有31间教室是走班教室, 未测量课桌椅型号; 6间教室黑板为白板等，不做黑板反射比、黑板照度和均匀度测量；2020年有18间教室是走班教室, 未测量课桌椅型号; 10间教室黑板为白板等，不做黑板反射比、黑板照度和均匀度测量。

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